JP2020090099A - 耐溶け落ち性を有する多機能表面材 - Google Patents
耐溶け落ち性を有する多機能表面材 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2020090099A JP2020090099A JP2019236131A JP2019236131A JP2020090099A JP 2020090099 A JP2020090099 A JP 2020090099A JP 2019236131 A JP2019236131 A JP 2019236131A JP 2019236131 A JP2019236131 A JP 2019236131A JP 2020090099 A JP2020090099 A JP 2020090099A
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Classifications
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- H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
- H02G13/00—Installations of lightning conductors; Fastening thereof to supporting structure
- H02G13/80—Discharge by conduction or dissipation, e.g. rods, arresters, spark gaps
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- B32B15/092—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin comprising epoxy resins
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Abstract
Description
− 不連続部分を有さない胴体外板の完全なおよび連続した被覆面積。
− 複雑な内部の火災保護バリアのための要件がない。
− 胴体壁内で耐溶け落ち性絶縁材料が強制的でないことによる重量軽減。
− 落雷保護と電磁シールドとの総合的能力。
一実施形態において、図1の第1の(外側)硬化性樹脂層12は、1つまたは複数の難燃性化合物がその中に混入された低重量エポキシ系樹脂層である。エポキシ系樹脂層は、少なくとも1つのエポキシ樹脂と、硬化剤と、少なくとも1つの難燃性化合物とを含有する硬化性樹脂組成物から形成される。第2の(内側)硬化性樹脂層13は、第1の硬化性樹脂層12に対して組成において似ている。各々の樹脂層は、約100gsm〜約200gsm(g/m2)の面積重量を有してもよい。
硬化性樹脂層中の難燃成分は、溶け落ち試験によって測定されるときに硬化樹脂層に難燃化を提供することができる1つまたは複数の化合物を含有する。適した難燃性化合物には、
(a)有機リン含有化合物、例えばトリメチルホスフェート、トリエチルホスフェート、トリブチルホスフェート、トリオクチルホスフェート、トリブトキシエチルホスフェート、トリクレシルホスフェート、クレシルジフェニルホスフェート、オクチルジフェニルホスフェート、ポリホスホネート、芳香族ポリホスフェートなどのポリホスフェート;
(b)無機リン含有化合物、例えば元素赤リン、メラミンホスフェート、メラミンポリホスフェート、アンモニウムポリホスフェート、ジメラミンホスフェート、ピロホスフェート、および無機ホスフィネート、例えばホスフィン酸アルミニウム;
(c)メラミンシアヌレート;
(d)ポリホスファゼン;
(e)リン変性エポキシまたはフェノール樹脂
(f)ホウ素含有化合物、例えばホウ酸亜鉛、メタホウ酸バリウム、メタホウ酸カルシウム;
およびそれらの混合物が含まれる。
1)1つまたは複数の有機および無機リン含有化合物(a)+(b)+メラミンシアヌレート(c)+ホウ素含有化合物(g)+金属水酸化物、
2)1つまたは複数の無機リン含有化合物(b)+ポリホスファゼン(d)+ホウ素含有化合物(g)+金属水酸化物、
3)1つまたは複数の有機および無機リン含有化合物(a)+(b))+メラミンシアヌレート(c)+リン変性エポキシまたはフェノール樹脂(e)+ホウ素含有化合物(g)+金属水酸化物、
4)1つまたは複数の有機および無機リン含有化合物(a)+(b)+メラミンシアヌレート(c)+ホウ素含有化合物(g)+金属水酸化物が含まれる。
本明細書に開示された硬化性樹脂組成物のための適したエポキシ樹脂は、多官能性エポキシ樹脂(またはポリエポキシド)、すなわち、1分子中に2つ以上のエポキシ官能基を含有するエポキシ樹脂である。
[式中、n=0〜5、およびR=HまたはCH3]を有するフェノールホルムアルデヒドノボラックまたはクレゾール−ホルムアルデヒドノボラックのポリグリシジル誘導体であるエポキシノボラック樹脂である。R=Hであるとき、樹脂はフェノールノボラック樹脂である。R=CH3であるとき、樹脂はクレゾールノボラック樹脂である。前者は、Dow Chemical Co製のDEN428、DEN431、DEN438、DEN439、およびDEN485として商業的に入手可能である。後者は、Ciba−Geigy Corp製のECN1235、ECN1273、およびECN1299として商業的に入手可能である。使用されてもよい他の適したノボラックには、Celanese Polymer Specialty Co製のSU−8が含まれる。いくつかの実施形態において、エポキシノボラック樹脂は、25℃において約4000〜約10,000mPa・sの粘度およびASTM D−1652によって測定されるときに約190g/eq〜約235g/eqのエポキシド当量(EEW)を有する。
を有するメチレンジアニリンのテトラグリシジルエーテルである。
強靭化成分には、熱可塑性ポリマー、エラストマー、コア−シェルゴム粒子の他、エポキシ樹脂と、ビスフェノールと、弾性ポリマーとの反応生成物である予備反応付加物、およびそれらの組合せから選択される強靭化材料が含まれてもよい。いくつかの実施形態において、この群からの2つの異なった強靭化材料の組合せが使用される。強靭化材料の量は、合計で、組成物の全重量に基づいて約0.5重量%〜約30重量%、いくつかの場合、約5重量%〜約20重量%であってもよい。
本明細書に開示された樹脂組成物中のエポキシ樹脂は、高温(例えば約150°F(65℃)〜約392°F(200℃)の範囲の温度)において活性化される、様々な潜アミン硬化剤によって硬化されてもよい。アミン硬化剤には、脂肪族ポリアミン、ポリアミド、アミドアミン、および脂環式アミンが含まれる。アミン硬化剤の特定の例には、ジシアンジアミド(DICY)、4、4’−ジアミノジフェニルスルホン(4,4’DDS)、3,3’−ジアミノジフェニルスルホン(3,3’DDS)、グアナミン、グアニジン、アミノグアニジン、およびそれらの誘導体が含まれる。イミダゾールおよびアミン錯体のクラスの化合物もまた、使用されてもよい。実施形態において、硬化剤はジシアンジアミド(DICY)である。アミン硬化剤は、樹脂組成物の全重量に基づいて約0.5重量%〜約30重量%の範囲内の量において存在していてもよい。多くの場合、アミン硬化剤の量は、反応体アミン基の量が樹脂組成物中の反応体エポキシ基と1:1の化学量論比であるように選択される。
セラミック微小球を樹脂組成物に添加して、それから形成された樹脂フィルムの表面平滑性を改良する。一実施形態において、不活性シリカ−アルミナセラミック材料から製造された中空セラミック微小球が使用される。セラミック微小球は、60,000psi超の圧砕強さ、約3.7〜4.6の誘電率、1000〜1100℃(または1832〜2012°F)の範囲の軟化点、および0.1ミクロン〜50ミクロン、または1〜50ミクロンの範囲の粒径を有してもよい。セラミック微小球の高い軟化点は、それらを溶媒に対して非吸収性、難燃性、および高度に耐薬品性であるようにできる。約0.1μm〜約20μm、または約1μm〜約15μmの範囲の直径を有する微小球は、特に適していることがわかった。本明細書に開示された樹脂組成物において使用するために特に適している商業的に入手可能なセラミック微小球の例は、商品名Zeeospheres(登録商標)の、例えば、G−200、G210およびW−200としてZeelan Industries,Inc.によって販売されている。これらは、厚壁を有し、無臭、および明るい灰色の中空シリカ−アルミナ球である。一実施形態において、多官能性樹脂とセラミック微小球との組合せは、樹脂組成物の50重量%超、好ましくは60重量%超を構成する。セラミック微小球の量は、樹脂組成物の全重量に基づいて少なくとも3重量%である。例えば、重量パーセントでのセラミック微小球の量は、樹脂組成物の全重量に基づいて約5重量%〜約15重量%、または約10重量%〜約30重量%、または約20重量%〜約40重量%の範囲内であってもよい。
粒状形態(例えば粉末)の無機充填剤をレオロジー改質成分として樹脂組成物に添加して樹脂組成物の流れを制御し、そこでの成分の凝集を防ぐ。樹脂組成物において使用されてもよい適した無機充填剤には、タルク、マイカ、炭酸カルシウム、アルミナ、およびヒュームドシリカが含まれる。一実施形態において、疎水性ヒュームドシリカ(例えばCab−O−Sil TS−720)が無機充填剤として使用される。無機充填剤の量は、樹脂組成物の全重量に基づいて約0.5重量%〜約5重量%の範囲内であってもよい。
樹脂組成物は、硬化または未硬化樹脂組成物の機械的、電気的、光学的、および熱的性質の1つまたは複数に影響を与える1つまたは複数の任意選択の添加剤をさらに含有してもよい。このような添加剤には、限定されないが、紫外線(UV)安定剤、顔料/染料、および導電材料が含まれる。
代替実施形態において、表面材は、2つの硬化性樹脂層の間に配置された導電層から構成され、それらのうちの1つは、熱的に安定な層である。図1および2を参照して、内側硬化性層13(複合基材またはプリプレグレイアップと接触している)は、耐熱性および熱安定性を提供する層であってもよい。熱的に安定な樹脂層の組成物は、樹脂またはポリマーが約5℃/分〜10℃/分の傾斜率において約600℃〜約800℃の範囲の温度に加熱されるときに50重量%(w/w)未満、好ましくは、25重量%(w/w)未満の低重量損失を有する樹脂またはポリマーを含有する。重量損失は、ASTM E1131およびISO11358に従って熱重量熱分析(TGA)試験によって求められる。外側硬化性樹脂層12は、前述の1つまたは複数の難燃性化合物を含有するエポキシ系樹脂層であってもよい。
[式中、
式(I)について、R1およびR2が同一であるかまたは異なり、独立に、水素、メチル、エチル等の1〜6個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基、フェニル基、ビニル基、および上記のようなハロゲン化アルキル、フェニル、またはビニル基、例えば3,3,3−トリフルオロプロピルから選択され;R3がR1およびR2と同じであることができるか、またはヒドロキシ基であることができ;および、nが0〜10,000の整数であり;
式(II)について、R4、R5およびR6の少なくとも1つが異なり、独立に水素、アルキル基、アルキルフェニル基およびビニル基から選択され、「アルキル」が式(I)について上に記載された通りであり;およびmが1〜10,000の整数である]を含有してもよい。
本明細書に開示された多機能表面材を手作業によるレイアップまたはAFPおよびATLなどの自動配置法によって複合基材上に適用して、落雷保護能力および耐溶け落ち性を有する複合構造物を形成することができる。また、表面材は、広い周波数範囲(8〜18GHz)内の高い電磁干渉(EMI)シールド(60dB超)を提供することができる。さらに、多機能表面材は、最新技術の解決策と比較して著しい重量軽減を提供することができる。
火炎温度を使用して較正された熱源としてプロパンバーナーを使用して試験を実施した。クラッシュ後の火災をシミュレートするために、パネルの表面の熱フラックスは、約1150〜1170℃の火炎温度を使用して182kW/m2に固定される。
5=パネルが激しく損傷を受けた:パネルの低温面、可視的な乾燥繊維の>50%
4=パネルがひどく損傷を受けた:低温面、可視的な乾燥繊維の40〜50%
3=パネルが損傷を受けた:低温面の側、可視的な乾燥繊維の20〜40%
2=パネルがわずかに損傷を受けた:低温面、可視的な乾燥繊維の10〜20%
1=パネルがほとんど損傷を受けない:低温面、全く損傷を受けないか可視的な乾燥繊維の10%未満。
航空機の複合構造物上の落雷(LS)損傷を模倣するために、領域1A(レドームについてLS試験)または領域2A(胴体部分の大部分についてLS試験)規準を使用して、塗装された複合パネルを稲妻の直接効果試験に供した。各々の四角形の試験パネル(20インチ×20インチ)を電極下に置き、領域1Aまたは領域2A模倣雷がパネルの中心にあるようにする。
表面材のない対照パネル
表1に示される配合に従って樹脂組成物を調製した。
シリコーン層を有する比較用パネル2.0
溶液コーティング法を使用して、0.03psf(150gsm)のシリコーン層がガラスマット(キャリア)上に形成された。シリコーンコーティング組成物が表3に開示される。量は重量%単位である。
シリコーン層およびチタン箔を有する表面材
シリコーン層を実施例2に説明したように形成し、35μmの厚さを有するチタン箔に積層して、多層表面材を形成した。多層表面材をオートクレーブ内で80psiの圧力下で1時間の間120℃においておよび2時間の間180℃において16のプリプレグプライのプリプレグレイアップと共硬化し、パネル3.0を形成した。プリプレグプライは、積み重ね順序:[+,−,0,90]2sに従ってレイアップされ、実施例1に説明されたプリプレグプライと同じであり、シリコーン系フィルムがプリプレグレイアップと接触していた。
難燃性樹脂、シリコーン層および銅箔を有する表面材
0.03psf(150gsm)の面積重量を有する難燃性樹脂層(「FST層」と呼ばれる)が表7に開示された樹脂配合物から形成された。量は重量%単位である。
本開示において、量に関連して使用される修飾語「およそ」および「約」は、表記値を含めており、文脈によって要求される意味を有する(例えば、特定の量の測定に伴なう誤差の程度を含める)。例えば、「約」の後の数は、その記載数のプラスマイナス0.1%〜1%の記載数を意味することができる。本明細書中で用いられるとき接尾語「(s)」は、それが修飾する語の単数形と複数形の両方を包含することを意図し、それによってその用語の1つまたは複数を包含する(例えば、金属(metal(s))は、1つまたは複数の金属を包含する)。本明細書に開示された範囲は端点およびその範囲の全ての中間値を含めており、例えば、「1%〜10%」は、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3%、3.5%等を包含する。
Claims (38)
- 第1の樹脂層と第2の樹脂層との間に配置された導電層を含む、落雷保護(LSP)および耐溶け落ち性を提供することができる多機能表面材であって、
第1および第2の樹脂層のうちの少なくとも1つが、
(a)多官能性エポキシ樹脂のブレンドと、
(b)硬化剤と、
(c)ポリマー強靭化成分と、
(d)セラミック微小球と、
(e)有機リン含有化合物;無機リン含有化合物;メラミンシアヌレート;ポリホスファゼン;リン変性エポキシまたはフェノール樹脂;ホウ素含有化合物、およびそれらの組合せから選択される1つまたは複数の化合物を含む難燃成分とを含み、
第1および第2の樹脂層が一切の強化繊維を含有しない、多機能表面材。 - 有機リン含有化合物が、トリメチルホスフェート、トリエチルホスフェート、トリブチルホスフェート、トリオクチルホスフェート、トリブトキシエチルホスフェート、トリクレシルホスフェート、クレシルジフェニルホスフェート、オクチルジフェニルホスフェート、ポリホスホネート、ポリホスフェート、およびそれらの組合せから選択される、請求項1に記載の多機能表面材。
- 無機リン含有化合物が、赤リン、メラミンホスフェート、メラミンポリホスフェート、アンモニウムポリホスフェート、ジメラミンホスフェート、ピロホスフェート、およびホスフィン酸アルミニウムを含む無機ホスフィネートから選択される、請求項1または2に記載の多機能表面材。
- ホウ素含有化合物が、ホウ酸亜鉛、メタホウ酸バリウム、およびメタホウ酸カルシウムから選択される、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- リン変性エポキシ樹脂が、多官能性エポキシ樹脂を有機ホスフィン酸またはその無水物と反応させることによって得られた反応生成物である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 金属水酸化物から選択される煙抑制剤をさらに含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 煙抑制剤がアルミナ三水和物(ATH)である、請求項6に記載の多機能表面材。
- 粒状形態の無機充填剤をさらに含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 無機充填剤がシリカである、請求項8に記載の多機能表面材。
- ポリマー強靭化成分(c)が、
(i)エラストマーまたは熱可塑性ポリマー、
(ii)エポキシ樹脂、ビスフェノール、およびエラストマーの反応によって形成される予備反応付加物、
(iii)ポリエーテルスルホン(PES)とポリエーテルエーテルスルホン(PEES)とのコポリマー、
(iv)コア−シェルゴム(CSR)粒子、
およびそれらの組合せから選択される強靭化材料を含む、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。 - 多官能性エポキシ樹脂のブレンドが二官能エポキシ樹脂および三官能または四官能エポキシ樹脂を含む、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 第2の樹脂層が第1の樹脂層と組成において実質的に同じである、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 第1および第2の樹脂層が組成において異なっている、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 硬化性樹脂層とシリコーン層との間に配置された導電層を含む、落雷保護(LSP)および耐溶け落ち性を提供することができる多機能表面材であって、
シリコーン層がシリコーンポリマーのブレンドを含み、
硬化性樹脂層およびシリコーン層が一切の強化繊維を含まない、多機能表面材。 - シリコーンポリマーのブレンドが、一般式(I)の1つまたは複数のポリジオルガノシロキサンホモポリマーおよび一般式(II)の1つまたは複数のシリコーンコポリマー:
[式中、
式(I)について、R1およびR2が同一であるかまたは異なり、独立に、水素、メチル、エチルを含む1〜6個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基、フェニル基、ビニル基、およびハロゲン化アルキル、フェニル、またはビニル基から選択され;R3が、R1またはR2と同じであるかまたはヒドロキシ基であり;およびnが、0〜10,000の整数であり;
式(II)について、R4、R5およびR6の少なくとも1つが異なり、個々に、水素、アルキル基、アルキルフェニル基およびビニル基から選択され、アルキルが式(I)について上に記載された通りであり;およびmが1〜10,000の整数である]を含む、請求項14に記載の多機能表面材。 - 1つまたは複数のシリコーンホモポリマーが、シルセスキオキサンポリマー、ポリジメチルシロキサン(またはPDMS)、ポリジフェニルシロキサン、ポリジエチルシロキサン、およびシラノール末端ポリジメチルシロキサンから選択される、請求項15に記載の多機能表面材。
- コポリマーがフェニルシルセスキオキサン−ジメチルシロキサンコポリマーである、請求項15または16に記載の多機能表面材。
- シリコーンポリマーのブレンドが無機酸化物充填剤をさらに含む、請求項14〜17のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- シリコーン層が、
フェニルシルセスキオキサン−ジメチルシロキサンコポリマー;
シラノール末端ポリジメチルポリシロキサン;
シルセスキオキサンポリマー;
(触媒として)オクタン酸亜鉛;および
無機酸化物充填剤を含む、請求項18に記載の多機能表面材。 - 硬化性樹脂層が多官能性エポキシ樹脂のブレンドと硬化剤とを含む、請求項14〜19のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 硬化性樹脂層が、有機リン含有化合物、無機リン含有化合物、メラミンシアヌレート、ポリホスファゼン、リン変性エポキシまたはフェノール樹脂、ホウ素含有化合物、およびそれらの組合せから選択される難燃性化合物をさらに含む、請求項20に記載の多機能表面材。
- 硬化性樹脂層が、
(i)エラストマーまたは熱可塑性ポリマー、
(ii)エポキシ樹脂、ビスフェノール、およびエラストマーの反応によって形成される予備反応付加物、
(iii)ポリエーテルスルホン(PES)とポリエーテルエーテルスルホン(PEES)とのコポリマー、
(iv)コア−シェルゴム(CSR)粒子、
およびそれらの組合せから選択される強靭化材料をさらに含む、請求項20または21に記載の多機能表面材。 - 硬化性樹脂層がセラミック微小球をさらに含む、請求項20または22に記載の多機能表面材。
- 導電層が多孔質または非孔質金属層である、請求項1〜23のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 導電層が、銅、アルミニウム、青銅、チタン、またはそれらの合金の多孔質または非孔質金属層である、請求項1〜24のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 導電層が、900℃超の融点を有する多孔質または非孔質金属層である、請求項1〜25のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 導電層が、約76μm未満の厚さを有する非孔質層である、請求項1〜26のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 導電層が非孔質金属箔である、請求項27に記載の多機能表面材。
- 導電層が、約60gsm〜約350gsmの範囲内の面積重量を有する多孔質層である、請求項1〜26のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- 導電層が金属スクリーンまたはエキスパンデッドメタル箔である、請求項29に記載の多機能表面材。
- 自動配置のために適している連続したまたは細長いテープの形態である、請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材。
- テープが、約0.125インチ〜約12インチ(または約3.17mm〜約305mm)の範囲の幅を有する、請求項31に記載の多機能表面材。
- 硬化性マトリックス樹脂で含浸または注入された強化繊維を含む複合基材と、
複合基材の表面に積層された請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の多機能導電性表面材とを含む複合構造物。 - 硬化性マトリックス樹脂で含浸または注入された強化繊維を含む複合基材と、
複合基材の表面上に並列に配置された連続したまたは細長いテープの形態の請求項31または32に記載の複数の多機能導電性表面材とを含む複合構造物。 - 複合基材が、積み重ね配列において配列された複数のプリプレグプライを含むプリプレグレイアップであり、各々のプリプレグプライが、硬化性マトリックス樹脂で含浸されるかまたはその中に埋め込まれる強化用繊維を含む、請求項33または34に記載の複合構造物。
- 硬化性マトリックス樹脂で含浸されるかまたはその中に埋め込まれる強化繊維を含む、複合基材の表面に請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の多機能表面材を適用する工程と、
表面材を複合基材と一緒に共硬化する工程とを含む、複合構造物を形成するための方法。 - 硬化性マトリックス樹脂で含浸されるかまたはその中に埋め込まれる強化繊維を含む、複合基材を形成する工程と、
連続したまたは細長いテープの形態の請求項31または32に記載の複数の表面材を、自動配置法によって並列に複合基材上に直接に分配して、保護表面層を複合基材上に形成する工程と、
保護表面層を複合基材と一緒に共硬化する工程とを含む、複合構造物を形成するための方法。 - 複合基材が、積み重ね配列において配列された複数のプリプレグプライを含むプリプレグレイアップであり、各々のプリプレグプライが、硬化性マトリックス樹脂で含浸されるかまたはその中に埋め込まれる強化用繊維を含む、請求項36または37に記載の方法。
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