JP2022514959A - 胃腸疾患の免疫機序及び治療薬 - Google Patents
胃腸疾患の免疫機序及び治療薬 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
1.胃腸疾患を治療、予防する医薬品の製造におけるcAMP及び/又はcGMP促進剤の使用。
2.前記cAMP及び/又はcGMP促進剤はホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤、及びアデニル酸シクラーゼ/グアニル酸シクラーゼ活性化剤から選ばれる、1項に記載の使用。
3.前記ホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤はPDE3、及び/又はPDE4、及び/又はPDE5阻害剤である、2項に記載の使用。
4.前記ホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤はジピリダモールである、3項に記載の使用。
5.胃腸疾患を治療、予防する医薬品の製造における抗血小板薬の使用。
6.前記抗血小板薬は、トロンボキサンA2(TXA2)阻害剤、アデノシン二リン酸(ADP)P2Y12受容体拮抗剤、トロンビン受容体拮抗剤、5-ヒドロキシトリプタミン(5-HT)受容体拮抗剤、血小板糖タンパク質(glycoprotein、GP)II b/IIIa受容体阻害剤、及びホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤から選ばれる、5項に記載の使用。
7.前記抗血小板薬はホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤である、6項に記載の使用。
8.前記抗血小板薬はジピリダモールである、7項に記載の使用。
9.前記胃腸疾患は炎症性胃腸疾患、アレルギー性胃腸疾患、及び機能性胃腸疾患から選ばれる、前記1~8項のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
10.前記胃腸疾患は炎症性腸疾患、食物アレルギーに起因する胃腸疾患、及び機能性胃腸疾患から選ばれる、前記1~9項のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
11.前記胃腸疾患は結腸炎、潰瘍性結腸炎、クローン病、好酸球性結腸炎、非好酸球性結腸炎から選ばれる、前記1~9項のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
11.前記胃腸疾患は児童胃腸疾患である、前記1~10項のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
12.胃腸疾患を治療する医薬品の製造における抗血小板薬又はcAMP及び/若しくはcGMP促進剤と他の医薬品の併用の使用。
13.前記抗血小板薬は、トロンボキサンA2(TXA2)阻害剤、アデノシン二リン酸(ADP)P2Y12受容体拮抗剤、トロンビン受容体拮抗剤、5-ヒドロキシトリプタミン(5-HT)受容体拮抗剤、血小板糖タンパク質(glycoprotein、GP)II b/IIIa受容体阻害剤、及びホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤から選ばれる、12項に記載の使用。
14.前記cAMP及び/又はcGMP促進剤はホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤、及びアデニル酸シクラーゼ/グアニル酸シクラーゼ活性化剤から選ばれる、12項に記載の使用。
15.前記抗血小板薬はジピリダモールである、前記13項に記載の使用。
16.前記cAMP及び/又はcGMP促進剤はPDE3、及び/又はPDE4、及び/又はPDE5阻害剤である、前記14項に記載の使用。
17.前記胃腸疾患は、炎症性胃腸疾患、アレルギー性胃腸疾患、及び機能性胃腸疾患から選ばれる、前記12~16項のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
18.前記胃腸疾患は潰瘍性結腸炎、クローン病、好酸球性結腸炎、非好酸球性結腸炎、結腸炎から選ばれる、前記12~17項のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
19.前記胃腸疾患は児童結腸炎である、前記12~18項のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
20.T細胞のCD39発現及び/又は血小板数を検出し、CD39発現が低下し、及び/又は血小板数が増加すれば、陽性と判断することを含む、胃腸疾患を診断する方法。
21.患者又は被験対象の腸粘膜におけるT細胞のCD39発現、及び/又は血小板の凝集、及び/又はTNF-α及び/又はPDE4Bを発現するマクロファージの浸潤を検出し、CD39発現が低下し、及び/又は血小板数が増加し、及び/又はTNF-αの発現が上昇すれば、陽性と判断することを含む、胃腸疾患を診断する方法。
22.T細胞のCD39発現が低下したか否かを検出する試薬、及び/又は血小板数が低下したか否かを検出する試薬を含む、胃腸疾患を診断するためのキット。
23.T細胞のCD39発現を検出する試薬、及び/又は血小板凝集を検出する試薬、及び/又はTNF-α及び/又はPDE4Bを発現するマクロファージの浸潤を検出する試薬を含む、胃腸疾患を診断するためのキット。
24.有効量のcAMP及び/又はcGMP促進剤、及び/又は抗血小板薬を患者に投与することを含む、胃腸疾患を予防又は治療する方法。
25.前記胃腸疾患は炎症性胃腸疾患、アレルギー性胃腸疾患、及び機能性胃腸疾患から選ばれる、前記20~24項のいずれか1項に記載の方法又はキット。
26.前記胃腸疾患は、結腸炎、炎症性腸疾患、潰瘍性結腸炎、クローン病、好酸球性結腸炎、非好酸球性結腸炎から選ばれる、前記20~24項のいずれか1項に記載の方法又はキット。
27.前記胃腸疾患は非感染性胃腸疾患である、前記20~26項のいずれか1項に記載の方法又はキット。
28.前記胃腸疾患の患者は児童である、前記20~27項のいずれか1項に記載の方法又はキット。
(1)対照児童と非感染性胃腸疾患の児童の結腸粘膜組織を取得し、単細胞懸濁液を取得する。
(2)表面染色後、フローサイトメーターを用いてT、B、非TBリンパ球、及び非リンパ球の4つのサブセットを選別する。
(3)各細胞サブセットの単細胞トランスクリプトーム解析を行う。
(4)単細胞シークエンシングの結果、免疫細胞サブセットのクラスタ特徴を解析し、結腸粘膜免疫細胞の組成及び転写特徴を確立する。
(5)シグナル経路濃縮解析により、細胞サブセットの特異的な機能特徴を決定する。細胞タイプが特異的に高発現する転写因子を同定し、遺伝子発現レベルとの関連解析により、転写因子制御ネットワークを構築し、非感染性胃腸疾患の感受性遺伝子と、単細胞シークエンシングにより得られた免疫細胞サブタイプの転写特徴とを対応付け、感受性遺伝子の影響を受ける免疫及び非免疫細胞サブタイプを確立する。
(1)臨床サンプル(結腸粘膜と末梢血)の採取
結腸鏡により非感染性胃腸疾患(非好酸球性結腸炎と好酸球性結腸炎はそれぞれ67例、23例)に罹患している児童、及び対照児童28例の結腸粘膜を採取し、次の表のように群分けした。各群の児童は回盲部、上行結腸、横行結腸、下行結腸、S状結腸及び直腸粘膜からそれぞれ1つの組織片(約1mm×1mm×3mm)を採取した。同時に、当該児童の抗凝固末梢血(約3mL)を採取して使用に備えた。上述の採取過程はすでに広州市婦人児童医療センターの臨床研究倫理審査に承認された。結腸ポリープ切除を必要とし、腸内視鏡、病理所見ともに正常な児童を対照児童とした。
結腸粘膜をはさみで細断し、その後、組織を6mlの消化液(10%ウシ胎児血清アルブミン+10mM HEPES+100U/mlペニシリン+100μg/mlストレプトマイシン+1mg/mlコラゲナーゼ1A+10U/mlデオキシリボヌクレアーゼを含むRPMI1640)を入れた遠心管に移し、水平に振とうさせ(180RPM、30分、37℃)、70μmフィルタでろ過し、遠心分離し(900×g、5分)、沈殿を収集して使用に備えた。
(3)T細胞の表現型解析
(2)で処理した細胞を60μLフローサイトメトリー抗体溶液に浸してインキュベートし(20分、氷上)、その後、FACS Buffer(PBS+2%ウシ胎児血清アルブミン+1mM EDTA)で1回洗浄し、最終的にFACS Buffer(1%PI含有)中の細胞を、フローサイトメーターで検出した。
(4)単細胞選別及び5’,3’トランスクリプトームのライブラリー構築
結腸粘膜を採取し、本節の方法(2)に従って結腸粘膜の単細胞を抽出し、抗体(CD19-APC、CD45-APC-cy7、CD3-FITC、CD4-BV711、CD8α-BV785、CD8β-BV510、γδT-PE、CD25-PEcy7、CD39-BV421、CD45RA-BV605、PD1-BV650)をインキュベートした後、フローサイトメトリーにより選別して、事前にPBS(5%FBS含有)をインキュベートしたEP管に入れて、選別及びライブラリー構築の具体的な手順について以下の表を参照する。
(5)上皮内T細胞表現型の解析及び因子検出
新鮮な結腸粘膜を生理食塩水に一晩放置し、ATP、ADP又はAdenosineを検出する検出キット(Abcam)及びセロトニン検出キット(Abcam)を用いて上清中の対応する因子の濃度を検出した。結腸粘膜をはさみで細断した後、消化液(5%ウシ胎児血清アルブミン、10mM HEPES、1mMジチリトール、100U/mlペニシリン、100μg/mlストレプトマイシン、及び10mM EDTAを含むPBS)で180RPM、37℃で振とうし、40分間インキュベートし、その後、70μmフィルタを通して単細胞懸濁液を得た。抗体染色(CD45-APC-cy7、CD3-FITC、CD8a-BV785、CD4-BV711、Vd1-PE、Vd2-APC、CD25-PE-cy7、CD127-PE*Dazzle594、D39-BV421、CD69-BV510、CD45RA-BV605、及びPD1-BV650)及びフローサイトメトリーにより表現型を解析した。
(6)体外血小板放出セロトニン検出実験
結腸炎に罹患している児童又は健康な児童の体内から静脈血4mLを採取し、クエン酸ナトリウムを用いて抗凝固を行った。全血250gを25℃で15分遠心分離して、血小板を豊富に含む層を得て、これを100nMプロスタグランジンE1を含むHBSS(Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution)に入れて更に1500gを5分遠心分離し、血小板沈殿をHBSSに分取し、濃度を109~1010/mLとし、37℃と5%CO2の条件で一晩インキュベートし、遠心分離後、セロトニン検出キットを用いて上清を検出した。
(7)免疫蛍光解析
ホルマリンで固定し、パラフィンで包埋したパラフィンブロックを利用して、3μmの組織切片を作製し、脱蝋し、抗体(5%正常なロバや羊血清と0.3%Triton X-100を含むPBS)でブロックし、室温で1時間インキュベートし、PBSで洗浄した後、4Cダークウェットボックスで一次抗体(CD39、CD41、pT71-ATF2又はpS133-CREB)を一晩インキュベートした。次に、PBS洗浄後、室温で二次抗体(ヒツジ抗マウスIgG1結合AF488及びヒツジ抗ウサギIgG結合Cy3)を1時間インキュベートした後、DAPIを含有するクエンチ防止剤をインキュベートした。その後、ライカ製全自動倒立蛍光顕微鏡で観察及び撮影(20×0.75)を行い、ライカ製X image解析ソフトを用いて画像の明るさ、光度、コントラストやカラーバランスの処理を行い、原画像をできるだけ回復させた。観察条件ごとに各粘膜切片から4~5個の領域をランダムに選択して観察し、ライカ製X image解析ソフトを用いてCD41の凝集(蛍光径は7μmを超える)を測定してカウントした。
図1に示すように、この単細胞シークエンシング技術により、結腸炎に罹患している児童及び対照児童の結腸粘膜(a)の細胞について単細胞シークエンシング及び生体情報解析をしたところ、合計17個のT及びNKサブセット(b)が発見された。このうち、ENTPD1(タンパク質CD39をコードする)を発現するIETは結腸炎患者で有意に低下した(c)(図cでは、各群の棒グラフにおいて、左側は対照群、右側は結腸炎群を表す)。ENTPD1-CD8T細胞は特定の分化特徴を持つ免疫保護性細胞サブタイプ(d)であり、その分化がcAMP/cGMPのセカンドメッセンジャーによって制御され、cAMP応答経路及びERK経路を濃縮した(e)。cAMP/cGMPセカンドメッセンジャー経路の誘導は、ホスホジエステラーゼ(PDE)阻害剤又はAMP/GMPシクラーゼ活性化剤によって行うことができる。
さらに、図2に示すように、結腸炎に罹患している児童におけるCD8及びγδT-ENTPD1細胞の減少率を図2に示した。ここで、図(a)~(c)は、血液及び結腸上皮内T細胞(IET)におけるゲーティング戦略及び表面マーカータンパク質分子の発現を示している。図(d)は対照被験者と結腸炎又は好酸球性結腸炎に罹患している児童の指定IETの割合を示している。結腸炎に罹患した児童では、CD39+CD3+T細胞、特にCD39+メモリCD8T細胞(CD39+mCD8T)とCD39+γδT細胞(Vδ1+)の割合が有意に低下した。ENTPD 1+CD8及びγδT欠損は児童結腸炎の発症機序と関連していることを示唆した。
実施例1に記載の患者、すなわち非好酸球性結腸炎及び好酸球性結腸炎がそれぞれ67例及び23例の児童、並びに、対照児童28例の結腸粘膜について以下の検討を行った。患者の状況は表3を参照する。
DSS(デキストラン硫酸ナトリウム、dextran sulphate sodium)-誘発急性結腸炎モデルにおけるジピリダモールの作用
6~8週齢の雄マウスとしてC57BL/6Jマウス(20~22g)を広州中医薬大学から購入した。実験前にマウスに通常の食物と水を与えた。すべての研究で体重がマッチしたマウスを用いた。動物研究は広州医科大学動物保護利用委員会(許可番号:2019-471)の承認を得ており、機関ガイドラインに従って行われている。
マウスを1日2回、ジピリダモール(10mg/kg体重、Sigma-Aldrich)又は溶媒(2%DMSO、10%エタノール、88%コーンオイル)で3日間前処理した後、DSS(36,000-50,000 MW)、MP Biomedicals)をマウスの飲水(3%)に9日間添加した。対照マウスに通常の食物及び水を与えた。マウスを毎日モニタリングし、体重が20%以上減少すると、安楽死を実施した。
ヘマトキシリン及びエオシン(H&E)染色では、結腸を4%パラホルムアルデヒド(PFA)に24時間固定しパラフィンに包埋した。切片(3μm)を用意し染色前に脱ろうした。
結腸切片における血小板凝集を検出するために、組織を4%PFAで24時間固定し、30%ショ糖で48時間凍結保護(cryoprotected)した後、最適切断温度(Optimal Cutting Temperature、O.C.T.)化合物に包埋した。冷凍切片(5μm)を洗浄し、10%ヤギ血清でブロックし、抗マウスCD41-FITC(133903、BioLegend、CA、USA)とともに4℃で一晩インキュベートした。
PBSで洗浄して未結合抗体を除去した後、DAPIを有するVECTASHIELD退色防止固定媒体(H-1200、Vector Laboratories、CA、米国)で固定して核染色を行った。前述のとおり免疫蛍光染色及び画像処理を行った。血小板凝集体はCD41+クラスタ(直径>7μm)と定義した。Leica X画像解析ソフトウェア(ドイツ・ハンブルクのLeica)とImageJソフトウェア(メリーランド州国立衛生研究所)を使用して、CD41+クラスタ数を平方ミリメートルあたりカウントし、解析した。結腸切片ごとにランダムに選択された5つの領域の血小板凝集を記録した。
サイトカインの発現を解析するために、結腸中の残留腸間膜脂肪を除去し、重量を秤量してPBS 1mLを用いて単細胞懸濁液に分散させた。4℃、1000×gで10分間遠心分離した後、上澄み液を採取しELISAによりTNF-α、IL-1β及びIL-6の濃度を測定した。
結腸免疫細胞におけるCD39発現を測定するために、図5Aに示すように、溶媒、低用量ジピリダモール(5mg/kg)又は高用量ジピリダモール(50mg/kg)でマウスを8日間処理した。治療の翌日から、飲水(2.5%)にDSSを7日間添加した。対照マウスに通常の食物及び水を与えた。
結腸免疫細胞を解析するために、本発明では、結腸を採取して、余分な脂肪を除去した。冷たいPBSで洗浄した後、結腸を約0.3~0.5cmの長さに切断した。解離溶液(Ca/Mgを含まないHBSS、5mM EDTAと2%FBSを含有)中で37℃で穏やかに40分間回転させた後、上皮内リンパ球(IEL)を沈殿させ、洗浄して染色緩衝液(PBS2%FBS)に再懸濁させた。
残りの未消化の結腸組織サンプルを消化液(2%FBS、2mg/mLコラゲナーゼIV、0.4U/mLディスパーゼ、及び1μg/mL DNaseを含有するRPMI1640)中で37℃で45分間穏やかに回転させた。固有層リンパ球(LPL)を沈殿させ、洗浄して染色緩衝液に再懸濁させた。細胞懸濁液の等分試料をT細胞プレート(CD45-APC-Cy7、CD3-BV711、CD39PE-Cy7、CD8-BV785、γδT-BV421、及びCD4-APC)又は髄テンプレート(MHC II-BV550、CD11b-BV510及びCD39-PE-Cy7)を用いて氷上で30分間染色した後、FACSAria SORPフローサイトメーター(BD Science)にて解析した。
その結果、ジピリダモールで治療したマウスでは、結腸上皮内CD4、CD8及びγδT細胞は、CD39発現が用量依存的に著しく増加することを見出した(図5参照)。ジピリダモールを用いたマウスは、DSSのみで処理したマウスと比較して、体重及び結腸長が有意に増加し、上皮の完全性及び構造が改善され、血小板凝集及びTNF-αの発現が低下した(図7A~D参照)。
メチルプレドニゾロン(Medrol)若しくは抗TNF-α薬(Infliximab)による結腸炎又はIBDの治療
通常の処方療法を受けている児童と比較するために、本発明では、メチルプレドニゾロン(n=5、1日1~1.5mg/kg児童で、2~4週間継続してから、治療を受けて8~12週間まで継続して投与量を減少させた)又は抗TNF-α抗体(n=6、0、2、及び6週間に5~10mg/kg、それ以降8週間ごとに1回、1~2年間継続)を投与した児童の結腸生検を解析した。メチルプレドニゾロン治療前後4~7カ月、抗TNF-α抗体治療前後3~6カ月後に生検を行った。
実験の結果、図6Cに示すように、メチルプレドニゾロンは結腸粘膜での血小板凝集を有意に低下させたが、CD39又はTNF-αの発現を変化させなかった。また、血小板凝集に対するメチルプレドニゾロンの効果は、本発明で記載されている、血小板凝集を標的とすると、児童患者における結腸炎又はIBDの症状を軽減できることをサポートしている。
抗TNF-α治療に関しては、結腸内視鏡検査では、結腸の外観を改善するが(図6B)、マクロファージ、T細胞又は血小板に関する複数の免疫不全の回復には効果がなかった(図6C)ことが示されている。
以上の実験から明らかなように、ジピリダモールは多種の免疫不全を同時に標的とすることにより、結腸の免疫恒常性を改善することができる。したがって、このようなcAMP経路に対する活性を有する医薬品は、結腸炎やIBDなどの胃腸疾患に罹患している児童又は成人に幅広く応用することができる。一方、メチルプレドニゾロン単独又は抗TNF-α薬のような医薬品では、本発明に記載のジピリダモールのような作用は得られない。
本発明の様々な実験を総合すると、少なくとも以下の免疫学的な結果が示される。
治療されていない患者に対して、本発明の図1C、図2D、図8はCD39 IETの減少を反映しており、図3C、図3F、図7C、図7Gは患者中の血小板凝集を反映しており、図4A、図4C、図7D、図7Hは患者のマクロファージ浸潤、PDE4Bの高度発現、TNFの高度発現を反映し、図1C、図1E、図4Aは患者のcAMPの減少を反映し、
ジピリダモール治療後は、図5、図6A、図7F、図7Gはジピリダモール治療後のCD39増加を反映し、図7C、図7Gは治療後の血小板低下を反映し、図7H、図4Bは治療後のマクロファージ低下、PDE4B抑制、TNF-α抑制を反映し、図4Bは治療後のcAMPの増加を反映し、
メチルプレドニゾロンの効果(図6B~C)に関しては、図6Cは、CD39IET、マクロファージ浸潤、PDE4B、TNF-αでは効果はないが、血小板凝集抑制には有効であることを反映し、
抗TNF-αの治療効果(図6B~C)に関しては、図6Cは、CD39IET、血小板、マクロファージ浸潤などに効果がないことを反映している。
以上のように、本発明は、CD39+IETの欠乏が、結腸炎患者のサブセットにおける血小板凝集及び免疫発症機序に関連しており、児童の非感染性胃腸疾患の診断及び治療のためのバイオマーカーとして有用であることを見出した。ジピリダモールなどのホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤は、cAMP/cGMPレベルを上昇させ、CD39+IETを改善し、種々の免疫不全を改善することにより、免疫恒常性を達成することができる。以上の結果からは、ジピリダモールがこの経路を標的として児童結腸炎を改善し、この疾患の治療に新しい考え方を提供することが明らかになる。また、本発明は、抗血小板凝集、例えばジピリダモール、メチルプレドニゾロンの投与により胃腸疾患を治療できることを見出した。
Claims (10)
- 胃腸疾患を治療する医薬品の製造における抗血小板薬の使用。
- 前記抗血小板薬は、トロンボキサンA2阻害剤、アデノシン二リン酸P2Y12受容体拮抗剤、トロンビン受容体拮抗剤、5-ヒドロキシトリプタミン受容体拮抗剤、血小板糖タンパク質II b/IIIa受容体阻害剤、及びホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤から選ばれる、請求項1に記載の使用。
- 前記抗血小板薬はジピリダモールである、請求項2に記載の使用。
- 前記胃腸疾患は結腸炎、炎症性腸疾患である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- 前記胃腸疾患の患者が児童である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- 胃腸疾患を治療する医薬品の製造におけるcAMP及び/又はcGMP促進剤の使用。
- 前記cAMP及び/又はcGMP促進剤はホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤である、請求項6に記載の使用。
- 前記ホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤はジピリダモールである、請求項6又は7のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- 前記胃腸疾患は結腸炎、炎症性腸疾患である、請求項6~8のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
- 前記胃腸疾患の患者が児童である、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の使用。
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