JP2017192388A - バイオマス処理 - Google Patents
バイオマス処理 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017192388A JP2017192388A JP2017101673A JP2017101673A JP2017192388A JP 2017192388 A JP2017192388 A JP 2017192388A JP 2017101673 A JP2017101673 A JP 2017101673A JP 2017101673 A JP2017101673 A JP 2017101673A JP 2017192388 A JP2017192388 A JP 2017192388A
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- biomass
- fructose
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- sugar
- feedstock
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Abstract
【解決手段】溶媒(例えば、ブタノール)などの生成物には溶媒生成生物に対して、毒性があり、フルクトースなどの一部の糖を代謝することにより保護基質(例えば、トリグリセリド)が生成されることを利用し、糖の1つまたはそれ以上の代謝により微生物が脂質を産生できるようにする、溶媒を製造する方法。
【選択図】図1
Description
本願は2011年12月22日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/579,559号の利益を主張するものである。上記出願の開示全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれるものとする。
糖化または糖化とそれに続く異性化によって生成されたフルクトースを発酵させて、アルコール、例えば、ブタノールまたは酪酸を生成することができる。
発酵に使用する微生物(1種または複数種)は天然の微生物および/または組換え微生物であり得る。例えば、微生物は細菌、例えば、セルロース分解細菌、真菌、例えば酵母、植物または原生生物、例えば藻、原生動物または真菌様原生生物、例えば粘菌であり得る。生物体に適合性があれば、生物体の混合物を用いてもよい。
キシロースイソメラーゼ(ES5.3.1.5)はD−キシロースとD−キシルロースの間を行き来する化学反応を触媒する酵素である。この酵素はほかにも、分類上グルコースイソメラーゼおよびD−キシロースアルドース−ケトースイソメラーゼとしても知られており、イソメラーゼ、具体的にはアルドースとケトースを相互に変換する分子内酸化還元酵素のファミリーに属する。よく用いられる他の名称としては、D−キシロースイソメラーゼ、D−キシロースケトイソメラーゼおよびD−キシロースケトール−イソメラーゼが挙げられる。この酵素は、ペントースとグルクロン酸の相互転換およびフルクトースとマンノースの代謝に関与する。同酵素は工業的には、高フルクトースコーンシロップ製造の際にグルコースをフルクトースに変換するのに用いられる。同酵素は「グルコースイソメラーゼ」と呼ばれることもある。本明細書では「キシロースイソメラーゼ」と「グルコースイソメラーゼ」を互換的に使用する。in vitroでは、グルコースイソメラーゼはグルコースとフルクトースの相互転換を触媒する。in vivoでは、グルコースイソメラーゼはキシロースとキシルロースの相互転換を触媒する。
発酵後、得られた液体を任意の有用な方法を用いて精製することができる。例えば、いくつかの有用な方法には蒸留、吸着、液体−液体抽出、パーストラクション、逆浸透、浸透気化およびガスストリッピングがある(例えば、J.Ind.Microbiol.Biotechnol.(2009)36:1127−1138を参照されたい)。
本明細書で使用される「バイオマス原料」という用語は、リグノセルロース系原料、セルロース系原料、デンプン系原料および微生物系原料を包含する。
バイオマスは、例えば含水率が約35%未満(例えば、約20%未満、約15%未満、約10%未満、約5%未満、約4%未満、約3%未満、約2%未満または約1%未満)の乾燥形態であってよい。またバイオマスは湿潤状態で、例えば、固体が少なくとも約10重量%(例えば、少なくとも約20重量%、少なくとも約30重量%、少なくとも約40重量%、少なくとも約50重量%、少なくとも約60重量%、少なくとも約70重量%)の湿潤固体、スラリーまたは懸濁液として供給してもよい。
エネルギー粒子衝撃による処理を1種類以上用いて多種多様な入手源由来の未処理供給原料を処理し、供給原料から有用な物質を抽出して、さらなる処理段階および/またはシーケンスへの投入物として機能する部分的に分解された有機原料を得ることができる。粒子衝撃により、供給原料の分子量および/または結晶化度を減らすことができる。いくつかの実施形態では、物質内に蓄積しその原子軌道から電子を放出するエネルギーを用いて原料を処理することができる。衝撃は重荷電粒子(アルファ粒子またはプロトンなど)、電子(例えば、ベータ崩壊または電子ビーム加速器で生じるもの)または電磁放射線(例えば、ガンマ線、X線または紫外線)によって生じ得る。あるいは、放射性物質により生じた放射線を用いて供給原料を処理してもよい。上に挙げた処理を任意に組み合わせて、任意の順序で、または同時に用いてよい。また別の方法では、電磁放射線(例えば、電子ビームエミッタを用いて生じるもの)を用いて供給原料を処理してもよい。
電子は、クーロン散乱および電子速度の変化によって生じる制動放射を介して相互作用する。電子はヨウ素、セシウム、テクネチウムおよびイリジウムなどの同位体のようなベータ崩壊する放射性核種によって生じ得る。あるいは、熱電子放出を介する電子源として電子銃を用いることができる。
供給原料を電子衝撃で処理しその構造を変化させることにより、抵抗性を減少させることができる。このような処置により、例えば、供給原料の平均分子量が減少し、供給原料の結晶構造が変化し、かつ/または供給原料の表面積および/または多孔率が増大し得る。
電子は、クーロン散乱および電子速度の変化によって生じる制動放射を介して相互作用する。電子はヨウ素、セシウム、テクネチウムおよびイリジウムなどの同位体のようなベータ崩壊する放射性核種によって生じ得る。あるいは、熱電子放出を介する電子源として電子銃を用いることができる。あるいは、熱電子放出を介する電子源として電子銃を使用し、加速電位により加速することができる。電子銃とは電子を発生させ、高い電位によりこれを加速し(例えば、約50万ボルト超、約100万ボルト超、約200万ボルト超、約500万ボルト超、約600万ボルト超、約700万ボルト超、約800万ボルト超、約900万または1000万ボルト超)、次いで電子をx−y平面で磁気的に走査するものであり、電子は最初に管を通ってz方向に加速され、箔窓から取り出される。電子ビームの走査は、走査ビームの中を通って運搬される原料、例えばバイオマスを照射する際に照射表面を増大させるのに有用である。このほか電子ビームの走査により、熱負荷が窓に均一に分布し、電子ビームによる局部加熱に起因する箔窓破裂が減少する。窓箔が破裂すると、それに続いて必要となる修理と電子銃の再始動による長い中断時間の原因となる。
必要に応じて、他の処理に加えて、またはその代わりに1つ以上の超音波処理、熱分解、酸化または水蒸気爆砕工程を用いて、バイオマス原料の抵抗性をさらに減少させることができる。このような工程は、1つまたは複数の別の処理の前、最中および/または前に適用することができる。このような工程については、Medoffに対する米国特許第7,932,065号(開示全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)に詳細に記載されている。
出発バイオマス原料(例えば、植物バイオマス、動物バイオマス、紙および都市廃棄物バイオマス)を供給原料として使用し、本明細書に記載の方法を用いて、有機酸、有機酸塩、無水物、有機酸エステルおよび燃料、例えば、内燃機関の燃料または燃料電池の供給原料などの有用な中間体および生成物を製造することができる。入手は容易であるが処理が困難な場合が多いセルロース系および/またはリグノセルロース系原料、例えば、都市廃棄物ストリームおよび新聞紙、クラフト紙、段ボール紙またはその組合せを含むストリームなどの古紙ストリームを供給原料として使用することができるシステムおよび工程をここに記載する。
本明細書に記載の工程はブタノール、例えば、イソブタノールまたはn−ブタノールおよび誘導体を生成するのに用いるのが好ましい。しかし、この工程を他の生成物、副産物および中間体、例えば、2011年10月18日に出願され、2012年4月26日に公開された米国特許出願公開第2012/0100577号(A1)(開示全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)に記載されている生成物の製造に用いてもよい。
抵抗性が減少した供給原料からフルクトース溶液を得るために、一般的には原料とセルラーゼ酵素を液体媒体、例えば水溶液中で一緒にすることによって、処理済みバイオマス原料を糖化した後、異性化し、任意選択で精製してもよい。いくつかの場合には、2012年4月26日に公開されたMedoffおよびMastermanによる米国特許出願公開第2012/0100577号(A1)(内容全体が本明細書に組み込まれる)に記載されているように、糖化の前に原料を熱湯でゆでるか、熱湯に浸けるか、熱湯で加熱する。
適切なセルロース分解酵素としては、バチルス(Bacillus)属、コプリナス(Coprinus)属、ミセリオフトラ(Myceliophthora)属、セファロスポリウム(Cephalosporium)属、シタリジウム(Scytalidium)属、ペニシリウム(Penicillium)属、アスペルギルス(Aspergillus)属、シュードモナス(Pseudomonas)属、ヒューミコラ(Humicola)属、フサリウム(Fusarium)属、チエラビア(Thielavia)属、アクレモニウム(Acremonium)属、クリソスポリウム(Chrysosporium)属およびトリコデルマ(Trichoderma)属の種由来のセルラーゼ、特にアスペルギルス(Aspergillus)種(例えば、欧州特許第0458162号を参照されたい)、ヒューミコラ・インソレンス(Humicola insolens)(シタリジウム・サーモフィラム(Scytalidium thermophilum)として再分類された;例えば、米国特許第4,435,307号を参照されたい)、ネナガヒトヨタケ(Coprinus cinereus)、フサリウム・オキシスポラム(Fusarium oxysporum)、ミセリオフトラ・サーモフィラ(Myceliophthora thermophila)、トンビマイタケ(Meripilus giganteus)、チエラビア・テレストリス(Thielavia terrestris)、アクレモニウム(Acremonium)種(特に限定されないが、A.ペルシシナム(A.persicinum)、A.アクレモニウム(A.acremonium)、A.ブラキペニウム(A.brachypenium)、A.ジクロモスポラム(A.dichromosporum)、A.オブクラバタム(A.obclavatum)、A.ピンケルトニエ(A.pinkertoniae)、A.ロセオグリセウム(A.roseogriseum)、A.インコロラタム(A.incoloratum)およびA.フラタム(A.furatum)を含む)の種から選択される菌株によって産生されるセルロース分解酵素が挙げられる。好ましい菌株としては、ヒューミコラ・インソレンス(Humicola insolens)DSM1800、フサリウム・オキシスポラム(Fusarium oxysporum)DSM2672、ミセリオフトラ・サーモフィラ(Myceliophthora thermophila)CBS117.65、セファロスポリウム(Cephalosporium)種RYM−202、アクレモニウム(Acremonium)種CBS 478.94、アクレモニウム(Acremonium)種CBS 265.95、アクレモニウムペルシシナム(Acremonium persicinum)CBS169.65、アクレモニウム・アクレモニウム(Acremonium acremonium)AHU9519、セファロスポリウム(Cephalosporium)種CBS535.71、アクレモニウム・ブラキペニウム(Acremonium brachypenium)CBS866.73、アクレモニウム・ジクロモスポラム(Acremonium dichromosporum)CBS683.73、アクレモニウム・オブクラバタム(Acremonium obclavatum)CBS311.74、アクレモニウム・ピンケルトニエ(Acremonium pinkertoniae)CBS157.70、アクレモニウム・ロセオグリセウム(Acremonium roseogriseum)CBS134.56、アクレモニウム・インコロラタム(Acremonium incoloratum)CBS146.62およびアクレモニウム・フラタム(Acremonium furatum)CBS299.70Hが挙げられる。このほか、クリソスポリウム(Chrysosporium)、好ましくはクリソスポリウム・ラックノウェンス(Chrysosporium lucknowense)の菌株からセルロース分解酵素を得てもよい。使用できるほかの菌株としては、特に限定されないが、トリコデルマ(Trichoderma)(特にT.viride、T.リーセイ(T.reesei)およびT.コニンギィ(T.koningii)、好アルカリ性バチルス(Bacillus)(例えば、米国特許第3,844,890号および欧州特許第0458162号を参照されたい)およびストレプトミセス(Streptomyces)(例えば、欧州特許第0458162号を参照されたい)が挙げられる。
本明細書に記載の工程で、例えば糖化後、糖(例えば、グルコースおよびキシロース)を単離することができる。例えば、沈殿、結晶化、クロマトグラフィー(例えば、擬似移動層式クロマトグラフィー、高圧クロマトグラフィー)、遠心分離、抽出、当該技術分野で公知の他の任意の単離方法およびその組合せによって糖を単離することができる。
本明細書に記載の工程には水素化が含まれ得る。例えば、グルコースおよびキシロースをそれぞれソルビトールおよびキシリトールに水素化することができる。水素化は、高圧下(例えば、10〜12000psi(約69kPa〜約8.3×104kPa))、触媒(例えば、Pt/ガンマ−Al203、Ru/C、ラネーニッケルをはじめとする当業者に公知の触媒)をH2と組み合わせて用いることによって行うことができる。本明細書に記載の工程で得られた生成物の他の種類の化学変換、例えば、有機糖由来の生成物(例えば、フルフラールおよびフルフラール由来の生成物)の生成を用いてもよい。糖由来生成物の化学変換については、2012年7月3日に出願された米国特許仮出願第61/667,481号(開示全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)に記載されている。
クロストリジウム(Clostridium)種を用いて糖を(例えば、フルクトース)をブタノールに変換するのが好ましい。発酵の最適pHはpH約4〜7である。例えば、酵母の最適pHはpH約4〜5であり、ザイモモナス(Zymomonas)の最適pHはpH約5〜6である。典型的な発酵時間は、20℃〜40℃(例えば、26℃〜40℃)の範囲の温度で約24〜168時間(例えば、24〜96時間)であるが、好熱性微生物はこれよりも高い温度を好む。
クロストリジウム(Clostridium)が好ましいが、他の微生物を用いてもよい。例えば、糖(1つまたは複数)を他のアルコール(1つまたは複数)に発酵または変換するのに酵母およびザイモモナス(Zymomonas)菌を用いてもよい。その他の微生物を以下で論じる。これらは天然の微生物および/または組換え微生物であり得る。例えば、微生物は細菌(特に限定されないが、例えばセルロース分解細菌が挙げられる)、真菌(特に限定されないが、例えば酵母が挙げられる)、植物、原生生物、例えば、原生動物もしくは真菌様原生生物(特に限定されないが、例えば粘菌が挙げられる)または藻であり得る。生物体に適合性があれば、生物体の混合物を用いてもよい。
発酵後、得られた液体を、例えば「ビアカラム」を用いて蒸留し、エタノールをはじめとするアルコールと水および固形残留物の大部分とを分離することができる。ビアカラムから出る蒸気は、例えば、35重量%のエタノールであり得、精留カラムへ送られ得る。気相分子篩を用いて、ほぼ共沸性(92.5%)のエタノールと精留カラムの水の混合物を純粋な(99.5%)エタノールに精製することができる。ビアカラムの残液は三重効用蒸発缶の第一効用缶へ送られ得る。精留カラムの還流冷却器により、この効用缶に熱を加えることができる。第一効用缶の後、遠心分離を用いて固体を分離し、回転乾燥機で乾燥させることができる。遠心分離の排出液の一部(25%)は発酵に再利用し、残りは蒸発缶の第二および第三効用缶へ送られ得る。蒸発缶の濃縮物のほとんどは、きわめて清浄な濃縮物として工程に戻すことができ、ごく一部のものは、低沸点化合物の蓄積の防ぐため分離して廃水処理に回す。
実施例
米国特許第6,358,717号に記載されているP2ベースの培地を以下の試験に用いた。培地は別々に調製した以下の溶液から構成されていた(別途明記されない限り、蒸留水100ml当たりのグラム数で表す):糖(種類および量については下を参照されたい)、蒸留水790ml(溶液I)、K2HPO40.5g、KH2PO40.5g、CH3COONH42.2g(溶液II)、MgSO4・7H2O2.0g、MnSO4・H2O0.1g、NaCl0.1g、FeSO4・7H2O(溶液III)0.1gおよびp−アミノ安息香酸100mg、チアミン100mg、ビオチン1mg(溶液IV)。溶液IおよびIIをろ過滅菌してから混合し、糖緩衝液を作製した。液剤IIIおよびIVをろ過滅菌した。糖緩衝液に液剤IIIおよびIVの一部(10mlおよび1ml)をそれぞれ無菌状態で加えた。P2培地の最終pHは6.6であった。
グルコース/キシロース混合物またはフルクトースのみ(32g/L)を含有するP2培地10mlをクロストリジウム・サッカロペルブチルアセトニカム(Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum)ATCC株27021または27022のうちの一方とともに30℃でインキュベートした。実施例1と同じく、下の表に記載する結果は、グルコースまたはキシロースではなくフルクトースでクロストリジウム(Clostridium)を培養したときの方がブタノール生成量が多いことを示すものである。
Claims (19)
- 溶媒を製造する方法であって、
(a)糖を含む溶液を産生するためにセルロース系またはリグノセルロース系バイオマスを糖化することと、
(b)前記糖溶液を処理し、糖溶液中に存在する他の糖に対するフルクトースの濃度を増大させることによってフルクトース濃度を増大させることと、
(c)前記増大したフルクトースの糖溶液を微生物と接触させることと、
を含み、
前記微生物が糖の1つまたはそれ以上を溶媒へと添加し得るのに効果的な条件を維持する一方で、糖の1つまたはそれ以上の代謝により微生物が脂質を産生できるようにし、前記脂質が溶媒の毒性作用から微生物を保護する、
方法。 - 前記糖の少なくとも一部分が異性化されている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記糖化されたセルロース系またはリグノセルロース系バイオマスがキシロースイソメラーゼと接触される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記セルロース系またはリグノセルロース系バイオマスを処理してその糖化に対する抵抗性を減少させるための処理方法に供される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記処理方法が、電子、超音波処理、酸化、熱分解、水蒸気爆砕、化学処理、機械的処理、凍結粉砕およびその組合せによる衝撃からなる群より選択される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記処理方法が電子による衝撃である、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記セルロース系またはリグノセルロース系バイオマスが、紙、紙製品、紙くず、製紙パルプ、着色紙、塗工紙、コーテッド紙、充填紙、雑誌、印刷物、プリンタ用紙、ポリコート紙、カード用紙、厚紙、板紙、ワタ、木材、削片板、林業廃棄物、おがくず、アスペン材、木片、草木、スイッチグラス、ススキ、コードグラス、クサヨシ、穀物残渣、米穀、オートムギ殻、コムギもみ殻、オオムギ殻、農業廃棄物、貯蔵牧草、カノーラわら、コムギわら、オオムギわら、オートムギわら、米わら、黄麻、大麻、亜麻、竹、サイザル麻、マニラ麻、トウモロコシ穂軸、トウモロコシ茎葉、ダイズ茎葉、トウモロコシ繊維、アルファルファ、乾草、ヤシ毛、糖加工残渣、バガス、テンサイパルプ、リュウゼツランバガス、藻、海藻、堆厩肥、下水、アラカチャ、ソバ、バナナ、オオムギ、キャッサバ、クズ、アンデスカタバミ、サゴ、モロコシ、ジャガイモ、サツマイモ、タロイモ、ヤマノイモ、マメ、ソラマメ、レンズマメ、エンドウマメ、産業廃棄物およびそのいずれかの組合せからなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物がクロストリジウム(Clostridium)種の菌株を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物がクロストリジウム・サッカロペルブチルアセトニカム(Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum)である、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物がクロストリジウム・サッカロペルブチルアセトニカム(Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum)株ATCC27021である、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物がクロストリジウム・サッカロペルブチルアセトニカム(Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum)株ATCC27022である、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記溶媒が有機溶媒を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記溶媒がアルコールを含む、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記アルコールがイソブタノールまたはn−ブタノールを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 糖を含む前記糖化されたセルロース系またはリグノセルロース系バイオマスがフルクトースを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記脂質がトリグリセリドを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記脂質が解糖経路を介して生成する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記トリグリセリドがD−グリセルアルデヒド経路を介し、グリセロール3−リン酸のエステル化によって産生される、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 微生物のための飼料ベースの栄養素パッケージを供給することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
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