JP2021508791A - 石炭から炭素繊維、樹脂、グラフェン、およびその他の先進炭素材料を製造する方法 - Google Patents
石炭から炭素繊維、樹脂、グラフェン、およびその他の先進炭素材料を製造する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2021508791A JP2021508791A JP2020554065A JP2020554065A JP2021508791A JP 2021508791 A JP2021508791 A JP 2021508791A JP 2020554065 A JP2020554065 A JP 2020554065A JP 2020554065 A JP2020554065 A JP 2020554065A JP 2021508791 A JP2021508791 A JP 2021508791A
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Abstract
【選択図】図1
Description
原炭から炭素繊維およびその他の副産物を形成する方法
原炭から樹脂およびその他の副産物を形成する方法
本明細書で使用されるように、灰としても知られるチャーは、ガス、液体、および/またはピッチが原炭から除去された後に残る任意の固体材料を指すことができる。例えば、いくつかの実施形態では、ブロック920での原炭の選鉱中にチャーを生成することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、チャーは、ブロック930の処理によって生成され得る。一部の実施形態では、ブロック920および930の結果としてチャーを生成することができる。
いくつかの実施形態では、ピッチ、チャー、および石炭の液体抽出物の1つまたは複数は、1つのプロセスステップによって一緒に生成されることがあり、各個々の生成物のさらなる処理を行う前に分離する必要がある場合がある。例えば、ピッチおよび石炭の石炭液化抽出物は、ブロック930の結果として同時に生成することができ、ピッチまたは石炭液化抽出物のいずれかのさらなる処理の前に、現在知られている、または将来開発される可能性がある任意のプロセスによって、互いに分離する必要があり得る。したがって、方法900は、ブロック950の前に、ピッチ、チャー、および石炭液化抽出物の1つまたは複数を互いに分離するさらなるステップを含むことができる。
具体的には、図16Aは、未処理(非熱処理)のモナークシーム石炭(Monarch seam coal)のサンプルのラマン分光グラフである。モナークシーム石炭には、DバンドとGバンドという2つの特徴的なラマン振動モードがある。Dバンド(1350cm−1)は、欠陥に起因するラマンバンドである。Dバンドは、sp2ハイブリッドカーボンのリングブリージングモードを表す。アクティブにするためには、リングはグラフェンエッジまたは欠陥に隣接している必要がある。Gバンド(1573cm−1)は1次ラマンスペクトルであり、sp2ハイブリッドグラフェン層上の隣接する2つの炭素原子の面内振動に対応する。Gピークは、Γ点の高周波E2gフォノンに対応する。
炭素繊維の用途
いくつかの場合には、マトリックスは、本明細書に開示されている追加の先進炭素材料のいずれかを含むことができる。いくつかの実施形態では、炭素繊維強化ポリマーを所望の構造に形成することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、この追加の先進炭素材料は、本明細書に記載のプロセスによって生成でき、処理施設によって1つ以上の他の材料と組み合わせられて、所望の形状を有する複合材料を生成できる。
樹脂の用途
グラフェンの用途
追加の先進炭素材料
追加の先進炭素材料のアプリケーション
Claims (60)
- 炭素繊維の製造方法であって、
1つ以上の不純物を含む原炭を提供する工程と、
該原炭を選鉱し、該原炭中の該1つ以上の不純物のいくつかの少なくとも一部を選択的に除去して、選鉱された石炭を形成する工程と、
該選鉱された石炭を処理してピッチを生成する工程と、
該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させて炭素繊維を生成する工程と、
を有し、
該炭素繊維が、該1つ以上の不純物の、該原炭を選鉱する工程、該選鉱された石炭を処理する工程、及び該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させる工程において除去されず残されたものの選択された量を含む、炭素繊維の製造方法。 - 該原炭を選鉱する工程は、水銀、ヒ素、カドミウム、水、または揮発性化合物の少なくとも1つの少なくとも75重量%を除去することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 該選鉱された石炭を処理する工程は、該選鉱された石炭を熱分解する工程を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 該選鉱された石炭を熱分解する工程は、該選鉱された石炭を大気圧で約400℃〜約650℃に加熱することを含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 該選鉱された石炭を処理する工程は、該選鉱された石炭を直接液化プロセスにかける工程、該選鉱された石炭を間接液化プロセスにかける工程、または膜を使用する工程のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 合成ガスを捕捉する工程をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させて炭素繊維を生成する工程が、該ピッチの一部を変化させて炭素繊維を生成し、残りのピッチを変化させて1つ以上の追加の先進炭素材料を形成する工程を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 該1つ以上の追加の先進炭素材料が1つ以上の樹脂を含む、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 該残りのピッチを変化させて1つ以上の追加の先進炭素材料を形成する工程が、該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させて1つ以上の樹脂前駆体を形成する工程を含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 該1つ以上の樹脂が、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリウレタン樹脂、シアン酸エステル樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、メタクリレート樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、または多環式芳香族炭化水素の少なくとも1つを含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 該炭素繊維を少なくとも1つのマトリックス材料と組み合わせて、炭素繊維強化複合材料を形成する工程をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 該少なくとも1つのマトリックス材料が、少なくとも1つのポリマーを含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 該少なくとも1つのマトリックス材料が、少なくとも1つの金属または少なくとも1つのセラミックのうちの1以上を含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 単一の処理施設で先進炭素材料を製造する方法であって、
1つ以上の不純物を含む原炭を単一の処理施設に提供する工程と、
該単一の処理施設で該原炭を選鉱して、該原炭中の該1つ以上の不純物のいくつかの少なくとも一部を選択的に除去して、選鉱された石炭を形成する工程と、
該選鉱された石炭を該単一の処理施設で処理して、ピッチを生成する工程と、
該単一の処理施設で該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させて、1つ以上の樹脂を製造する工程と、
を有し、
該1つ以上の樹脂は、該1つ以上の不純物の、該原炭を選鉱する工程、該選鉱された石炭を処理する工程、及び該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させる工程において除去されずに残されたものの選択された量を含む、単一の処理施設で先進炭素材料を製造する方法。 - 該原炭を選鉱する工程は、水銀、ヒ素、カドミウム、水、または揮発性化合物の少なくとも1つの少なくとも75重量%を除去することを含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 該選鉱された石炭を処理する工程は、該選鉱された石炭を約400℃〜約650℃の温度で熱分解する工程を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 該選鉱された石炭を処理する工程は、該選鉱された石炭を直接液化プロセスかける工程、該選鉱された石炭を間接液化プロセスにかける工程、または膜を使用する工程のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させて炭素繊維を生成する工程が、該ピッチの一部を変化させて炭素繊維を生成し、残りのピッチを変化させて1つ以上の追加の樹脂を形成する工程を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 該炭素繊維を少なくとも1つのマトリックス材料と組み合わせて、炭素繊維強化複合材料を形成する工程をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 該原炭中に最初に存在していた1つ以上の不純物の残りの選択された量を含む、石炭から形成された炭素繊維。
- 少なくとも1つ以上の樹脂を製造する方法であって、
1つ以上の不純物を含む原炭を提供する工程と、
該原炭を選鉱して、該原炭中の該1つ以上の不純物のいくつかの少なくとも一部を選択的に除去して、選鉱された石炭を形成する工程と、
該選鉱された石炭を処理してピッチを生成する工程と、
該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させて、1つ以上の樹脂を生成する工程と、
を有し、
該1つ以上の樹脂は、該1つ以上の不純物の、該原炭を選鉱する工程、該選鉱された石炭を処理する工程、及び該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させる工程において除去されずに残されたものの選択された量を含む、少なくとも1つ以上の樹脂を製造する方法。 - 該原炭を選鉱する工程は、水銀、ヒ素、カドミウム、水、または揮発性化合物の少なくとも1つの少なくとも75重量%を除去することを含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 該選鉱された石炭を処理する工程は、該選鉱された石炭を熱分解する工程を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 該選鉱された石炭を熱分解する工程は、該選鉱された石炭を大気圧で約400℃〜約650℃に加熱する工程を含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 該選鉱された石炭の処理する工程が、該選鉱された石炭を直接液化プロセスにかける工程、該選鉱された石炭を間接液化プロセスにかける工程、または膜を使用する工程の少なくとも1つを含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させる工程は、該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させて、1つ以上の樹脂前駆体を形成する工程を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 該1つ以上の樹脂前駆体が、C2化合物、C3化合物、またはC4化合物のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 該1つ以上の樹脂前駆体が、ベンゼン化合物、トルエン化合物、ハロゲン化合物、またはフェノールを含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 該1つ以上の樹脂前駆体がメタノールを含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 該1つ以上の樹脂が、ポリエチレンまたはポリプロピレンのうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 該1つ以上の樹脂がポリアクリロニトリルを含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 該1つ以上の樹脂が、ポリウレタン樹脂、シアン酸エステル樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、メタクリレート樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、または多環式芳香族炭化水素のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 合成ガスの捕獲する工程と、
該合成ガスを変化させて、該1つ以上の樹脂のいくつかを形成する工程と、
をさらに含む請求項21に記載の方法。 - 該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させて1つ以上の樹脂を生成する工程が、該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させて該1つ以上の樹脂を生成し、残りのピッチを変化させて1つ以上の追加の先進炭素材料を形成する工程を含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 該1つ以上の追加の先進炭素材料が炭素繊維を含む、請求項34に記載の方法。
- 単一の処理施設で先進炭素材料を製造する方法であって、
1つ以上の不純物を含む原炭を単一の処理施設に提供する工程と、
該単一の処理施設で該原炭を選鉱して、該原炭中の該1つ以上の不純物のいくつかの少なくとも一部を選択的に除去して、選鉱された石炭を形成する工程と、
該選鉱された石炭を該単一の処理施設で処理してピッチを生成する工程と、
該ピッチを変化させて1つ以上の樹脂を製造する工程であって、該1つ以上の樹脂は、1つ以上の不純物の、該原炭を選鉱する工程、該選鉱された石炭を処理する工程、及び該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させる工程において除去されず残されたものの選択された量を含むようにする、該ピッチを変化させて1つ以上の樹脂を製造する工程と、
を有する、単一の処理施設で先進炭素材料を製造する方法。 - 該原炭を選鉱する工程は、水銀、ヒ素、カドミウム、水、または揮発性化合物のうちの少なくとも1つの実質的にすべてを除去することを含む、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 該選鉱された石炭を処理する工程は、穏やかな温度の熱分解プロセスで該選鉱された石炭を熱分解する工程、該選鉱された石炭を直接液化プロセスにかける工程、該選鉱された石炭を間接液化プロセスにかける工程、または膜を使用する工程のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させる工程は、該ピッチの少なくとも一部を変化させて1つ以上の樹脂前駆体を形成する工程を含み、該1つ以上の樹脂前駆体は、C2化合物、C3化合物、C4化合物、ベンゼン化合物、トルエン化合物、ハロゲン化合物、及びフェノールのうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 複数のマーユニットであって、該複数のマーユニットのそれぞれが炭素および水素を含む複数のマーユニットと、
原炭に最初から存在していた1つ以上の不純物の残りの選択された量と、
を有する、石炭から形成された1つ以上の樹脂。 - 少なくとも約149℃(約300゜F)の温度で石炭を熱処理する工程と、
該石炭が熱処理から少なくとも部分的に冷却された後、該石炭から還元酸化グラフェンを形成する工程と、
を有する、石炭からグラフェンを製造する方法。 - 該石炭から還元酸化グラフェンを形成する工程が、
該石炭を酸化して石炭酸化物を形成する工程と、
該石炭酸化物を遠心分離する工程と、
遠心分離後に該石炭酸化物から酸化グラフェンを含む沈殿物を収集する工程と、
該酸化グラフェンを還元して還元酸化グラフェンを形成する工程と、
を含む、請求項41に記載の方法。 - 該石炭を酸化して石炭酸化物を形成する工程は、石炭を硫酸、硝酸、過マンガン酸カリウム、または過酸化水素のうちの少なくとも1つと混合して、石炭酸化物を形成する工程を含む、請求項42に記載の方法。
- 石炭を硫酸、硝酸、過マンガン酸カリウム、または過酸化水素の少なくとも1つと混合して、石炭酸化物を形成する工程は、
該石炭を硫酸および硝酸の少なくとも1つと混合する工程と、
該硫酸と硝酸の少なくとも一方と混合された石炭を攪拌する工程と、
過マンガン酸カリウムを、該硫酸および硝酸の少なくとも一方と混合された石炭に混合する工程と、
該過マンガン酸カリウムと該硫酸および硝酸の少なくとも一方と混合された石炭を攪拌する工程と、
該過マンガン酸カリウムと硫酸および硝酸の少なくとも一方と混合された石炭を水で希釈して溶液を形成する工程と、
該溶液を過酸化水素と混合する工程と、
該過酸化水素と混合された溶液の最初の遠心分離を行う工程と、
該最初の遠心分離を行った後に、該過酸化水素と混合された溶液の石炭酸化物を含む上澄みを、該過酸化水素と混合された溶液の沈殿物から分離する工程と、
を含む、請求項43に記載の方法。 - 該石炭酸化物を遠心分離する前に、水で該石炭酸化物を希釈する工程をさらに含む、請求項42に記載の方法。
- 該酸化グラフェンを還元して還元酸化グラフェンを形成する工程が、
該酸化グラフェンを超音波処理する工程と、
該酸化グラフェンを超音波処理した後、標準反応器で酸化グラフェンを水熱処理する工程と、
を含む、請求項42に記載の方法。 - 該少なくとも約149℃(約300°F)の温度で石炭を熱処理する工程が、
該石炭を177℃(350゜F)を超えないように第1の温度に加熱する工程と、
該石炭を水銀除去反応器に移送する工程と、
該水銀除去反応器で該石炭を少なくとも260℃(500゜F)の第2の温度に加熱する工程と、
該石炭を不活性ガスと接触させて、該石炭中に存在する水銀の少なくとも一部を除去する工程と、を含む請求項41に記載の方法。 - 該石炭から還元酸化グラフェン酸化物を形成する工程が、該石炭の約10重量パーセント〜約20重量パーセントの還元酸化グラフェン収率で該石炭から還元酸化グラフェンを形成することを含む、請求項41に記載の方法。
- 該石炭から還元酸化グラフェンを形成する工程が、該還元酸化グラフェン中の石炭に存在する所定量の1つ以上の不純物原子を保持する工程を含む、請求項41に記載の方法。
- 該不純物原子は、ホウ素、窒素、およびシリコンのうちの1つ以上を含む、請求項49に記載の方法。
- 1つ以上の不純物原子を含む石炭を選鉱して、該石炭から該1つ以上の不純物原子の所定量を除去する工程と、
該選鉱された石炭を処理して、該石炭の少なくとも一部からピッチを生成する工程と、
該ピッチの少なくとも一部を処理して、所定量の該1つ以上の不純物原子を含む合成グラフェンを生成する工程と、
を有する、合成グラフェンの製造方法。 - 該不純物原子は、シリコン、窒素、およびホウ素のうちの1つ以上を含む、請求項51に記載の方法。
- 該不純物原子は、該合成グラフェンに所定量の点欠陥をもたらす、請求項51に記載の方法。
- 石炭を熱処理して、該石炭中の1つ以上の不純物原子を所定濃度にする工程と、
該石炭の少なくとも一部を酸化して、所定濃度の1つ以上の不純物原子を含む石炭酸化物を形成する工程と、
該石炭酸化物を処理して、所定濃度の1つ以上の不純物原子を含む還元酸化グラフェン酸化物を形成する工程と、
を含む合成グラフェンの製造方法。 - 該1つ以上の不純物原子が、該石炭で自然に生じるものである、請求項54に記載の方法。
- 該不純物原子は、カドミウム、セレン、ホウ素、窒素、およびシリコンのうちの1つ以上を含む、請求項54に記載の方法。
- 該還元酸化グラフェン中の該不純物原子の所定濃度は、約0.1原子%から約10原子%である、請求項54に記載の方法。
- 石炭から形成された合成グラフェンであって、
所定量のドーパント原子を含み、該ドーパント原子は該石炭に由来している、合成グラフェン。 - 該ドーパント原子は、ホウ素、窒素、およびシリコンのうちの1つ以上を含む、請求項58に記載の合成グラフェン。
- 該1つ以上のドーパント原子による所定量の点欠陥をさらに含む、請求項58に記載の合成グラフェン。
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