JP2018510111A - リチオ化されたケイ素/炭素複合材料及びそれを生産する方法 - Google Patents
リチオ化されたケイ素/炭素複合材料及びそれを生産する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2018510111A JP2018510111A JP2017539664A JP2017539664A JP2018510111A JP 2018510111 A JP2018510111 A JP 2018510111A JP 2017539664 A JP2017539664 A JP 2017539664A JP 2017539664 A JP2017539664 A JP 2017539664A JP 2018510111 A JP2018510111 A JP 2018510111A
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 43
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 35
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 title claims description 11
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 55
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 sulfur organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000008053 sultones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005586 carbonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 9
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NMJJFJNHVMGPGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl formate Chemical compound CCCCOC=O NMJJFJNHVMGPGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006138 lithiation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 2
- WDXYVJKNSMILOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2-oxide Chemical compound O=S1OCCO1 WDXYVJKNSMILOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-vinylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=N1 KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000871495 Heeria argentea Species 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010000020 Platelet Factor 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YRFCKOUVKHLUDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N S1(=O)OC(CO1)C=C.S(=O)(O)O Chemical compound S1(=O)OC(CO1)C=C.S(=O)(O)O YRFCKOUVKHLUDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005376 alkyl siloxane group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012084 conversion product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- TXLQIRALKZAWHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium carbanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[CH3-].[CH3-] TXLQIRALKZAWHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZTOMUSMDRMJOTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutaronitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCC#N ZTOMUSMDRMJOTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012803 optimization experiment Methods 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010517 secondary reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)C=C ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/06—Metal silicides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/02—Silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
1.低く不可逆性の初期損失、
2.少なくとも500、好ましくは少なくとも1000Ah/kgの高い容量、及び
3.十分なサイクル安定性
を有する、ケイ素に主に基づく材料が求められる。
SixCio−xLiz(式中、
xは1〜9の任意の値
及びa=0.1〜1の任意の値で、z=a(4,4x+1/6(10−x))を想定することができる)を有する。したがって、複合材料中のリチウムの量は、化学量論的に最大に可能なリチウム吸収の10〜100モル%の範囲である(LiC6及びLi22Si5は熱力学的に安定的な相であり、室温でリチウムに最も富んでいる)。
の間のグレインサイズを備えた黒鉛粉末)またはグラフェン粉末と9:1〜1:9のモル比のケイ素粉末(グレインサイズ1〜100
)及びリチウム粉末(グレインサイズ5〜500
)を、不活性ガス条件(例えばAr)下で混合し、続いて圧縮または粉砕する。この時点で、最初に組成物LiC0(o=例えば6または12)のLi−黒鉛の層間物質は、意外にも最初に形成されるが、完全に副次的な反応または合金形成のみがケイ素とリチウム金属との間で起こるか、またはまったく起こらない。
、好ましくは10〜200
の間の平均粒子サイズを備えた粒子からなる粉状の形状で添加される。コートされた粉末(例えばFMC社によって提供される、少なくとも97%のリチウム含有量を備えた安定化金属粉末(Lectromax粉末100、SLMP)、または例えば合金形成元素によりコートされ、少なくとも95%の金属含有量を備えた粉末(WO2013/104787A1)等)が使用される。特に好ましくは≧99%の金属含有量を備えたコートされないリチウム粉末が使用される。電池分野における使用のために、金属汚染を考慮して、純度は非常に高くなくてはならない。とりわけ、ナトリウム含有量は>200ppmではあってはならない。Na含有量は、好ましくは≦100ppm、特に好ましくは≦80ppmである。
ミル、振動ミル、ボールミル)で行われる。変換は有利には特に遊星ボールミル中で実行される。この目的に向けて、例えば、Fritsch社からの遊星ボールミルPulverisette 7プレミアムラインを、実験室スケールで使用することができる。遊星ボールミルを使用する場合に、非常に有利には、<10時間、しばしば<1時間の短い反応時間でさえ意外にも達成することができる。
・粉砕ボール対生成物混合物の重量比
・粉砕ボールのタイプ(例えば硬さ及び密度)
・粉砕の強度(粉砕プレートの回転の頻度)
・リチウム粉末の反応性(例えばコーティングのタイプ)
・Li:Cの重量比
・生成物特異的特性
・所望される粒子サイズなど
る。好適なバインダー材についての他の例は、とりわけ、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、ポリイソブチレン(例えばBASF社のオパノール)、アルギン酸である。
のグレインサイズ)と所望されるモル比で混合すること、及び後続する熱分解相(5分間〜24時間、130〜350℃、好ましくは140〜300℃)によって生産することができる。
・コートされないリチウム黒鉛層間化合物LiC6(Li含有量=8.8%)Tonset=130℃
・熱分解されないLi/Si/C−組成物Li3,9SiC2.7を備えた複合物(Li含有量=31%):Tonset=170℃
・150℃で4時間熱分解したLi/Si/C−組成物Li3,9SiC2.7を備えた複合物(Li含有量=31%):Tonset=140℃
・250℃で10時間熱分解したLi/Si/C−組成物Li3,9SiC2.7を備えた複合物(Li含有量=31%):Tonset=150℃。
以下の:
・1.80gのSi粉末(供給業者Wacker、Si含有量89.4%、D50=58
・1.16gのLiの粉末(Rockwood lithium、コートされない、Li含有量>99%、D50=105
・3.00gの黒鉛粉末(Timcal社からのSLP 30)
からなる混合物を、
Arにより充填されたグローブボックス中のFritsch社からの酸化ジルコニウム粉砕カップを備えた遊星ボールミルPulverisette P 7中で、逆戻り操作で400rpmで26個のZr02ボール(直径3mm)と一緒に4時間粉砕した。
実施例1に従って生産された1.05gの混合物を、閉鎖スチールオートクレーブ中のAr保護ガス中で150℃で4時間熱分解する。続いて、以下の相:ケイ化リチウム、黒鉛及びSi(低減した強度)は、XRDによって同定することができる。金属リチウムは同定することができない。
実施例1に従って生産された1.16gの混合物を、閉鎖スチールオートクレーブ中のAr保護ガス中で250℃で10時間熱分解する。続いて、以下の相:ケイ化リチウム(上昇した強度)、黒鉛及びSi(大幅に低減した強度)は、XRDによって同定することができる。金属リチウムは同定することができない。
Claims (9)
- 粉状のケイ化リチウム及び(部分的)リチオ化または非リチオ化の黒鉛またはグラフェンからなる緻密な混合物からなるという点で特徴づけられる、経験式SixCio−xLiz(式中、
xは1〜9の任意の値
及びa=0.1〜1の任意の値で、z=a(4,4x+1/6(10−x))を想定することができる)を備えた複合材料。 - 請求項1または2のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料が、1つまたは複数の気体または液体のコーティング手段による後処理によって適用される安定化コーティング層を含むという点で特徴づけられる、経験式SixC10-xLizを備えた安定化した複合材料。
- 1〜100
のグレインサイズを備えたケイ素粉末と5〜500
のグレインサイズを備えたリチウム粉末ならびに黒鉛粉末及び/またはグラフェン粉末の混合物が、不活性ガス下または真空中で0〜120℃、好ましくは20〜100℃の温度範囲で、最初はSi/C/Li χ/10−χ/ζの示されたモル比に、機械化学的に変換され、得られた混合物が、続いて150〜350℃の温度範囲で5分〜24時間熱分解相へさらされる、という点で特徴づけられる、経験式SixCio−xLiz(式中、
xは1〜9の任意の値
及びa=0.1〜1の任意の値で、z=a(4,4x+1/6(10−x))を想定することができる)を備えたケイ化複合材料を生産する方法。 - 請求項4〜6のうちの1つまたは複数に従って生産された複合材料が、気体または液体のコーティング剤により続いて処理されるという点で特徴づけられる、経験式SixCio−xLiz(式中、
xは1〜9の任意の値
及びa=0.1〜1の任意の値で、z=a(4,4x+1/6(10−x))を想定することができる)を備えた安定化されたケイ化複合材料を生産する方法。 - 気体コーティング剤が、N2,CO2,CO,O2,N2O,NO,NO2,HF,F2,PF3,PF5,POF3の群から選択され、液体コーティング剤が、炭酸エステル;有機溶媒中の溶液としてのリチウムキレートボレート(chelatoborate)溶液の群から選択され、好ましくは、酸素含有ヘテロ環、炭酸エステル、ニトリル、カルボン酸エステル及びケトン、硫黄有機化合物(サルファイト、スルホン、スルトン);N含有有機化合物、リン酸、有機リン含有化合物、フッ素含有の有機化合物及び無機化合物(部分的にフッ素化された炭化水素、BF3、LiPF6、LiBF4)、ケイ素含有化合物から選択される、という点で特徴づけられる、実施例7に記載の方法。
- 非水性電解質によるガルバーニ電池(例えばリチウム電池)中の陽極材料としての経験式SixCio−xLizを備えた複合材料の使用。
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JPH09249407A (ja) * | 1996-03-14 | 1997-09-22 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 黒鉛複合物およびその製造方法 |
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