JP2017201289A - 電子顕微鏡によるナノ粒子の直接的な同定・定量のための検出キットおよび方法 - Google Patents
電子顕微鏡によるナノ粒子の直接的な同定・定量のための検出キットおよび方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017201289A JP2017201289A JP2016237703A JP2016237703A JP2017201289A JP 2017201289 A JP2017201289 A JP 2017201289A JP 2016237703 A JP2016237703 A JP 2016237703A JP 2016237703 A JP2016237703 A JP 2016237703A JP 2017201289 A JP2017201289 A JP 2017201289A
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Abstract
【解決手段】検出キット1は、表面がマイナス電荷またはプラス電荷にチャージされているプレート2と、試料3中のナノ粒子3aを特異的に標識するための標識剤4と、試料3中のナノ粒子3aを薄膜6で覆うための電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤5とを具備し、電子顕微鏡による直接観察で試料中のナノ粒子の同定または定量を可能とする。
【選択図】図1
Description
また、前記プレートが、第1プレートと第2プレートからなっていてもよい。
また、前記第1プレートが複数のウェルを有し、前記第2プレートが、前記第1プレートの前記複数のウェルに挿入される複数の突起部を有していてもよい。
ここで、前記検出キットは、多価第四級アミン高分子化合物、カチオンポリマーおよび部分分解ポリアミドアミン(PAMAM)デンドリマーから選ばれる電荷調整剤をさらに具備していてもよい。
ここで、前記検出キットは、カチオンポリマーである電荷調整剤をさらに具備していてもよい。
本明細書において、「ナノ粒子」とは、一つ、二つまたは三つの次元の平均粒径がナノスケールの範囲内にある粒子を意味する。ここで、本発明において、「ナノスケール」とは、1nm〜1000nmの範囲の大きさを意味する。
本発明の一実施形態において、電子顕微鏡による直接観察で試料中のナノ粒子を同定または定量するための検出キットは、
表面がマイナス電荷またはプラス電荷にチャージされているプレートと、
試料中のナノ粒子を特異的に標識するための標識剤と、
試料中のナノ粒子を薄膜で覆うための電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤とを具備する。
プレートは、板状体であり、その表面にマイナス電荷またはプラス電荷を有する化合物が塗布されているか、または表面にプラズマ等のエネルギー線が照射されることによって、表面がマイナス電荷またはプラス電荷にチャージされている。
標識剤は、ナノ粒子を特異的に標識する物質である。標識剤は、例えば、任意の溶媒中に溶解もしくは懸濁された液体状で、ナノ粒子が吸着固定されたプレートの表面に滴下することにより、試料中のナノ粒子を特異的に標識する。
電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤は、ナノ粒子を薄膜で覆うための物質である。電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤は、プレートの表面に存在する試料(標識剤で標識されたナノ粒子を含む)の表面に塗布され、電子線やプラズマ等のエネルギー線を照射されることにより硬化し、ナノ粒子を覆う薄膜を形成する。
スルホコハク酸ラウリルニナトリウム、スルホコハク酸ラウレスニナトリウム、セスキイソステアリン酸ソルビタン、セスキオレイン酸グリセリル、セスキオレイン酸ソルビタン、セスキオレイン酸ジグリセリル、セスキステアリン酸PEG-20メチルグルコース、セスキステアリン酸ソルビタン、セスキステアリン酸メチルグルコース、セチルジメチコンコポリオール、セチルピリジウムクロリド、セチル硫酸ナトリウム、セチルリン酸DEA、セチルリン酸カリウム、セテアリルアルコール、セテアリルグルコシド・セテアリルアルコール、セテアリル硫酸ナトリウム、セテアレス-10、セテアレス-15、セテアレス-22、セテアレス-34、セテアレス-55、セテアレス-60、セテアレス-60ミリスチルグリコール、セテアレス-100、セテス-8リン酸、セテス-10、セテス-10リン酸、セテス-12、セテス-24、セテス-45、セトリモニウムクロリド、セトリモニウムサッカリン、セトリモニウムプロミド、セトレス-10、セトレス-20、セトレス-25、タロウアミドMEA、デカイソステアリン酸ポリグリセリル-10、デカオレイン酸ポリグリセリル-10、デカステアリン酸ポリグリセリル-10、デシルグルコシド、テトラオクタン酸ジグリセロールソルビタン、テトラオレイン酸ソルベス-30、テトラオレイン酸ソルベス-40、テトラオレイン酸ソルベス-60、テトラステアリン酸ソルベス-60、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸TEA、トリPEG-8アルキル(C12-15)リン酸、トリ(イソステアリン酸PEG-3)トリメチロールプロパン、トリイソステアリン酸PEG-10グリセリル、トリイソステアリン酸PEG-15水添ヒマシ油、トリイソステアリン酸PEG-20水添ヒマシ油、トリイソステアリン酸PEG-30グリセリル、トリイソステアリン酸PEG-30水添ヒマシ油、トリイソステアリン酸PEG-50グリセリル、トリイソステアリン酸PEG-50水添ヒマシ油、トリイソステアリン酸PEG-160ソルビタン、トリイソステアリン酸ポリグリセリル-2、トリオレイン酸ソルビタン、トリオレイン酸ポリグリセリル-10、トリステアリン酸PEG-3ソルビット、トリステアリン酸PEG-140グリセリル、トリステアリン酸PEG-160ソルビタン、トリステアリン酸スクロース、トリステアリン酸ソルビタン、トリステアリン酸ポリグリセリル-10トリデセス-三酢酸ナトリウム、トリデセス-六酢酸ナトリウム、トリデセス-9、トリデセス-10、トリデセス-11、トリデセス-20、トリデセス-21、トリヒドロキシステアリン、トリベヘン酸スクロース、トリラウリルアミン、トリラウレス-四リン酸、トリラウレス-四リン酸ナトリウム、乳酸脂肪酸グリセリル、ノニルノノキシノール-10、ノニルノノキシノール-100、ノノキシノール-3、ノノキシノール-4硫酸ナトリウム、ノノキシノール-6リン酸、ノノキシノール-6リン酸ナトリウム、ノノキシノール-10、ノノキシノール-10リン酸、ノノキシノール-23、ノノキシノール-50、ノノキシノール-120、パーフルオロアルキルPEGリン酸、パーフルオロアルキルリン酸DEA、パーム核脂肪酸アミドDEA、パーム核脂肪酸アミドエチルヒドロキシエチルアミノプロピオン酸ナトリウム、パーム核脂肪酸アミドプロピルベタイン、パーム脂肪酸グルタミン酸ナトリウム、パルミタミドMEA、パルミチン酸PEG-6、パルミチン酸PEG-18、パルミチン酸PEG-20、パルミチン酸スクロース、パルミチン酸ソルビタン、パルミトイルアスパラギン酸二TEA、パルミトイルメチルタウリンナトリウム、ピーナッツ油PEG-6、ヒドロキシステアリン酸グリセリル、ヒドロキシプロピルトリモニウム加水分解カゼイン、ヒドロキシプロピルトリモニウム加水分解ケラチン、ヒドロキシプロピルトリモニウム加水分解コムギタンパク、ヒドロキシプロピルトリモニウム加水分解コラーゲン、ヒドロキシプロピルトリモニウム加水分解シルク、ヒドロキシラノリン、プロピオン酸PPG-2ミリスチル、ヘプタステアリン酸ポリグリセリル-10、ヘプタデシルヒドロキシエチルカルボキシラートメチルイミダゾリニウム、ベヘナミドプロピルPGジモニウムクロリド、ベヘナミンオキシド、ベヘネス-10、ベヘネス-30、ベヘン酸グリセリル、ベヘントリモニウムクロリド、ベンザルコニウムクロリド、ペンタイソステアリン酸ポリグリセリル-10、ペンタオクタン酸ジグリセロールソルビタン、ペンタオレイン酸PEG-40ソルビット、ペンタオレイン酸ポリグリセリル-6、ペンタオレイン酸ポリグリセリル-10、ペンタステアリン酸ポリグリセリル-10、ポリアクリル酸カリウム、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウム、ポリアクリル酸アンモニウム、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテルリン酸TEA、ポリオキシエチレンエーテルリン酸ナトリウム、ポリオキシエチレンオクチルエーテルリン酸、ポリオキシエチレンセチルステアリルジエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンフィトスタノール、ポリオキシエチレンブチルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンヤシ脂肪酸ジエタノールアミド、ポリオキシエチレンラウリルエーテルリン酸TEA、ポリオキシプロピレンカルボキシアルキル(C14-18)ジグルコシド、ポリオキシプロピレングリセリルエーテルリン酸、ポリオキシプロピレンソルビット、ポリオレイン酸スクロース、ポリグリセリル-2オレイル、ポリステアリン酸スクロース、酢酸セチル、酢酸ラノリンアルコール、ポリバーム脂肪酸スクロース、ポリラウリン酸スクロース、ポリリシノレイン酸ポリグセリル、ポリリノール酸スクロースポロキサマー181、ポロキサマー333、ポロキサミン304、ポロキサミン901、ポロキサミン1104、ポロキサミン1302、ポロキサミン1508、マルチトールヒドロキシアルキル(C12,14)、ミリスタミドDEA、ミリスタミンオキシド、ミリスタルコニウムクロリド、ミリスチルPGヒドロキシエチルデカナミド、ミリスチルベタイン、ミリスチル硫酸ナトリウム、ミリスチン酸PEG-8、ミリスチン酸PEG-20、ミリスチン酸グリセリル、ミリスチン酸スクロース、ミリスチン酸ポリグリセリル-10、ミリスチン酸ミレス-3、ミリストイル加水分解コラーゲン、ミリストイル加水分解コラーゲンカリウム、ミリストイルグルタミン酸、ミリストイルグルタミン酸カリウム、ミリストイルグルタミン酸ナトリウム、ミリストイルサルコシンナトリウム、ミリストイルメチルアラニンナトリウム、ミリストイルメチルタウリンナトリウム、ミレス-3、ミレス-3硫酸ナトリウム、モノ酢酸モノステアリン酸グリセリル、ヤシ脂肪酸TEA、ヤシ脂肪酸グリセリル、ヤシ脂肪酸スクロース、ヤシ脂肪酸ソルビタン、ヤシ脂肪酸リシン、ラウラミドDEA、ラウラミドMEA、ラウラミドプロピルベタイン、ラウラミノジ酢酸ナトリウム、ラウラミノプロピオン酸、ラウラミノプロピオン酸ナトリウム、ラウラミンオキシド、ラウリミノジプロピオン酸ナトリウム、ラウリルDEA、ラウリルイソキノリニウムサッカリン、ラウリルイソキノリニウムプロミド、ラウリルグルコシド、ラウリルジアミノエチルグリシンナトリウム、ラウリルジモニウムヒドロキシプロピル加水分解ケラチン、ラウリルジモニウムヒドロキシプロピル加水分解コラーゲン、ラウリルジモニウムヒドロキシプロピル加水分解シルク、ラウリルスルホ酢酸ナトリウム、ラウリルヒドロキシ酢酸アミド硫酸ナトリウム、ラウリルヒドロキシスルタイン、ラウリルピリジニウムクロリドラウリルベタイン、ラウリル硫酸DEA、ラウリル硫酸カリウム、ラウリル硫酸MEA、ラウリル硫酸マグネシウム、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム、ラウリル硫酸TEAラウリル硫酸アンモニウム、ラウリルリン酸、ラウリルリン酸ニナトリウム、ラウリルリン酸ナトリウム、ラウリン酸PEG-2、ラウリン酸PEG-4DEA、ラウリン酸PEG-6、ラウリン酸PEG-8、ラウリン酸PEG-8グリセリル、ラウリン酸PEG-9、ラウリン酸PEG-10、ラウリン酸PEG-12グリセリル、ラウリン酸PEG-23グリセリル、ラウリン酸PEG-32、ラウリン酸PEG-75、ラウリン酸PEG-150、ラウリン酸PEGソルビット、ラウリン酸PG、ラウリン酸TEA、ラウリン酸グリセリル、ラウリン酸スクロース、ラウリン酸ポリオキシエチレン水添ヒマシ油、ラウリン酸ポリグリセリル-6、ラウリン酸ポリグリセリル-10、ラウリン酸マルチトール、ラウルトリモニウムクロリド、ラウルトリモニウムプロミド、ラウレス-2-硫酸アンモニウム、ラウレス-3酢酸、ラウレス-3硫酸TEA、ラウレス-3硫酸アンモニウム、ラウレス-3リン酸、ラウレス-4リン酸、ラウレス-4リン酸ナトリム、ラウレス-4.5酢酸カリウム、ラウレス-5酢酸、ラウレス-5硫酸ナトリム、ラウレス-6酢酸、ラウレス-6酢酸ナトリム、ラウレス-7リン酸、ラウレス-9、ラウレス-10、ラウレス-10酢酸、ラウレス-10酢酸カリウム、ラウレス-16酢酸ナトリム、ラウレス-17酢酸ナトリウム、ラウレス-40、ラウレス硫酸TEA、ラウロアンホPG酢酸リン酸ナトリウム、ラウロアンホ酢酸ナトリウム、ラウロイルアスパラギン酸、ラウロイル加水分解コラーゲンカリウム、ラウロイル加水分解コラーゲンナトリウム、ラウロイル加水分解シルクナトリウム、ラウロイルグルタミン酸、ラウロイルグルタミン酸カリウム、ラウロイルグルタミン酸ナトリウム、ラウロイルグルタミン酸TEA、ラウロイルグルタミン酸ジオクチルドデシル、ラウロイルグルタミン酸ジオクチルドデセス-2、ラウロイルグルタミン酸ジオクチルドデシル、ラウロイルグルタミン酸ジコレステリル、ラウロイルグルタミン酸ジステアレス-2、ラウロイルグルタミン酸ジステアレス-5、ラウロイルサルコシン、ラウロイルサルコシンナトリウム、ラウロイルサルコシンTEA、ラウロイルトレオニンカリウム、ラウロイル乳酸ナトリウム、ラウロイルメチルアラニン、ラウロイルメチルアラニンナトリウム、ラウロイルメチルアラニンTEA、ラウロイルメチルタウリンナトリウム、ラネス-10、ラネス-25、ラネス-40、ラネス-75、ラノリン脂肪酸PEG-4、ラノリン脂肪酸PEG-12、ラノリン脂肪酸アミドDEA、ラノリン脂肪酸イソプロピル、ラノリン脂肪酸オクチルドデシル、ラノリン脂肪酸グリセリル、ラノリン脂肪酸コレステリル、ラピリウムクロリド、リシノレイン酸アミドプロピルベタイン、リシノレイン酸グリセリル、リシノレイン酸スクロース、リシノレイン酸ポリオキシプロピレンソルビット、リシノレイン酸ポリグリセリル-6、リノール酸ラノリル、リノレアミドDEA、硫酸化ヒマシ油、リンゴ酸ラウラミド、ロジン加水分解コラーゲン、ロジン加水分解コラーゲンAMPDなどが挙げられる。
(1)界面活性剤(ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム):金属化合物(エチレンジアミンニッケル錯体)=0.005:0.001〜0.05〜0.01
(2)界面活性剤(ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム):金属化合物(エチレンジアミンニッケル錯体)=0.005:0.0001〜0.05〜0.001
(3)界面活性剤(ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム):金属化合物(テトラアンミンコバルト錯体)=0.005:0.001〜0.05〜0.01
(4)界面活性剤(Tween 20)/糖(トレハロース)=3/1〜20/2
(5)界面活性剤(Tween 20)/糖(プルラン)=3/0.2〜20/2
(6)界面活性剤(Tween 20/糖(イヌリン)=3/0.1〜20/7
なお、電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤には、糖類および電解質の組み合わせのほか、例えば、電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤と糖鎖と電解可能な官能基とを有する高分子化合物を用いてもよい。すなわち、電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤、糖類および電解質は、各々別個の物質であってもよく、また、一つの物質中にこれらの構成要素またはそれと同等の機能を有する分子構造を備える物質であってもよい。
(1)グリセリン:水:糖類(グルコース):電解質(塩化ナトリウム)=20:10:0.7:0.03〜20:10:0.4:0.01
(2)グリセリン:糖類(グルコース):電解質(塩化ナトリウム)=20:0.7:0.03〜20:0.4:0.01
(3)グリセリン:水:糖類(グルコース):電解質(リン酸一水素ナトリウム)=20:10:0.7:0.03〜20:10:0.4:0.01
(4)グリセリン:糖類(グルコース):電解質(リン酸一水素ナトリウム)=20:0.7:0.03〜20:0.4:0.01
(5)グリセリン:(水):糖類(グルコース):電解質(クエン酸)=20:10:0.7:0.03〜20:10:0.4:0.01
(6)グリセリン:糖類(グルコース):電解質(クエン酸)=20:0.7:0.03〜20:0.4:0.01
(7)グリセリン:(水):糖類(グルコース):電解質(乳酸カルシウム)=20:10:1:0.03〜20:10:0.4:0.01
(8)グリセリン:糖類(グルコース):電解質(乳酸カルシウム)=20:1:0.03〜20:0.4:0.01
なお、電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤は水を含有したものの方が、調製が容易であり、試料に塗布しやすく好ましい。
本実施形態に係る検出キットは、プレートの表面の電荷および/または前記試料中のナノ粒子の表面の電荷を調整するための電荷調整剤をさらに具備していてもよい。
なお、本発明の検出キットに適用される試料としては、特に制限されることはなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。試料としては、例えば、ヒトの尿、咽頭塗付液、便、血液、体液および細胞破砕物からなる群のうちの少なくとも1つであってもよい。また、試料は、ヒト由来の試料に限定されることはなく、各種脊椎動物、無脊椎動物由来の試料についても適用可能である。さらには、植物由来の試料であってもよい。ヒトの便や細胞破砕物を試料として用いる場合には、予め適当な孔径を有する濾紙やメンブランフィルターを用いて、ナノ粒子以外の夾雑物を除去しておくことが好ましく考慮される。
次に、本発明の検出キットの例示的な実施形態として、ナノ粒子がウイルスである場合を例にして説明する。
エクソソーム:30〜200nm
マイクロベシクル:100〜1000nm
アポトーシス小体:1〜5μm。
プレート表面をマイナス電荷にチャージさせる際の、プラズマの照射時間について検討を行った。縦1.2cm×横0.7cmのスライドガラス(松浪硝子工業株式会社製)の表面に、イオンスパッタリング装置(日本電子(JOEL) HDT-400)を用いて、圧力10-5Pa、25℃、5kV DCの条件下で、プラズマをそれぞれ0、5、10、20、30、60秒間照射した。次いで、プラズマ照射後の各スライドガラスの表面におけるゼータ電位について、ゼータ電位・粒径・分子量測定システム ELSZ-1000S(大塚電子)と平板試料用セルを用いて測定した。ゼータ電位の測定結果を図6に示す。
ウイルス試料をプラス電荷にチャージさせる際の、ポリブレン濃度について検討を行った。マウスサイトメガロウイルス(MCMV)、ヒトサイトメガロウイルス(HCMV)粒子、ヒトヘルペスウイルス(HSV)、インフルエンザウイルスを108〜1010個/mlの濃度で含有するウイルス試料液0.1mlに対し、終濃度がそれぞれ0、10、100μg/mlとなるようにポリブレンを添加して、混和した。次いで、ポリブレン添加後のウイルス粒子の表面におけるゼータ電位について、ゼータ電位・粒径・分子量測定システムELSZ-1000Sと平板試料用セルを用いて測定した。ゼータ電位の測定結果を図7に示す。
マウスサイトメガロウイルス(MCMV)、ヒトサイトメガロウイルス(HCMV)粒子、ヒトヘルペスウイルス(HSV)、インフルエンザウイルス粒子を108〜1010個/mlの濃度で含有するウイルス試料液1mlに対し、終濃度が100μg/mlとなるようにポリブレンを添加して、混和した。次いで、プラズマを10秒間照射したスライドガラスをプレートとして用い、プレートの表面にウイルス試料液を載せ、プレートの表面にウイルス粒子を吸着固定させた。次いで、抗インフルエンザ抗体、抗HCMV抗体を滴下して抗原抗体反応による免疫染色を行い、金コロイド修飾された二次抗体を添加して標識した。なお、必要に応じて銀増感または金増感を行った。次いで、電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤を塗布し、スピンコートで均一にのばした後、プレートをSEM試料室に入れ、電子ビームを照射して薄膜を成膜し、SEM観察を行った。
ウイルス試料中のウイルス粒子をプレート表面に吸着固定させる際の、プレートの電荷との関係について検討を行った。
マイナス電荷にチャージされたプレート(以下、「アニオンプレート」とも称する。)として、表面にプラズマを20秒間照射したスライドガラスを用いた。
プラス電荷にチャージされたプレート(以下、「カチオンプレート」とも称する。)を以下のようにして作製した。スライドガラス(松浪硝子工業株式会社製)を100%エタノールで洗浄し、水洗した後、プラズマを10秒間照射して処理する。プラズマ処理されてマイナス電荷にチャージしているスライドガラスの上に、10〜100μg/mlのポリ-D-リジン(PDL)を重層した後、12時間以上静置し、3回純水で洗浄する。その後、12時間以上自然乾燥させる。
試料液としてヒトサイトメガロウイルス(HCMV)粒子、インフルエンザウイルス粒子を含有するウイルス試料液を用いたこと以外は実施例4と同様にして、カチオンプレートの表面にウイルス粒子を吸着固定させた。
次いで、水中でプレート同士を剥離させた後、カチオンプレートの表面に、抗インフルエンザ抗体、抗HCMV抗体を滴下して抗原抗体反応による免疫染色を行い、1.4nm金粒子で修飾された二次抗体を添加して標識し、さらに金増感を行った。次いで、電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤を塗布し、スピンコートで均一にのばした後、プレートをSEM試料室に入れ、電子ビームを照射して薄膜を成膜し、SEM観察を行った。図10にSEM像を示す。なお、対照(control)として、ウイルス試料液を用いなかったこと以外は上記と同様の手順を経て得られたカチオンプレートのSEM像を撮影した。
本実施例では、細胞外小胞体の検出例として、エクソソームを用いた。
まず、対象とする大腸癌由来のエクソソームのゼータ電位を予めゼータ電位・粒径・分子量測定システムELSZ-1000Sを用いて測定し、このエクソソームがマイナスのゼータ電位を有することを確認した。
次に、カチオンプレートの表面に、エクソソームを含有する試料液を載せ、カチオンプレートの表面に大腸癌由来のエクソソームを吸着固定させた。このカチオンプレートの表面に、上記の成分組成を有する電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤を1/10または1/100の濃度に希釈して塗布し、スピンコートで均一にのばした後、プレートをSEM試料室に入れ、電子ビームを照射して薄膜を成膜し、SEM観察を行った。図11にSEM像を示す。
次いで、水中でプレート同士を剥離させた後、カチオンプレートの表面に、エクソソームの表面タンパク質マーカーであるCD9、CD63、CD81抗体を滴下して抗原抗体反応による免疫染色を行い、ビオチン付き二次抗体を添加して標識した後、40nm金粒子が付着したストレプトアビジンにて反応させた。なお、必要に応じて銀増感または金増感を行った。次いで、電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤を塗布し、スピンコートで均一にのばした後、プレートをSEM試料室に入れ、電子ビームを照射して薄膜を成膜し、SEM観察を行った。図12にSEM像を示す。
本実施例では、細菌類の検出例として、大腸菌を用いる。なお、対象の細菌類のゼータ電位を予めゼータ電位・粒径・分子量測定システムELSZ-1000Sを用いて測定することにより、試料液を載せるプレートの電荷の選択がより効率的となることが理解される。
試料液としてウイルスの代わりに大腸菌を含有する試料液を用いること以外は実施例4と同様にして、カチオンプレートまたはアニオンプレートの表面に大腸菌を吸着固定させる。
次いで、水中でプレート同士を剥離させた後、カチオンプレートまたはアニオンプレートの表面に、ビオチン付き抗大腸菌抗体を添加して標識した後、40nm金粒子が付着したストレプトアビジンにて反応させる。なお、必要に応じて銀増感または金増感を行う。次いで、電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤を塗布し、スピンコートで均一にのばした後、プレートをSEM試料室に入れ、電子ビームを照射して薄膜を成膜し、SEM観察を行う。このようにして、カチオンプレートまたはアニオンプレートの表面に吸着固定された大腸菌の像は極めて明瞭であり、計数による大腸菌の定量も容易に行うことができることが確認される。
本実施例では、非生物のナノ粒子のうち、遺伝子工学用試薬の検出例として、トランスフェクション試薬を用いる。なお、対象の試薬中のナノ粒子のゼータ電位を予めゼータ電位・粒径・分子量測定システムELSZ-1000Sを用いて測定することにより、試料液を載せるプレートの電荷の選択がより効率的となることが理解される。
試料液としてウイルスの代わりにトランスフェクション試薬を含有する試料液を用いること以外は実施例4と同様にして、カチオンプレートまたはアニオンプレートの表面にトランスフェクション試薬中に含まれるナノ粒子を吸着固定させる。
次いで、水中でプレート同士を剥離させた後、カチオンプレートまたはアニオンプレートの表面に、ビオチン付きマーカー化合物を添加して標識した後、40nm金粒子が付着したストレプトアビジンにて反応させる。なお、必要に応じて銀増感または金増感を行う。次いで、電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤を塗布し、スピンコートで均一にのばした後、プレートをSEM試料室に入れ、電子ビームを照射して薄膜を成膜し、SEM観察を行う。このようにして、カチオンプレートまたはアニオンプレートの表面に吸着固定されたトランスフェクション試薬中に含まれるナノ粒子の像は極めて明瞭であり、計数による当該ナノ粒子の定量も容易に行うことができることが確認される。
2 プレート
21 第1プレート
21a 複数のウェル
21b ウェル底部
22 第2プレート
22a 突起部
3 試料(ウイルス試料)
3a ナノ粒子(ウイルス粒子)
4 標識剤(標識ウイルス特異的抗体)
5 電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤
6 薄膜
Claims (9)
- 電子顕微鏡による直接観察で試料中のナノ粒子を同定または定量するための検出キットであって、
表面がマイナス電荷またはプラス電荷にチャージされているプレートと、
試料中のナノ粒子を特異的に標識するための標識剤と、
試料中のナノ粒子を薄膜で覆うための電子顕微鏡観察用保護剤とを具備することを特徴とする検出キット。 - 前記プレートの表面の電荷および/または前記試料中のナノ粒子の表面の電荷を調整するための電荷調整剤をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の検出キット。
- 前記プレートが、第1プレートと第2プレートからなることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の検出キット。
- 前記第1プレートが複数のウェルを有し、前記第2プレートが、前記第1プレートの前記複数のウェルに挿入される複数の突起部を有することを特徴とする請求項3に記載の検出キット。
- 前記ナノ粒子がウイルス粒子であり、前記標識剤が標識ウイルス特異的抗体であることを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の検出キット。
- 多価第四級アミン高分子化合物、カチオンポリマーおよび部分分解ポリアミドアミン(PAMAM)デンドリマーから選ばれる電荷調整剤をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項5に記載の検出キット。
- 前記ナノ粒子が細胞外小胞体であり、前記標識剤がビオチン標識化合物であることを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の検出キット。
- カチオンポリマーである電荷調整剤をさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項7に記載の検出キット。
- 前記試料が、ヒトの尿、咽頭塗付液、便、血液、体液および細胞破砕物からなる群のうちの少なくとも一つであることを特徴とする請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の検出キット。
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