JP2020514609A - オゾン導入によるNOx変換の増加 - Google Patents
オゾン導入によるNOx変換の増加 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2020514609A JP2020514609A JP2019532693A JP2019532693A JP2020514609A JP 2020514609 A JP2020514609 A JP 2020514609A JP 2019532693 A JP2019532693 A JP 2019532693A JP 2019532693 A JP2019532693 A JP 2019532693A JP 2020514609 A JP2020514609 A JP 2020514609A
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- exhaust stream
- ozone
- conversion
- upstream
- Prior art date
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
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- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
- F01N13/0093—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are of the same type
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- F01N2240/16—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric heater, i.e. a resistance heater
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
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Abstract
Description
本発明のシステムは、一又は複数のディーゼル酸化触媒を含み得る。酸化触媒、特にディーゼル酸化触媒(DOC)は、当該技術分野において周知である。酸化触媒は、COをCO2に酸化し、気相炭化水素(HC)及びディーゼル微粒子の有機フラクション(可溶性有機成分)をCO2とH2Oに酸化させるように設計されている。典型的な酸化触媒は、アルミナ、シリカ−アルミナ、及びゼオライトなどの高表面積の無機酸化物担体上白金及び任意選択的にパラジウムも含む。
本発明のシステムは、一又は複数のコールドスタート触媒を含み得る。コールドスタート触媒は、設定温度以下でNOx及び炭化水素(HC)を吸着し、且つ吸着されたNOx及びHCを低温より高い温度で変換及び放出するのに効果的な装置である。好ましくは、設定温度は、約200℃、約250℃、又は約200℃から約250℃である。適切なコールドスタート触媒の例は、国際公開第2015085300号に記載されており、これは参照によりその全文が本明細書に援用される。
本発明のシステムは、一又は複数の受動的NOx吸着体を含み得る。受動的NOx吸着体は、低温以下でNOxを吸着し、低温より高い温度で吸着されたNOxを放出するのに有効である装置である。受動的NOx吸着体は、貴金属及び小細孔モレキュラーシーブを含み得る。貴金属は、好ましくは、パラジウム、白金、ロジウム、金、銀、イリジウム、ルテニウム、オスミウム、又はそれらの混合物である。好ましくは、低温は、約200℃、約250℃、又は約200℃から約250℃である。適切な受動的NOx吸着体の例は、米国特許公開第20150158019号に記載されており、これは参照によりその全文が本明細書に援用される。
本発明のシステムは、発熱体を含み得る。発熱体は、上流触媒及び/又は受動的NOx吸着体の下流、且つオゾンを排気流と接触させるための手段の上流の、内燃機関の排出路内に含まれる。任意の適切な発熱体が、本発明のシステム及び方法に含まれ得る。
本発明のシステムは、排気流中のNOをオゾンと反応させてNO2を生成するために、排気流をオゾンと接触させる手段を含む。例えば、オゾンは、NOを含有する排気流中に注入され得る。したがって、システムは、オゾンをNOを含有する排気流中に注入するためのインジェクタを含み得る。
本発明のシステムは、一又は複数のSCR触媒を含み得る。システムは、オゾン導入の下流に位置するSCR触媒を含む。本発明のシステムは、一又は複数の追加のSCR触媒も含み得る。
本発明のシステムは、特定のシステムで所望の効果を達成するのに適した追加成分を含み得る。
システムは、SCR及び/又はSCRF触媒の上流の排気システムに窒素還元剤を導入するための手段を備え得る。排気システム中へ窒素還元剤を導入するための手段はSCR又はSCRF触媒のすぐ上流にある(例えば、窒素還元剤を導入するための手段とSCR又はSCRF触媒との間に介在する触媒は存在しない)ことが好ましい場合がある。
本発明のシステムは、一又は複数のNOx貯蔵触媒を含み得る。NOx貯蔵触媒は、特定の条件に従って、一般的には温度及び/又はリッチ/リーン排気条件によって、NOxを吸着し、放出し、且つ/又は減少させる装置を含み得る。NOx貯蔵触媒は、例えば、受動的NOx吸着体、コールドスタート触媒、NOxトラップ等を含み得る。
本発明のシステムは、一又は複数のNOxトラップを含み得る。NOXトラップは、NOXをリーン排気条件下で吸着し、吸着したNOXをリッチ条件下で放出し、且つ放出したNOXを還元してN2を生成する装置である。
本発明のシステムは、一又は複数の、アンモニアスリップ触媒(「ASC」)とも呼ばれる、アンモニア酸化触媒を含み得る。一又は複数のASCは、SCR触媒から下流に含まれて、余剰のアンモニアを酸化させ、且つそれが大気中へ放出されるのを妨げ得る。いくつかの実施態様では、ASCは、SCR触媒と同じ基材上に含まれ得る。特定の実施態様では、アンモニア酸化触媒材料は、NOx又はN2Oの形成の代わりにアンモニアの酸化を有利にするよう選択され得る。好ましい触媒材料は、白金、パラジウム、又はこれらの組み合わせを含み、白金又は白金/パラジウムの組み合わせが好ましい。好ましくは、アンモニア酸化触媒は、金属酸化物に担持された白金及び/又はパラジウムを含む。好ましくは、触媒は、高表面積の担体上に配置され、アルミナを含むが、それに限定されるものではない。
本発明のシステムは、一又は複数の三元触媒(TWC)を含み得る。TWCは、単一装置上でNOxをN2に、一酸化炭素をCO2に、炭化水素をCO2とH2Oに変換するために、典型的には、化学量論的条件下でガソリンエンジンに使用される。
本発明のシステムは、一又は複数のパティキュレートフィルタを含み得る。パティキュレートフィルタは、内燃機関の排気から微粒子を減少させる装置である。パティキュレートフィルタは、触媒化パティキュレートフィルタ及びベア(非触媒化)パティキュレートフィルタを含む。フィルタによって捕捉されたスートを破壊することに加えて、炭化水素と一酸化炭素を酸化させるために、触媒化スートフィルタとも呼ばれる触媒化パティキュレートフィルタ(ディーゼル及びガソリン用途用)は、金属及び金属酸化物成分(Pt、Pd、Fe、Mn、Cu、及びセリア等)を含む。
本発明の触媒及び吸着体はそれぞれ、フロースルー基材又はフィルタ基材をさらに含み得る。一実施態様では、触媒/吸着体は、フロースルー又はフィルタ基材上にコーティングされてもよく、好ましくは、ウォッシュコート法を使用して、フロースルー又はフィルタ基材上に堆積される。
本発明のシステムは、一又は複数の燃料インジェクタを含み得る。例えば、システムは、ディーゼル酸化触媒の上流に二次燃料インジェクタを含み得る。任意の適切な種類の燃料インジェクタが、本発明のシステムに使用され得る。
本発明のシステムは、NOx吸着体触媒と結合した上流触媒、排気流をオゾンと接触させて、排気流中のNOをオゾンと反応させてNO2を生成する手段;及びSCR触媒を含む。
排気流からの排出を減少させる方法は、排気流を受動的NOx吸着体触媒と結合した上流触媒と接触させること;排気流をオゾンと接触させることにより、NOをNO2に酸化させること;及び、SCR触媒の存在下で酸化工程から生成されたNO2を還元剤と接触させることにより、NO2を窒素に選択的に触媒還元することを含み得る。
本発明のシステム及び方法は、SCR触媒システムにわたるより高いNOx変換(すなわち、より低いNOx排気管排出)に関する利益を提供し得る。驚くべきことに、受動的NOx吸着体と結合した上流触媒の取り込みで組み合わされた、オゾンによるNO酸化を通じたより高いNO2−メイクは、コールドスタート中等、低温を通じてさえもNOx変換の増加をもたらし得ることが発見された。オゾンによるNO酸化の上流の発熱体の取り込みによって、さらなる利益が提供され得る。
本明細書で用いられる「混合酸化物」という用語は通常、当該技術分野で従来から知られているような、単一相の酸化物の混合物を指す。本明細書で用いられる「複合酸化物」という用語は、通常、当技術分野で従来から知られているような、二相以上の相を有する酸化物の組成物のことを指す。
一連のシステムを生成し、NOx変換について試験した。
Claims (34)
- a.受動的NOx吸着体触媒と結合した上流触媒;
b.排気流をオゾンと接触させ、排気流中のNOをオゾンと反応させてNO2を生成する手段;
c.SCR触媒
を順番に含む排気流からの排出を減少させるための排気精製システム。 - 上流触媒が、酸化触媒及び/又はコールドスタート触媒を含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 受動的NOx吸着体触媒がフィルタ基材を含む、請求項1又は2に記載のシステム。
- 上流触媒及び受動的NOx吸着体触媒が、単一基材上に含まれる、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- SCR触媒の上流の排気ガスを加熱するための手段をさらに含む、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 排気ガスを加熱するための手段が、電気ヒータを含む、請求項5に記載のシステム。
- 排気ガスを加熱するための手段が、排気流をオゾンと接触させる手段の上流に位置している、請求項5又は6に記載のシステム。
- 排気流をオゾンと接触させる手段が、オゾン生成器を含む、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- SCRF触媒をさらに含む、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- SCRF触媒が、SCR触媒の上流に位置している、請求項9に記載のシステム。
- SCR触媒の下流のASCをさらに含む、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- a.排気流を受動的NOx吸着体触媒と結合した上流触媒と接触させること;
b.排気流をオゾンと接触させることによりNOをNO2に酸化させること;
c.SCR触媒の存在下、酸化工程から生成されたNO2を還元剤と接触させることにより、NO2を窒素に選択的に触媒還元すること;
を含む排気流からの排出を減少させる方法。 - 上流触媒が、酸化触媒及び/又はコールドスタート触媒を含む、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 受動的NOx吸着体触媒がフィルタ基材を含む、請求項12又は13に記載の方法。
- 上流触媒及び受動的NOx吸着体触媒が、単一基材上に含まれる、請求項12から14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- SCR触媒の上流の排気流を加熱することをさらに含む、請求項12から15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 排気流が電気ヒータによって加熱される、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 排気流をオゾンと接触させる前に、排気流が加熱される、請求項15又は16に記載の方法。
- オゾンが排気流中に注入される、請求項12から18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 工程cが、排気流をSCR触媒と接触させることを含む、請求項12から19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 工程cが、排気流をSCRF触媒と接触させることをさらに含む、請求項12から20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- SCRF触媒が、SCR触媒の上流に位置している、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 工程cが、排気ガスをSCR触媒の下流のASCと接触させることをさらに含む、請求項12から22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 還元剤がアンモニアである、請求項12から23のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- オゾンと接触している排気流中約20wt%から約80wt%、好ましくは約50wt%のNOが、オゾンと反応してNO2が生成される、請求項12から24のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 排気流が、工程cの開始時に、約20wt%から約70wt%、好ましくは約50wt%のNO2/NOx%値を含む、請求項12から25のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 工程bが、250℃未満の排気流温度で行われる、請求項12から26のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 工程bが、30℃から250℃の排気流温度で行われる、請求項12から27のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- NOx変換が、工程bが存在しないことを除いては同等である方法のNOx変換よりも高い、請求項12から28のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- NOx変換が、工程bが存在しないことを除いては同等である方法のNOx変換よりも約4%から約12%高い、請求項12から29のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- NOx変換が、工程bが存在しないことを除いては同等である方法のNOx変換よりも約5%から約6%高い、請求項12から30のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- NOx変換が、工程b及び加熱工程が存在しないことを除いては同等である方法のNOx変換よりも高い、請求項16から18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- NOx変換が、工程b及び加熱工程が存在しないことを除いては同等である方法のNOx変換よりも約4%から約12%高い、請求項16から18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- NOx変換が、工程b及び加熱工程が存在しないことを除いては同等である方法のNOx変換よりも約8%から約10%高い、請求項16から18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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