JP2016532783A - 粉末冶金部品 - Google Patents
粉末冶金部品 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2016532783A JP2016532783A JP2016537047A JP2016537047A JP2016532783A JP 2016532783 A JP2016532783 A JP 2016532783A JP 2016537047 A JP2016537047 A JP 2016537047A JP 2016537047 A JP2016537047 A JP 2016537047A JP 2016532783 A JP2016532783 A JP 2016532783A
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- pores
- region
- powder
- powder metallurgy
- oxide inclusions
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 33
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 24
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 24
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007088 Archimedes method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CXOWYMLTGOFURZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidynechromium Chemical compound [Cr]#N CXOWYMLTGOFURZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000788 chromium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001819 mass spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010972 statistical evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003886 thermite process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/006—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of flat products, e.g. sheets
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/32—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor the waste being subjected to a whirling movement, e.g. cyclonic incinerators
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/09—Mixtures of metallic powders
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
- B22F3/162—Machining, working after consolidation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/007—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of moulds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
- B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
- B22F9/20—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from solid metal compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/36—Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general
- C04B7/43—Heat treatment, e.g. precalcining, burning, melting; Cooling
- C04B7/434—Preheating with addition of fuel, e.g. calcining
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/045—Alloys based on refractory metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/08—Alloys with open or closed pores
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
- C22C1/1078—Alloys containing non-metals by internal oxidation of material in solid state
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
- C22C27/06—Alloys based on chromium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
- C22C32/001—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
- C22C32/0015—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides with only single oxides as main non-metallic constituents
- C22C32/0026—Matrix based on Ni, Co, Cr or alloys thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/10—Oxidising
- C23C8/12—Oxidising using elemental oxygen or ozone
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/10—Oxidising
- C23C8/16—Oxidising using oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. water, carbon dioxide
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C3/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber
- F23C3/006—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber the chamber being arranged for cyclonic combustion
- F23C3/008—Combustion apparatus characterised by the shape of the combustion chamber the chamber being arranged for cyclonic combustion for pulverulent fuel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
- F23C9/06—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber for completing combustion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B7/00—Rotary-drum furnaces, i.e. horizontal or slightly inclined
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B7/00—Rotary-drum furnaces, i.e. horizontal or slightly inclined
- F27B7/20—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to rotary-drum furnaces
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B7/00—Rotary-drum furnaces, i.e. horizontal or slightly inclined
- F27B7/20—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to rotary-drum furnaces
- F27B7/2016—Arrangements of preheating devices for the charge
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B7/00—Rotary-drum furnaces, i.e. horizontal or slightly inclined
- F27B7/20—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to rotary-drum furnaces
- F27B7/2016—Arrangements of preheating devices for the charge
- F27B7/2025—Arrangements of preheating devices for the charge consisting of a single string of cyclones
- F27B7/2033—Arrangements of preheating devices for the charge consisting of a single string of cyclones with means for precalcining the raw material
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B7/00—Rotary-drum furnaces, i.e. horizontal or slightly inclined
- F27B7/20—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to rotary-drum furnaces
- F27B7/34—Arrangements of heating devices
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F27D99/0001—Heating elements or systems
- F27D99/0033—Heating elements or systems using burners
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/502—Interconnectors for connecting terminals of adjacent batteries; Interconnectors for connecting cells outside a battery casing
- H01M50/521—Interconnectors for connecting terminals of adjacent batteries; Interconnectors for connecting cells outside a battery casing characterised by the material
- H01M50/522—Inorganic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0232—Metals or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0241—Composites
- H01M8/0243—Composites in the form of mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/247—Removing material: carving, cleaning, grinding, hobbing, honing, lapping, polishing, milling, shaving, skiving, turning the surface
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
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Abstract
Description
− 高い残留空隙率を有する又は高い残留空隙率を有する領域のみを有する部品は、主成分としての酸化クロムを有する十分な量の酸化物介在物を形成するために、特に、部品中に大きな開放細孔が含まれている場合に、高温での酸化又は非常に長い保持時間を必要とする。
− 高度の酸化物介在物により、部品の所望の物理的特性(例えば、熱膨張係数、熱伝導度、破壊挙動)が変化する。というのは、これらは、一段と、金属マトリクスばかりでなく、細孔充填物によっても、決定されるからである。これらの変化は、部品全体又は部品の選択された領域のみに影響を与え、その結果、部品は、不均質となる。
− もし、酸化物介在物の程度が余りにも高い場合、特に場所によって空隙率の大きさが異なる場合−このことは、実際の部品において、基板の両側で構造が異なる故にしばしば起きるのだが−部品が過度の変形故に粗悪品となり、廃棄しなければならない結果となる。
− 酸化において、酸化物介在物の形成と同様に、Cr窒化物の形成が起こり、これが部品の所望の物理的特性を変化させ得る。
更に、部品は、上述の特性の少なくとも1つ、特に、細孔/酸化物介在物の合計数、細孔/酸化物介在物の大きさ/面積、又は部品の全体積に基づいて、25体積%を超える、特に好ましくは75体積%を超える、領域における酸素/窒素の含有量、を有することが好ましい。
(i)クロム及び所望により他の金属を含有する粉末バッチであって、クロム含有量が、全金属含有量に基づいて、80重量%以上であり、粉末バッチの粉末が0.05m2/g以上のBET表面積を有する粉末バッチを準備する工程、
(ii)粉末バッチを圧縮成形して圧粉体を形成する工程、
(iv)この圧粉体を1,100℃〜1,500℃で焼結する工程、
(v)この焼結部品を酸素源の存在下で酸化する工程、
(vi)表面から酸化物層を除去する工程。
部品の特性を均質にするために、予備焼結工程及び焼結工程の間に、キャリブレーション圧縮成形操作を実施してもよい。このキャリブレーション圧縮成形操作は、500〜1,000MPaの特定の圧縮成形圧力下に実施することができる。
更に、好ましくは、圧縮成形の前に、粉末バッチの量に基づいて0.1〜5重量%の量で、粉末バッチに圧縮成形助剤を添加することができる。適切な圧縮成形助剤は、例えば、ワックスである。焼結後、部品の酸化が行なわれる。酸素源は、いかなる酸素源であってもよい。研究によれば、例えば、H2O、O2、CO2又はこれらの混合物から選べることが分かっている。
更に、インタコネクタは以下の特性の1つ以上を有するのが好ましい。
−切断面における細孔及び酸化物介在物の合計の数が90,000/mm2以上である。
−クロム含有量が90重量%以上である。
−全部品厚さに亘って、密度が理論密度の70%と95%との間にある。
−細孔及び酸化物介在物の少なくとも90%が12μm以下の最大相当直径を有する。
−細孔及び酸化物介在物の少なくとも90%が100μm2以下の面積を有する。
−領域における全酸素含有量が部品1g当たり20,000μg未満である。
−領域における全窒素含有量が部品1g当たり2,000μg未満である。
−領域におけるAl2O3含有量が部品1g当たり500μg未満である。
−部品厚さに亘って酸素含有量がインタコネクタの中央から端部に向かって増加する。
a)領域が理論密度の70%と95%との間の密度を有し、
b)該領域における酸素含有量が1g当たり20,000μg未満であり、
c)該領域におけるガス透過性が2.75バールの試験圧及び20℃の温度において、10mL/分未満であることを特徴とするインタコネクタ
に関する。
粉末バッチのためのクロム粉末は、以下のようにして得ることができる。顔料等級のCr2O3(日本電工ND812)を結晶性合成グラファイト粉末(Timcal Timrex KS6)と完全に混合する。このようにして調製した混合物の炭素含有量は、Cr2O3の1モル当たり、2.85モルである。この混合物200gを、フローリアクター内の酸化アルミニウムるつぼ中で、加熱速度10K/分で800℃まで、次いで加熱速度2K/分で1,050℃まで加熱する。加熱は、H2の作用下に実施し、水素圧は質量スペクトルで測定したCH4分圧が、800〜1,050℃の温度範囲で、15ミリバールを超えるように調整した。全圧は、約1バールであった。次いで、反応混合物を10K/分の加熱速度で1,350℃まで加熱した。1,350℃での保持時間は、180分であった。1,050℃から1,350℃への加熱及び1,350℃での保持は、露点−40℃未満の、圧力約1バールの乾燥水素(圧力:約1バール)の供給下に実施した。炉の冷却は、同様に、露点−40℃未満の窒素下に実施した。反応後、金属“スポンジ”が得られ、このものは、非常に容易に解砕して粉末にすることができる。試験における酸素含有量は、503μg/gであった。
実施例1におけるようにして圧粉体を製作した。95重量%の微細Cr粉末(0.05m2/g以上のBET表面積を有し、45〜250μmの、より容易に注入しうる粉末フラクションを有するもの)及び5重量%のFeYマスターアロイ(0.8重量%のYを有し、粒径100μm未満のアロイ)を、先ず、調製する。
定量的画像解析のために、部品を、その面積範囲に垂直に、ダイアモンドワイヤソーで切断し、約20mmのエッジ長さを有する切片にした。平均局所密度を有し、全体としての部品を代表する領域を選定した。燃料電池のインタコネクタの場合、それは、ほとんどの場合、部品の中央領域、いわゆるフローフィールドであった。ブランクを水で清浄にし、その後、乾燥した。乾燥したブランクをエポキシ樹脂に包埋した。8時間以上のキュア後、試料の切片を金属組織学的に、つまり、部品の厚さについての試験を後刻実施することができるように、調製した。調製は、下記のステップを有する。
−グリットサイズが240、320、400、800、1,000、1,200及び2,400グリットの堅固に結合したSiC紙を用いて、150〜240Nで、粉砕する工程;
−9μmのAl2O3ラッピング紙で微細に粉砕する工程;
−先ず粒径3μmの、次いで粒径1μmのダイアモンド懸濁液で研磨する工程;
−粒径0.04μmのダイアモンド懸濁液で最終研磨する工程;
−標本を超音波浴で洗浄する工程;
−標本を乾燥する工程。
−開放細孔容積及び細孔中の酸化クロム充填物の双方が「細孔」として検知できるように、言わば、ここで細孔が、酸化クロム+存在する全ての空洞であるように、グレイスケール閾値を設定する。
−測定フレーム、ここでは全画像領域、を固定する。
−測定のオプション:相当直径による分類
−検出調整:暗黒物体、孔充填、エッジ粒子除去、オープン リコンストラクト
−細孔の表面積に対する割合(%)
−細孔密度(1/mm2)
−相当直径(μm)
−細孔面積(mm2)
部品中の酸素及び窒素の解析のために、Al2O3によるサンドブラストでその表面から外側酸化物層が除去された酸化された部品を、常に、使用した。これにより、金属マトリクス及び酸化物で充填された細孔が残存し、そして、窒素による汚染があり得る。部品中の酸素及び窒素の平面的分布を解析するために、部品からYb−YAGレーザーで試験片を切り出した。パラメータは、破断片の酸化又は窒化が起こらないように選定すべきである。部品の厚さに亘る酸素及び窒素の分布を測定するために、研磨機を用いて205μmの材料を層状に除去した。研磨機は、この目的のために、冷却剤及び潤滑剤なしに操作した。このタイプのサンプリングについて、材料の削りくずの酸化又は窒化が起きないことを保証しなければならない。
Claims (26)
- 80重量%以上のクロム含有量を有し、その中に細孔及び/又は酸化物介在物が存在する粉末冶金部品であって、少なくとも1つの領域において、部品を通る切断面における単位面積当たりの細孔及び酸化物介在物の合計の数が1平方mm当たり、10,000以上であることを特徴とする粉末冶金部品。
- 単位面積当たりの細孔及び酸化物介在物の合計の数が1平方mm当たり、90,000以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の粉末冶金部品。
- クロム含有量が90重量%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の粉末冶金部品。
- 部品の領域において、部品の全厚さに亘って、密度が、理論密度の70%と95%との間にあることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の粉末冶金部品。
- 細孔及び酸化物介在物の90%以上が12μm以下の最大相当直径を有することを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の粉末冶金部品。
- 細孔及び酸化物介在物の少なくとも90%が100μm2以下の面積を有することを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の粉末冶金部品。
- 領域における全酸素含有量が部品1g当たり20,000μg未満であることを特徴とする請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の粉末冶金部品。
- 領域における全窒素含有量が部品1g当たり2,000μg未満であることを特徴とする請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の粉末冶金部品。
- 領域におけるAl2O3含有量が部品1g当たり500μg未満であることを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の粉末冶金部品。
- 部品厚さに亘って酸素含有量が部品の中央から端部に向かって増加することを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の粉末冶金部品。
- 以下の工程を有する請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の粉末冶金部品の製造方法。
(i)クロム及び所望により他の金属を含有する粉末バッチであって、クロム含有量が、全金属含有量に基づいて、80重量%以上であり、粉末バッチの粉末が0.05m2/g以上のBET表面積を有する粉末バッチを準備する工程、
(ii)粉末バッチを圧縮成形して圧粉体を形成する工程、
(iv)この圧粉体を1,100℃〜1,500℃で焼結する工程、
(v)この焼結部品を酸素源の存在下で酸化する工程、
(vi)表面から酸化物層を除去する工程。 - 工程(ii):粉末バッチを圧縮成形して圧粉体を形成する工程と、工程(iv):前記圧粉体を1,100℃〜1,500℃で焼結する工程との間に、工程(iii):前記圧粉体を600℃〜1,100℃で予備焼結する工程を実施することを特徴とする請求項11に記載の製造方法。
- 酸素源がH2O、O2、CO2又はこれらの混合物から選ばれることを特徴とする請求項11又は12に記載の製造方法。
- 前記焼結工程を水素雰囲気下で実施することを特徴とする請求項11〜13のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記予備焼結工程を水素雰囲気下で実施することを特徴とする請求項12〜14のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 予備焼結工程及び焼結工程の間に、キャリブレーション圧縮成形操作を実施することを特徴とする請求項12〜15のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記キャリブレーション圧縮成形操作を500〜1,000MPaの特定の圧縮成形圧力下に実施することを特徴とする請求項16に記載の製造方法。
- 圧縮成形の前に、粉末バッチの量に基づいて0.1〜5重量%の量で、粉末バッチに圧縮成形助剤を添加することを特徴とする請求項11〜17のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- クロム及び所望により他の金属を含有する前記粉末バッチが全金属含有量に基づいて90重量%以上のクロムを含有することを特徴とする請求項11〜18のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の粉末冶金部品から製造され/得ることができる電気化学セルのためのインタコネクタ。
- 80重量%以上のクロム含有量を有する1つ以上の領域を有し該領域内に細孔及び/又は酸化物介在物が存在する電気化学セルのためのインタコネクタであって、
a)前記領域が理論密度の70%と95%との間の密度を有し、
b)前記領域における酸素含有量が1g当たり20,000μg未満であり、
c)前記領域におけるガス透過性が2.75バールの試験圧及び20℃の温度において、10mL/分未満であること、
を特徴とするインタコネクタ。 - 前記領域を通る切断面における細孔及び酸化物介在物の90%以上が100μm2以下の面積を有することを特徴とする請求項21に記載のインタコネクタ。
- クロム含有量が90重量%以上であることを特徴とする請求項21又は22に記載のインタコネクタ。
- 前記領域を通る断面における細孔及び酸化物介在物の90%以上が12μm以下の最大相当直径を有することを特徴とする請求項22又は23に記載のインタコネクタ。
- 前記領域を通る断面における細孔及び酸化物介在物の90%以上が100μm2以下の面積を有することを特徴とする請求項22〜24のいずれか1項に記載のインタコネクタ。
- 請求項20〜25のいずれか1項に記載のインタコネクタの電気化学セルのための使用。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ATGM280/2013U AT14143U1 (de) | 2013-09-02 | 2013-09-02 | Pulvermetallurgisches Bauteil |
ATGM280/2013 | 2013-09-02 | ||
PCT/AT2014/000161 WO2015027257A2 (de) | 2013-09-02 | 2014-08-19 | Pulvermetallurgisches bauteil |
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US (1) | US10211465B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3041626A2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2016532783A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20160052541A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN105517733B (ja) |
AT (1) | AT14143U1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2920784A1 (ja) |
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DE102016118863B4 (de) * | 2016-10-05 | 2019-07-04 | Johnson Controls Autobatterie Gmbh & Co. Kgaa | Stromleitende Struktur, System mit solch einer Struktur und Verfahren zum Herstellen hiervon |
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JPH04325651A (ja) * | 1991-04-26 | 1992-11-16 | Kubota Corp | 酸化物分散強化耐熱焼結合金 |
JPH0633166A (ja) * | 1992-07-21 | 1994-02-08 | Kubota Corp | 酸化物分散強化耐熱合金焼結体の製法 |
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JP2004517215A (ja) * | 2001-01-15 | 2004-06-10 | プランゼー アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト | 高密度の成形部品を製造するための粉末冶金法 |
JP2010219045A (ja) * | 2009-03-12 | 2010-09-30 | Plansee Se | 高温固体電解質燃料電池用インターコネクタ |
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JPH04505986A (ja) * | 1989-05-31 | 1992-10-15 | シーメンス アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト | 真空電磁接触器並びに付属接触材用のCuCr接触材の製法 |
ATE137361T1 (de) | 1992-07-16 | 1996-05-15 | Siemens Ag | Material für die metallischen komponenten von hochtemperatur-brennstoffzellen-anlagen |
US5320181A (en) * | 1992-09-28 | 1994-06-14 | Wellheads & Safety Control, Inc. | Combination check valve & back pressure valve |
JP4025615B2 (ja) | 2002-10-08 | 2007-12-26 | 勇 内田 | 燃料再生可能な燃料電池、発電方法及び燃料の再生方法 |
US10040121B2 (en) * | 2009-12-09 | 2018-08-07 | Porite Taiwan Co., Ltd. | Method for forming an interconnect of a solid oxide fuel cell |
US8962219B2 (en) * | 2011-11-18 | 2015-02-24 | Bloom Energy Corporation | Fuel cell interconnects and methods of fabrication |
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2013
- 2013-09-02 AT ATGM280/2013U patent/AT14143U1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2014
- 2014-08-08 TW TW103127211A patent/TWI623625B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2014-08-19 CN CN201480048403.1A patent/CN105517733B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-08-19 WO PCT/AT2014/000161 patent/WO2015027257A2/de active Application Filing
- 2014-08-19 CA CA2920784A patent/CA2920784A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-08-19 JP JP2016537047A patent/JP2016532783A/ja active Pending
- 2014-08-19 US US14/915,957 patent/US10211465B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-08-19 KR KR1020167004520A patent/KR20160052541A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2014-08-19 EP EP14777485.5A patent/EP3041626A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (6)
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JPH01502680A (ja) * | 1987-01-28 | 1989-09-14 | メタルウエルク、プランゼー、ゲゼルシヤフト、ミツト、ベシユレンクテル、ハフツング | 高融点金属からなる耐クリープ性合金及びその製法 |
JPH04325651A (ja) * | 1991-04-26 | 1992-11-16 | Kubota Corp | 酸化物分散強化耐熱焼結合金 |
JPH0633166A (ja) * | 1992-07-21 | 1994-02-08 | Kubota Corp | 酸化物分散強化耐熱合金焼結体の製法 |
JPH0820809A (ja) * | 1994-07-07 | 1996-01-23 | Akira Honda | クロム基合金粉末の製造法 |
JP2004517215A (ja) * | 2001-01-15 | 2004-06-10 | プランゼー アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト | 高密度の成形部品を製造するための粉末冶金法 |
JP2010219045A (ja) * | 2009-03-12 | 2010-09-30 | Plansee Se | 高温固体電解質燃料電池用インターコネクタ |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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TW201510235A (zh) | 2015-03-16 |
CN105517733A (zh) | 2016-04-20 |
WO2015027257A2 (de) | 2015-03-05 |
TWI623625B (zh) | 2018-05-11 |
US10211465B2 (en) | 2019-02-19 |
CA2920784A1 (en) | 2015-03-05 |
CN105517733B (zh) | 2019-02-01 |
US20160211531A1 (en) | 2016-07-21 |
WO2015027257A3 (de) | 2015-04-30 |
EP3041626A2 (de) | 2016-07-13 |
AT14143U1 (de) | 2015-05-15 |
KR20160052541A (ko) | 2016-05-12 |
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