JP2022513160A - 中枢神経系原発リンパ腫の併用治療 - Google Patents
中枢神経系原発リンパ腫の併用治療 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
試験対象母集団及び選択基準
「INGRID」試験は、NGR-hTNFが先行する6コースのR-CHOPを、再発したPCNSL又は難治性PCNSLを有するHIV陰性患者に注入することからなる、実験的治療に焦点を当てたシングルアームII相試験である(EUDRACT: 2014-001532-11‐clinicaltrials.gov NCT03536039)。試験は2つの異なる部分を有する(図1):第一の部は、実施可能性及びBBB透過性に対するNGR-hTNFの効果の「概念実証」に注目し;第二の部は、実験的治療の活性及び耐容性に注目する。選択基準は、1) WHO基準(17)によるDLBCLの組織学的に証明された診断;2)最初の診断時及び試験登録時の両方において、CNS、脳神経、髄膜、及び/又は眼にだけに局在する疾患;3)高用量メトトレキサートを含む化学療法後に再発した、又は事前の高用量メトトレキサートを含む事前の化学療法に対して難治性であるリンパ腫;4)測定可能な疾患;5) 18から80歳;6) ECOGパフォーマンスステータスが3以下(≦3)である。以前に臓器提供を受けた若しくは免疫抑制のその他の形態を有する患者、HBV、HCV、及び/若しくはHIV感染を有する患者、又はその他の悪性腫瘍を有する患者は除外した。事前の治療の間の任意の種類の地固め療法(すなわち、全能放射線療法 -WBRT-,自家幹細胞移植-ASCT-、経口薬剤維持療法(oral drug maintenance))は、認めた。試験登録前に、診断及び再発時に実施した病理組織学的診断試料及び神経画像検査を、中心的に再検討し、患者を、身体的及び神経学的検査、ヘモグラム及び生化学的血清プロファイル(ウイルスマーカー:HIV、HBV、HCVを含む)、心エコー検査、強調頸部、胸部、及び腹部CTスキャン、骨髄生検、コントラスト強調脳MRI、CSF検査、眼科的評価、並びに18FDG-PETによって評価した。リスクは、診断時及び試験登録時の両方において、IELSGスコアに従って規定した(18)。適格性が確認された後、及びプロトコール内容の患者のレビュー後に、各患者から書面のインフォームドコンセントを取得した。この試験は、ヘルシンキ宣言に準拠し、イタリア ミラノのSan Raffaele Scientific InstituteのIRBに承認された。
予備段階の計画は図2にまとめた。第一の10人の登録患者は、NGR-hTNFが先行しない第一のコースのR-CHOPを受けたが、その他の5コースは、NGR-hTNFが先行した(表2(Table 1))。
NGR-hTNF/R-CHOP(コース#1~6)
1日目:リツキシマブ 375mg/m2(静脈内注入)
NGR-hTNF 0.8μmg/m2(リツキシマブの直後に、1時間の注入)
シクロホスファミド 750mg/m2(NGR-hTNFの1時間後に静脈内ボーラス)
ドキソルビシン 50mg/m2(シクロホスファミドの直後に、静脈内ボーラス)
ビンクリスチン 1.4mg/m2(最大2mg)(ドキソルビシンの直後に、静脈内ボーラス)
2~6日目:プレドニゾン 75mg/d(経口)
拡大段階の計画を、図3にまとめた。その他の18人の登録患者(第一の10人の後)は、NGR-hTNFが先行する、6コースのR-CHOPを受けた(表2(Table 1))。その他の違いは、1日の全ての薬剤の送達に関する:すなわち、静脈内(IV)注入としてリツキシマブ 375mg/m2、その後、1時間の注入によるNGR-hTNF 0.8μmg/m2、及び、2時間後に、CHOP薬剤が送達される(IVボーラスとしてシクロホスファミド 750mg/m2、IVボーラスとしてドキソルビシン 50mg/m2、及びIVボーラスとしてビンクリスチン 1.4mg/m2(最大2mg);2~6日目に、経口でプレドニゾン 75mg/d)。プロトンポンプ阻害剤及びステロイドの使用は、上述した推奨に同じく従う。計画した6コースを完了し、予備段階又は拡大段階の間に、完全奏効(PR)又は部分奏効(PR)を達成した患者を、地固め療法のために評価した。プロトコールに従って、及び事前の治療に従って、WBRT 30~36Gy、カルムスチン-チオテパ-前処置ASCT、又は経口レナリドミド維持療法を許容した。
リツキシマブ、シクロホスファミド、ドキソルビシン、ビンクリスチン、プレドニゾンは、任意の市販の形態、又はその他入手可能な形態である。
大腸菌(E.coli)細胞に発現された、配列:
CNGRCGVRSSSRTLSDKPVAHVVANPQAEGQLQWLNRRANALLANGVELRDNQLVVPSEGLYLIYSQVLFKGQGCPSTHVLLTHTISRIAVSYQTKVNLLSAIKSPCQRETPEGAEAKPWYEPIYLGGVFQLEKGDRLSAEINRPDYLDFAESGQVYFGIIAL(配列番号1)
の、ヒト腫瘍壊死因子アルファのN末端に融合した、CNGRCGからなる遺伝子組換えタンパク質。NGR-hTNFアナログは、参照により援用される、国際公開第2004/041297号及び国際公開第01/61017号に記載されている。
治療副作用を、各化学療法コースに関して、別々に評価し、NCI-NCIC CTC バージョン3・0 (19)に従って格付けした。臓器ごと、患者ごとの最悪の毒性を検討した。定期的なスペシャリストコントロール、ECG、トロポニンレベルの決定、及び心エコー検査を、毎回の治療コースの前に実施して、心毒性を排除した。認知機能に対する治療の影響は、そのための検査による評価を行わなかった。全ての適格な患者を、奏効評価について検討した。奏効を、治療の第一、第二、第四、及び第六のコース後に、1.5テスラスキャナーで実施する脳のガドリニウム増強MRIによって、評価した(図2及び図3)。ポジティブなCSF及び/又は硝子体液(vitreous)を伴う場合、第二、第四、第六のコース後に検査を実施した。奏効は、IPCG基準(20)に従って、規定した(表3(Table 2))。
CgA並びにsTNF-R1及びsTNF-R2の血漿レベルを、腫瘍応答評価と同時に採取した試料について、ELISAによって検査した。
腫瘍組織におけるCD13、CD31、及び血小板由来成長因子受容体-β(PDGFR-β)の発現を、登録患者の診断用試料のパラフィン包埋試料(10μmの厚さ)について、免疫蛍光技術によって評価した。抗原賦活化後、抗CD13/APNのウサギポリクローナル抗体(1051-RP02, SinoBiological社, 1:500)、抗CD31/PECAM-1のヒツジポリクローナル抗体(内皮細胞のマーカー、 AF806, R&D System社, 15μg/ml)、及び抗PDGFR-βのヤギポリクローナル抗体(周皮細胞のマーカー、AF385, R&D System社, 10μg/ml)を使用して、免疫蛍光染色を実施した。抗体を、1% BSA、5% 正常ウマ血清、0.1% Triton X-100を含むPBSで希釈し、4℃で一晩インキュベーションした。洗浄後、CD13とCD31の二重染色に関して、抗CD13抗体及び抗CD31抗体の結合を、ロバの抗ウサギ IgG-Alexa Fluor 488(緑、4μg/ml)コンジュゲート及びロバの抗ヒツジ IgG-Alexa Fluor 568(赤、4μg/ml)コンジュゲートからなる二次抗体の混合物を使用して、検出した。CD13とPDGFRβの二重染色に関して、抗CD13抗体及び抗PDGFR-β抗体の結合を、ロバの抗ウサギ IgG-Alexa Fluor 488(緑、4μg/ml)コンジュゲート及びロバの抗ヤギ IgG-Alexa Fluor 546(赤、4μg/ml)コンジュゲートからなる二次抗体の混合物を使用して、検出した。核染色は、DAPIで実施した(青)。蛍光シグナルは、40X/1.35、60X/1.42、及び100X/1.4の対物レンズを備える、高解像度広視野顕微鏡(DeltaVision(商標) Ultra, GE healthcare社)を使用して取得した。Z-スタックの取得は、0.2μm及び0.3μm間隔で実施した(それぞれ、100Xの対物レンズ、及び40X又は60Xの対物レンズ)。Z-スタックを、内蔵のソフトウェアを使用して、デコンボリューション及び必要な処理を行った。画像は、Image Jソフトウェアを使用して、Z-スタックから抽出した。
全奏効率(ORR:CR及びPR)がプライマリーエンドポイントであり、Simonの二段階ミニマックスデザインを使用した。低い興味と考えられる最大ORRは、30%(本発明者らの施設で実施された、PCNSL患者におけるサルベージ治療に注目した以前の前向き試験で報告された率と同様に(22, 23))であり、興味があると考えられる最小ORRは50%であった。その違いを実証するために、総計28人の患者を必要とした(片側検定;第一種のエラー(type I error).10;検出力(power).9)。第一段階では、12人の患者が登録され、少なくとも4つの奏効が見られた場合、試験を総計28人まで継続する。少なくとも12の奏効が記録された場合、実験的治療は有効であると断言される。奏効と臨床的及び治療的変数の関連性は、Fisherの正確確率検定によって、検討した。解析した変数は、年齢(60歳以下と60歳より上(≦60 years vs. >60 years))、LDH血清レベル(正常と高い(normal vs. high))、CSFタンパク質濃度(正常と高い(normal vs. high))、疾患の部位(周辺部と深部(peripheral vs. deep))、以前の治療(1と2~3 (1 vs. 2-3))、以前の地固め療法(なしとWBRT及び/又はASCT (none vs. WBRT及び/又はASCT))、失敗の種類(再発した疾患と難治性疾患(relapsed vs. refractory disease))であった。
リンパ腫病変の位置、腫瘍周辺の領域(病変部周囲領域)の位置、及び正常に見える脳実質におけるBBB透過性の、NGR-hTNFによって誘導される変化を、DCE-MRIによって評価した。DCE取得は、従来のT1、T2、フレア(Flair)、DWI、及びダイナミック磁化コントラスト灌流(Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion; DSC)シーケンスも含む標準プロトコール(28)に従った。図5に示されるように、DCE-MRIは、0日目(治療前‐ベースラインデータ)、並びに1日目の第一(R-CHOPのみ)、第二(NGR-hTNFが先行する最初のコースのR-CHOP)、及び第六(NGR-hTNFが先行するR-CHOPの最後のコース)の治療コースに、従来型のMRI検査内で、実施した。多数の病変がある場合は、最も大きい病変を検討した。DCE-MRIの後処理を、Oleaソフトウェア(La Ciotat, フランス)を使用して実施した。全ての動態イメージを、動きアーチファクトに関して補正し、コントラスト後ボリュメトリックT1シーケンス(volumetric post- contrast T1 sequence)に共記載した。結果を、対側の白質を使用して標準化したKtrans値として表した。第二のコース後に得たKtrans(NGR-hTNF注入後に測定した)を、第一のコース(NGR-hTNFなし)後に得たKtransと比較し、BBB透過性に対するTNFの効果を確立した。統計学的有意性は、Wilcoxonの対応した検定(Wilcoxon matched pairs test)によって評価した。
NGR-hTNFによって誘導されたBBB透過性の変化を、脳シンチグラフィーによっても評価した。親水性のため、99mTc-ジエチレントリアミン五酢酸(99mTc-DTPA)は、破壊されたBBBのみ透過し、変化した組織内に広がり、まだよく解明されていないメカニズムによって結合する。脳病変の位置における、トレーサーの取込み量は、BBB透過の程度に比例して増加する。脳シンチグラフィーは、2度、第三のコースの治療の前の数日(中央値4日、値域1~6)、基本条件で(bBS)、及び第三のコースの終了後(paBS)に、取得した。およそ555~740MBqの99mTc-DTPAを、静脈内ボーラスで注入した。90~120分後、低エネルギー高解像度コリメーター対に装備されたデュアルヘッドγ‐カメラを使用して、SPECT/CT検査を実施した。bBS及びpaBSの両方について、定性的及び半定量的評価を実施した。特に、半定量的評価に関しては、PMODソフトウェア(ver. 3.2, PMOD Technologies社, スイス)を使用し、99mTc-DTPA取込みの量を評価した。最大取込みの30%の関心ある量が、自動等値面法(automatic isocontour method)によって、99mTc-DTPA陽性領域の周囲に描出された。bBSとpaBSとの間の99mTc-DTPA取込みの量における変化の統計学的有意性は、Wilcoxonの対応した検定によって評価した。
NGR-hTNFのCNGRCG部位は、腫瘍血管に発現するCD13形態を認識することができ、結果として、腫瘍内皮へのTNFの標的送達をもたらす。治療する腫瘍中のこのCD13形態の存在を、登録患者の診断用組織試料のパラフィン包埋試料についての免疫組織学的及び免疫蛍光技術によって評価した。試験及び実験的治療において、CD13の発現は、患者の登録の条件とはしなかった。
評価可能な試験対象母集団
2016年5月と2018年12月の間に、28人の患者を登録した。全ての患者が、活性及び耐容性について、評価可能であった。評価する患者28人の年齢の中央値は、58歳であり(値域26~78)、14人が男性であった(表4(Table 3))。
実験的治療は、良好に耐容性を示した(表5(Table 4))。
NGR-hTNF/R-CHOP組合せに対する最も良好な奏効は、11人の患者での完全奏効(complete)であり(図7の実施例)、10人の患者での部分奏効(partial)であり、75%のORRであった(95%CI = 59~91%);7人の患者がPDであった。所定の活性閾値の、少なくとも12の奏効を、大部分は達成した。最良の奏効は、14人の患者では第二のコース後に達成し、7人の患者では第四のコース後に達成した。IELSGリスク変数、病変の部位及び数、事前の治療、並びに難治性に従って、奏効は、解析するサブグループに均等に分散した(表6(Table 5))。
有意に近い関係性(p=0.066)が、試験登録時のCgAの血漿レベルとCR率との間に見られた(図8A)。患者を、1.4nMのROC駆動カットオフを用いて、「低い」及び「高い」CgAレベルを有する患者に、グループ化した場合、それぞれ、CRに達した8/13及び3/15の患者が見られた(62% vs. 20%; p=0.05)。特に、試験登録時のCgAの血漿レベルは、事前のステロイド治療の間のPPIの受容と関係していた。PPIを受けていない患者(n=14)及びPPI治療をした患者(n=14)では、それぞれ、中央値のCgAの血漿レベルは、1.05nM(値域0.29~3.27)及び2.26nM(値域0.33~7.99;p=0.008)であった。CgA濃度は、PPI中断後に、一部の患者で次第に減少し(図8B)、この薬剤を受けなかった患者では、その値は安定を保った(図8C)。
免疫組織学的染色は、登録患者の診断用脳生検におけるCD13の存在を実証した:ほとんどの場合、染色された血管は、不規則な外形を伴う、内腔狭窄を示した。リンパ腫病変内のCD13陽性血管シグナルの例は、図6Aに示される。抗CD13ポリクローナル抗体を用いて、及び抗α‐SMA(周皮細胞のマーカー)抗体を用いて染色した組織切片の免疫組織学的及び共焦点免疫蛍光解析は、ほとんどの染色された血管が周皮細胞層を欠如することを示し(図6B)、未熟な血管であることを提示した。より成熟した血管の3D画像は、CD13が血管の内膜によって発現される一方で、周皮細胞では非常により低く発現するか又はほとんど欠失していることを示した(図6C、D)。これらの発見は、CD13は、腫瘍血管系の内皮の腔側に発現し、静脈内経路で送達されるNGR-hTNFにアクセスすることができるという事実を指し示した。
DCE-MRI解析は、NGR-hTNF注入後に血管透過性が増加することを示した(図4)。この効果は、病変部周辺の領域でより明らかであった。第一のコースのR-CHOP(NGR-hTNFなし)後のコントラスト強調領域のKtransの中央値(値域)は、23.5 (6.8~98.8)であり、第二のコース(NGR-hTNF/R-CHOP組合せ)後に35.3 (23.9~887.7; p=0.39)まで上昇した。病変部周辺の領域において、ベースライン値(R-CHOP単独)はより低いが(中央値2.5;値域0.4~3.9)、第二のコースのNGR-hTNF注入(NGR-hTNF/R-CHOP組合せ)後に、4.7 (2.2~37.7; p=0.01)まで上昇した。
腫瘍及び病変部周辺の領域においてBBB透過性を増加させるNGR-hTNFの能力を、SPECT試験によって確認した。定量的解析は、全ての調査したケースにおける99mTc-DTPA陽性領域の範囲の増加を示した(図5の例)。NGR-hTNF及びR-CHOPの注入前及び後にPMODによって測定した30%以上(≧30%)の99mTc-DTPA取込みの量(関心のある量)の中央値は、それぞれ、26cm3(値域5~67)及び40cm3(値域10~92)であった(p=0.028)。14~87%の範囲を有する、45%の量の増加の中央値がみられた。
本明細書で提示されるINGRID II相試験の結果は、NGR-hTNF/R-CHOP組合せ物が、高度に前治療された再発性/難治性PCNSLの患者において、良好の耐容性を示し、非常に活性であることを実証した。重要なことには、治療した患者のほとんどは、これらの予後不良な患者における治癒の可能性を増加させる、NGR-hTNF/R-CHOP後の腫瘍退縮に続く地固め療法を受けた。この革新的な戦略の活性は、腫瘍及び病変部周辺領域における、血管透過性の選択的増強に従う。NGR-hTNF効果の特異性は、本試験の拡大段階で実証される、血漿及びCSF試料中のR-CHOP薬剤の濃度の変化がないことによっても裏付けられ、並びに本試験で実証される、腫瘍関連毛細血管の内皮細胞及び周皮細胞におけるCD13(NGR-hTNFの標的)の高レベルの発現によっても裏付けられる。総合すると、この試験の結果は、非侵襲的方法によって、腫瘍において、BBB透過性及び薬剤浸透を増加させることは、PCNSL患者における魅力的な治療手法であることを裏付ける。
細胞を標的とすることによって、NGR-hTNFがその透過性をさらに増加させ、その結果、選択的局所的薬剤透過を促進するというものである。脳転移で以前に観察されたように(6)、TNF受容体は、正常血管に比べて、腫瘍血管で過剰発現しており、その結果、腫瘍血管における、低用量NGR-hTNFとCD13及びTNF受容体との多価の高親和性の相互作用をもたらすが、正常脳血管においてはもたらさないという可能性もある。
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Claims (7)
- 対象における中枢神経系原発リンパ腫の治療に使用するための、R-CHOP(リツキシマブ、シクロホスファミド、ドキソルビシン、ビンクリスチン、及びプレドニゾン)並びにNGR-hTNF又はそのアナログの組合せであって、NGR-hTNF又はそのアナログの投与が先行する、少なくとも1コースのR-CHOPを含む、組合せ。
- R-CHOPのコースが、375mg/m2のリツキシマブ、750mg/m2のシクロホスファミド、50mg/m2のドキソルビシン、及び1.4mg/m2のビンクリスチンからなる、請求項1に記載の組合せ。
- NGR-hTNF又はそのアナログの投与が、CHOP薬剤の前に実施される、請求項1又は2に記載の組合せ。
- NGR-hTNFの投与が、0.8ug/m2からなる、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の組合せ。
- それぞれ、NGR-hTNF又はそのアナログの投与が先行する、6コースのR-CHOPを含む、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の組合せ。
- NGR-hTNF又はそのアナログの投与が先行する、R-CHOPのコースは、18から21日間離れている、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の組合せ。
- 中枢神経系原発リンパ腫が、再発した中枢神経系原発リンパ腫か、又は難治性の中枢神経系原発リンパ腫である、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の組合せ。
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