JP2020097620A - ライソゾーム蓄積症を治療するためのシクロデキストリン - Google Patents
ライソゾーム蓄積症を治療するためのシクロデキストリン Download PDFInfo
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- JP2020097620A JP2020097620A JP2020026808A JP2020026808A JP2020097620A JP 2020097620 A JP2020097620 A JP 2020097620A JP 2020026808 A JP2020026808 A JP 2020026808A JP 2020026808 A JP2020026808 A JP 2020026808A JP 2020097620 A JP2020097620 A JP 2020097620A
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- cyclodextrin
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- tocopherol
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- cholesterol
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Abstract
Description
本研究は連邦政府の支援を受けた。政府は本発明に権利を有している。
本願は、2012年8月3日に出願された米国仮出願第61/679,668号の優先権を主張する。その全ては参照により本明細書に取り込まれている。
本発明は、シクロデキストリン化合物及び他の薬剤と組み合わせたシクロデキストリン化合物を用いる、ライソゾーム蓄積症を治療する方法及び/又は非コレステロール性脂質を低減する方法を提供する。
本発明の別の態様を以下に示す。
一態様において、本発明は、対象が非コレステロール性脂質低減又は非コレステロール優性脂質及びその他の巨大分子蓄積の低減を必要としていることを確定すること、及びそれを必要としている当該対象にシクロデキストリン化合物、又はその薬学的に許容される塩、エステル、溶媒和物或いは水和物の有効量を投与することを含んでいる、対象におけるライソゾーム蓄積症を治療する方法を提供する。
それぞれのR1は独立して、H、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、ハロゲン、ヒドロキシ、アミノ、−CN、−CF3、−N3、−NO2、−ORB、−SRB、−SORB、−SO2RB、−N(RB)S(O2)−RB、−N(RB)S(O2)NRARB、−NRARB、−C(O)ORB、−OC(O)RB、−C(O)RB、−C(O)NRARB、又はN(RB)C(O)RBであって、これらはそれぞれ置換されていてもよく;
それぞれのRAは独立して、水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、シクロアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリール、又はヘテロアリールであって、これらはそれぞれ置換されていてもよく;
それぞれのRBは独立して、水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、シクロアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリール、又はヘテロアリールであって、これらはそれぞれ置換されていてもよく;
nは、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、又は10であり;そして
それぞれのmは独立して、0、1、2、3、4、又は5である。
患者細胞中の総コレステロールをAmplex-Red Cholesterol Assay Kit(Invitorgen) で測定した。非エステル化コレステロールを、酵素酸性リパーゼなしで同じキットを用いて測定した。エステル化コレステロールは総コレステロールと非エステル化コレステロール値の差として測定した。細胞を黒色で組織培養用に処理した96ウェル、384ウェル又は1536ウェルのプレートに、Multidrop Combi ディスペンサー(Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA)によって4000、1000、300細胞/ウェルで100、20又は5μlの培地に播種して24時間培養した。Pintool ステーション(Klaypsys, San Diego, CA)を用いてアッセイプレートにDMSO溶液中の化合物希釈物を添加して、3日間培養した。細胞を、96ウェル又は384ウェルのプレートについては手作業で、或いは遠心分離法で洗浄した。遠心分離においては、逆さにしたプレートを大量のペーパータオル上に載せて800rpmで1分間遠心分離した後、PBSを7μl/ウェル添加した(角度45度の液体ディスペンサー(Klaypsys)を用いてゆっくり添加した)。キットが提供しているコレステロールアッセイ用混合物を96ウェル、384ウェル又は1536ウェルプレートに対して100、20又は2.5μl/ウェルで添加して、37℃で1時間培養した。生じた蛍光強度を蛍光プレートリーダー(Tecan, Durham, NC)において560(±10)の励起及び590(±10)の放射によって測定した。
上記のようにして96ウェルプレート中で細胞を培養して処理した。実験する日に、細胞をPBSで2回洗浄して、1μMのニールレッド色素溶液(細胞培養培地中で調整)を用いて100μl/ウェルで生体染色した後、37℃で10分間培養した。PBSで2回洗浄した後、100μl/ウェルのパラホルムアルデヒドの3.2%PBS溶液中で細胞を室温で1時間固定した。ヘキスト33342(Invitrogen)の1μg/mlPBS溶液を100μl/ウェルで添加して核染色を実施して、室温で30分間培養した。プレートをPBSで2回洗浄して、Incell2000画像化プレートリーダーにおいて、中性脂質(コレステロールエステル及びトリグリセリド)についてはFITCフィルターセット(Ex=480±20nm及びEx=525±36nm)、そしてヘキスト核染色についてはDAPIフィルターを用いて画像を測定した。
このアッセイは適切な濃度のリソトラッカー色素を添加することによって肥大したライソゾームの可視化を最適化した。ここでは対照の細胞が最小の染色を示したのに対して異常細胞は著しい染色を示した。上記のようにして96ウェルプレート中で細胞を培養して処理した。実験する日に、50nMのリソトラッカーレッドDND−99色素(Invitrogen #L−7258)を100μl/ウェル用いて培地中、37℃で1時間細胞を生体染色した後、PBSでプレートを2回洗浄した。100μl/ウェルの3.2%ホルムアルデヒド中でプレートを1時間固定化して、PBSで2回洗浄した。ヘキスト33342(Invitrogen)の1μg/mlPBS溶液を100μl/ウェル添加して室温で30分間培養して、核染色を実施した。PBSで2回洗浄したのち、画像分析までプレートを4℃で保管した。Incell2000画像化プレートリーダーにおいて、DAPIフィルターセット及びTRITICフィルターセットをヘキスト核染色及びリソトラッカー染色を可視化するために用いた。
0.4mlの培地中30,000細胞/ウェルの線維芽細胞を24ウェルのプレート中、37℃で1日間培養した。アッセイ緩衝液(2mMのD−マンノース 6−リン酸ナトリウムを有するDMEM)で2回洗浄した後、0.4ml/ウェルのアッセイ緩衝液を有する細胞をアッセイ緩衝液中の化合物0.2ml/ウェルと共に、37℃で培養した。5、10、20、30及び40分時点の後、24ウェルプレートの各ウェルからのアッセイ緩衝液30μlを96ウェルの黒色プレート内に等分した。24ウェル内の残余アッセイ緩衝液を捨てた後、0.6mlのトリトン−X100(1%dH2O溶液)を加えて細胞を溶解した。37℃で30分間培養した後、6μl/ウェルの細胞溶解物を24μlのアッセイ緩衝液と共に96ウェルプレートに添加し、次いでpH4.5の25mMクエン酸緩衝液中の2.25mMのHEXB基質、4−メチルウンベリフェリル N−アセチル−β−D−グリコサミド(Sigma-Aldrich, #M2133)を添加した。96ウェルプレートに37℃で1時間培養して100μl/ウェルの停止溶液(1Mのグリシンと1MのNaOH(pH0.5))を添加した後、Tecan蛍光プレートリーダー(Ex=365±20nm及びEm=460±20nm)で測定した。
細胞内の細胞質Ca2+濃度を既に記載されているようにFluo−8色素キット(ATT Bioquwst, Sunnyvale, Ca)を用いて蛍光的に測定した。すなわち、20μlの培地中の2500細胞/ウェルの線維芽細胞を黒色で透明底の384ウェルプレート中、37℃で24時間培養した。カルシウム色素混合物を20μl/ウェルで添加して、37℃で30分間、続いて室温で30分間培養した。次いでプレートを蛍光動態プレートリーダー(μCell、Hamamatsu, Hamamatsu City, Japan)内に置いた。基底蛍光強度を10秒間1Hzで10回記録し、次いで20μl/ウェルの化合物を器具の内側に添加した後、さらに1Hzで5分間読み取った。結果を平均基底蛍光強度に比率で標準化して、ピーク応答(Max.)を結果計算に用いた。Gly−Phe−β−ナフチルアミン(GPN)によって誘発されたライソゾームのCa2+を、ライソゾームCa2+を放出した基底蛍光強度の測定後に、δ−T又はα−Tの代わりに200nMのGPNを添加した以外は細胞質Ca2+について行ったものと同様に測定した。
線維芽細胞を6ウェルのプレートに5mlの培地中に150,000細胞/ウェルで播種して化合物の存在下又は非存在下に1日間培養した。2%のグルタルアルデヒド、0.1Mのカコジル酸緩衝液(pH7.2)中、室温で1時間固定化し、次いでTEM解析を実施するまで4℃で保管した。細胞を同じ緩衝液中で1%の四酸化オスミウムで1時間後方固定して、0.1Mの酢酸緩衝液(pH4.2)中で、0.5%の酢酸ウラニルを用いてブロック染色した。次いで細胞を段階的濃度のエタノール溶液(35%、50%、70%、95%及び100%)で脱水して、エポキシ樹脂(Poly/Bed 812、Polysciences)に1晩浸潤させた。新しい純粋な樹脂を添加したのち、細胞プレートを55℃で72時間硬化した。ポリスチレン樹脂を除去した後、薄切片に適している領域を選択し、宝石ソーで切り抜いて、空になった樹脂スタブ上に接着した。約70nmの薄片をウルトラマイクロトーム(Leica EM UC6)上で切り取ってむき出しの銅グリッドに取り付けた。薄片を二重染色(酢酸ウラニル及びクエン酸鉛)して、Hitachi H−7650透過型電子顕微鏡で観察して、AMT CCDカメラで画像化した。
図1.(アンプレックス・レッド) NPC1患者由来の皮膚線維芽細胞は後期エンドソーム及びライソゾーム内に著しいそして再現可能なコレステロール蓄積をはっきり示したので、NPC1病の強固な細胞モデルを提供する。生物化学アッセイと共に表現型スクリーニングを用いて非エステル化コレステロールを測定する;デルタ−トコフェロール(「δ−T」又は「デルタ−T」)δ−Tを、細胞内コレステロール蓄積を濃度依存性様式で劇的に減少するリード化合物として同定した。その他のライソゾーム蓄積症におけるシクロデキストリン単独及びデルタトコフェロールとの組み合わせの効果をさらに評価して、アルファ−CD、ベータ−CD、及びガンマ−CDがコレステロール蓄積を減少し、MBCDが最も強力であることを見出した。
以下の記載は本発明を記載するために用いられた各種用語の定義である。これらの定義は、特定の事例において、独立して又は大きい群の部分として限定されていない限り、明細書及び特許請求の範囲を通して用いられているように、その用語に適用される。ハイドロカルビル置換基における炭素原子の数は接頭語「Cx〜Cy」で示され、ここでxは置換基中の炭素原子の最小数であり、yは最大数である。同様にCx鎖はx個の炭素原子を含有している炭化水素鎖を意味する。
本発明の医薬組成物は1つ又はそれ以上の薬学的に許容される担体と共に製剤化された本発明化合物の治療有効量を含んでいる。本明細書で用いられる「薬学的に許容される担体」は、非毒性で不活性な、固体、半固体、或いは液体の充填剤、希釈剤、封入剤又は任意のタイプの製剤助剤を意味する。本発明の医薬組成物は経口で、直腸内に、非経口で、嚢内に、膣内に、腹腔内に、局所に(粉末、軟膏、又は点眼剤によって)、口腔に、又は経口或いは警備スプレーとしてヒト又はその他の動物に投与できる。
ウォルマン病患者から得られた線維芽細胞株における脂質蓄積に対するメチル−β−シクロデキストリンの効果を検討した。ウォルマン線維芽細胞をδ−トコフェロール、α−トコフェロール、メチル−β−シクロデキストリン、又はδ−トコフェロールとメチル−β−シクロデキストリン、或いはα−トコフェロールとメチル−β−シクロデキストリンの組み合わせで処置した。次いで総コレステロール及び遊離コレステロールを、Amplex-Red Cholesterol Oxidase アッセイ(Invitrogen)を用い製造会社の説明書に従って測定した。図1A−1C(総コレステロール)及び図1D−1F(遊離コレステロール)にお示したように、δ−トコフェロール、メチル−β−シクロデキストリン、δ−トコフェロールとメチル−β−シクロデキストリン、又はα−トコフェロールとメチル−β−シクロデキストリンの組み合わせによる処置は、ウォルマン線維芽細胞において総コレステロール及び遊離コレステロールを有意に減少した。脂質蓄積に値する処置の効果をさらに特徴付けるために、処置した線維芽細胞を細胞内の脂肪蓄積を選択的に標識するナイルレッドを用いて染色した。ナイルレッド染色を蛍光顕微鏡で可視化した。図2に示すように、未処置のウォルマン線維芽細胞は中性脂質蓄積の細胞質小滴を示す。これらの中性脂質蓄積はδ−トコフェロール又はメチル−β−シクロデキストリンによる治療によって有意に減少した。興味深いことに、α−トコフェロール処置は中性脂肪蓄積に対する効果を示さなかった。
ライソゾーム蓄積症細胞内リソゾームの超構造病変に対するδ−トコフェロール及びメチル−β−シクロデキストリンの効果を電子顕微鏡で検討した。手短に言うと、野生型及びライソゾーム蓄積症の線維芽細胞をδ−トコフェロール及びメチル−β−シクロデキストリン、又はδ−トコフェロールとメチル−β−シクロデキストリンで処置した後、線維芽細胞を固定して埋め込んだ。次いで、埋め込んだ細胞の薄片を調製して、超構造病変を電子顕微鏡で観察した。図6に示したように、未処置のウォルマン線維芽細胞は、ライソゾーム内に層板構造及び好濃性構造を有している。さらに、細胞はライソゾーム内に独特の細長い裂けた形の脂肪滴も有している。しかしながら、これらの異常な構造は、δ−トコフェロール及び/又はメチル−β−シクロデキストリンによる処置で有意に減少した。その他のライソゾーム蓄積症線維芽細胞−ファーバー(図7、8、及び10);テイ・ザック(図8);ファブリー(図8);ウォルマン(図9);NPA(図9);バッテン(図9);MSIIIB(図9)−の超構造病変に対するδ−トコフェロール及び/又はメチル−β−シクロデキストリンの効果を電子顕微鏡で解析した。図7−10に示したように、処置した細胞は典型的な線維芽細胞(細長い形状、よく発達した核、正常なミトコンドリア、増大した平坦で起伏のあるER)のように見えるが、かなりの量のエンドソーム(具体的には多小胞体)及び脂肪滴及び多層膜構造体(multilamellar bodies)で満たされているライソゾーム部分を有している。これらの部分は以前に見られたようにファーバー細胞に典型的である。殆どの細胞はこれらの構造の領域をほんの少し有しているが、いくつかの細胞は非常に多くこれらの構造で満たされている。
NPC1患者由来の皮膚線維芽細胞における、別の実験において、コレステロールの蓄積及び肥大したライソゾームを減少するのに高濃度のHBPCD(ミリモルの範囲で)が必要である(図11A)。しかしながら、10uMのデルタ−トコフェロールと組み合わせた50uMの低濃度HBPCDが5mMのHBPCDと同じ効果を発揮した。160uMのMBCDはNPC1細胞の表現型をほぼ完全に逆転させるにもかかわらず、10uMのデルタ−トコフェロールと組み合わせた20uMの非常に低濃度MBCDは、単独で用いられたより高い濃度のMBCDで得られたものと同様の結果に到達した(図11B)。纏めると、データは、NPC1線維芽細胞におけるコレステロールの蓄積及び拡大したライソゾームの大きさを減少するためにMBCDはHBPCDよりより強力(30倍超)であることを示している。10uMのデルタ−トコフェロールと組み合わせると、両薬剤を単独で用いた場合の濃度と比べて遙かに低い濃度のHBPCD及びMBCDが必要である。
NPC病の主要な症状は中枢神経系の範囲内にあるので、ヒトのNPC1神経細胞は薬剤評価のためのNPCモデルとしてよりよい代表である。NPC1皮膚線維芽細胞からの人工多能性幹細胞(IPSCs)を神経幹細胞内に発生させて分化させた(NPC1−NSCs)。アンプレックス−レッドコレステロール アッセイにおける、HBPCDとMBCDのIC50値は、NPC1−NSCsにおいてそれぞれ、12及び10uMであったのに対して、デルタ−トコフェロールのIC50は18uMであった(図12A)。蛍光顕微鏡実験において、コレステロールの蓄積(フィリピン染色)及び肥大したライソゾーム(リソトラッカー染色)の減少に対するHBPCDとMBCDの効果もデルタ−トコフェロールより良かった(図12B)。纏めると、データは、HBPCDはNPC1線維芽細胞におけるより、ヒトNPC1神経細胞において遙かに強い効力があるのに対して、デルタ−トコフェロールの効力はNPC1線維芽細胞におけるそれと比べるとNPC1神経細胞において、より弱い。
NPC1−NSCsにおいて、10uMのデルタ−トコフェロールと併用した50uMの最も低いHBPCD濃度がコレステロールの蓄積及び肥大したライソゾームの減少に対対して、単独で用いた5mMHBPCDと同じ効果をもたらしたことを確認した(図13A)。同様に、NPC1−NSCsにおいて、10uMのデルタ−トコフェロールと併用した20uMのMBCDの効果は単独で用いた160uMのMBCDと同様であった(図13B)。低濃度のシクロデキストリンとデルタ−トコフェロールの併用治療はNPC1神経細胞におけるコレステロールの蓄積及び肥大したライソゾームの減少に対して単独で用いる両化合物の高濃度と同様の効果を達成することをデータは明らかにしている。低濃度のデルタ−トコフェロールと併用してNPC1の治療に必要なHBPCD又はMBCDのこの濃度減少は患者に臨床で使用するために重要である。
シクロデキストリンの単独使用及びデルタ−トコフェロールとの併用の効果を、NPC1(図14)、バッテン、ファーバー、ML III(図15)、MLIV(図16)、MPS1(図17)、MPS VI(図18)NPA及びウォルマン病を含む7つのライソゾーム蓄積症の患者由来の皮膚線維芽細胞において確認した。単一化合物の使用に対しては、8mMのHBPCD又は300uMのMBCDが、これらの細胞における肥大したリソゾームの大きさを有意に低減させるのに必要であることが分かった。しかしながら、10uMのデルタ−トコフェロールとの併用では、500uMのHBPCD又は20uMのMBCDがこれらの細胞において肥大したライソゾームを有意に減少した。これらの結果はこれら7つのライソゾーム蓄積症患者由来の初代線維芽細胞における肥大したライソゾーム減少に対するシクロできるとリンのデルタ−トコフェロールとの相加/相乗効果を示している。この結果はデルタ−トコフェロールと併用すると、シクロデキストリンの用量を10倍又はそれ以上減らすことができることも示している。高用量のシクロデキストリンは長期に渡る治療過程において重度の副作用を引き起こすので、デルタ−トコフェロールとの併用におけるシクロデキストリン用量の有意な低減はライソゾーム蓄積症の治療に重要である(これらの患者の多くは生涯に渡る治療を必要とする可能性が高い)。
Claims (7)
- 2−ヒドロキシプロピル−β−シクロデキストリン(2HPβCD)、又はその薬学的に許容される塩、エステル、溶媒和物若しくは水和物を有効成分として含有してなる、ライソゾーム蓄積症を治療するための医薬組成物であって、
ライソゾーム蓄積症が、バッテン病、ファーバー病、ムコリピドーシスIII型(ML III)、ムコリピドーシスIV型(ML IV)、ムコ多糖症I型(MPS I)、ムコ多糖症VI型(MPS VI)又はウォルマン病である、医薬組成物。 - 薬学的に許容される賦形剤をさらに含有してなる、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 2HPβCDを0.01μg/kg〜100mg/kgの用量で含有してなる、請求項1又は2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 2HPβCDを0.5mg/kg〜8mg/kgの用量で含有してなる、請求項3に記載の医薬組成物。
- 単回投与で投与されるように用いられることを特徴とする、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 非経口で投与されるように用いられることを特徴とする、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 頭蓋内に投与されるように用いられることを特徴とする、請求項6に記載の医薬組成物。
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JPWO2018199287A1 (ja) * | 2017-04-28 | 2020-03-12 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | クリスタリン網膜症の処置および/または予防方法 |
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