JP2016531162A - フェノフィブラート及びその類似体を用いた神経変性疾患の治療 - Google Patents
フェノフィブラート及びその類似体を用いた神経変性疾患の治療 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
FDAによって承認され、血液のコレステロールレベルを減少させる薬物であるフェノフィブラートを、PGC−1αの遺伝子発現を誘導できる分子として使用した。ドーパミン作動性ニューロン細胞株MN9Dで、フェノフィブラートは用量依存的にPGC−1αを増加させ(図1A,左上のパネル)、ミトコンドリア量のわずかな増加を促進した(図1B)。さらに、フェノフィブラートは、MN9D細胞を6−ヒドロキシドーパミン(6−OHDA)誘導性酸化ストレス媒介細胞死から確実に保護した(図1C)。同様に、フェノフィブラートはミクログリア細胞株BV2でも、用量依存的にPGC−1αの遺伝子発現を誘導し(図2A)、LPS誘導性IL−1βアップレギュレーションを顕著に阻害した(図2B)。さらに、PGC−1αのsiRNAノックダウンを用いると、PGC−1αの遺伝子発現(図3A)及びIL−1βの遺伝子発現(図3B)の減少が示されているように、BV2細胞におけるフェノフィブラート媒介抗炎症効果にはPGC−1αが必要であることが示された。PPARαのアンタゴニストであるGW6471は、BV2細胞におけるフェノフィブラートを媒介するPGC−1αのアップレギュレーション及び抗炎症効果を抑制することができず(図4)、このことはBV2細胞におけるフェノフィブラートの効果がPPARα非依存的であることを示唆している。
フェノフィブラートは、Sigmaから購入した(Cat#F6020)。PPARαアンタゴニストは、Sigmaから購入した(Cat#G5045)。IL−1β(Mm00434228−m1)及びPGC−1αRT−PCRアッセイは、Life Technologies(Carlsbad,CA)から購入した。細胞培養試薬もLife Technologiesから得た。
マウス中脳細胞株であるMN9Dは、フェノフィブラートの神経保護効果を評価するために使用した。MN9D細胞は、10%ウシ胎仔血清及び3.7g/L重炭酸ナトリウムが添加されたダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(DMEM)で、37℃、5%二酸化炭素下で培養した。BV−2細胞(マウスミクログリア)は、10%ウシ胎仔血清及び抗生物質(ペニシリン、100U/mL、ストレプトマイシン100μg/mL)が添加されたDMEMで維持された。抗生物質はフェノフィブラート評価研究において除いた。
フェノフィブラートは血液脳関門を通過し、パーキンソン病(PD)に影響を与える中脳ドーパミン作動性ニューロンにおいて神経保護効果を発揮する。フェノフィブラート媒介PGC−1αアップレギュレーションは、PDのようなPGC−1α欠失及びミトコンドリア機能障害と関連する神経変性疾患に対して安全及び有効な介入であると断定される。
運動協調性は、加速Rota−Rodトレッドミル(Columbus Instruments,Columbus,OH)で試験する。マウスは30秒間、5rpmの一定速度で試験し、その後速度は1秒当たり0.1回転加速させることができる。各マウスがロッドから落ちる時間を自動的に記録する。
マウスの運動は、水平運動及び垂直運動を検出するために、AccuScan Digiscan System(AccuScan Instruments,Inc.,Columbus,OH)でモニターした。コンピューターによって収集されたデータは、多くの水平運動、多くの垂直運動及び全移動距離を含む。
中脳全体の連続凍結切片(30μm)の吻端から尾方端までを切断し、TH、NeuN、GFAP、CD11抗体で免疫染色し、続いて対応する2次抗体で免疫染色し、標準ABC法を行う。無作為に細胞を数えるため、Stereo−Investigator Operation System(MicroBrightfield Inc.,Williston,VT)を用いた解剖技術を利用して、SNのTH陽性ニューロンの数を推定する。
RNAは、夾雑ゲノムDNAを分解するために、RQ1DNase(Promega,Madison,WI)で処理し、続いてフェノール:クロロホルム抽出及びエタノール/LiCl沈殿を行う。RNAの整合性は、Bioanalyzer技術(LCCC;ジョージタウン大学メディカルセンター)を用いて決定する。1マイクログラムの全RNAを、Applied BiosystemsのHigh−Capacity cDNA Archive Kitの100μl反応液で逆転写する。cDNAの質は、β−アクチンのPCRによって確認する。各サンプルの10μlのアリコートcDNAを、90μlのTaqman Universal PCR master mixに加え、標的遺伝子(PKC、LRG−12、gadd45−β、TGF−β、NGF、BDNF、GDNF及びVIP、IL−1β、IL−6、TNF−α、NOS−II、COX−2、CCL2、Notch1、CCR2、アルギナーゼ、Mmr、及びHes1)及び1つの内因性コントロール(18sRNA)のプローブ及びプライマーがプレロードされている、Taqman Low Density Array Micro−Fluidic Cardにロードする。リアルタイムPCR反応をABI Prism 7900HT Sequence Detection System(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)で実行する。その結果は、相対定量ΔΔCT法で解析し、サンプルを処理コントロール(treatment control)で標準化する。
(1)STR DAレベルの決定は、HPLC測定により行う。(2)細胞死検出キットは、TUNELアッセイのために使用する。(3)RET及びAKTのリン酸化、アポトーシスタンパク質のレベル(SN組織の開裂カスパーゼ−3、PARP、Bcl−2及びBax)は、ウェスタンブロットで決定する。(4)BDNF、GDNF、及びVIPは、ELISAで決定する。
フェノフィブラートは、用量依存的に、ミクログリア細胞株BV2におけるPGC−1α遺伝子発現を誘導し、LPS媒介炎症誘発性サイトカインIL−1βの産生を阻害する。さらに、PGC−1αのsiRNAノックダウンを用いると、BV2細胞におけるフェノフィブラート媒介抗炎症効果にはPGC−1αが必要であることが明らかになっている。siRNAはPGC−1α遺伝子発現を部分的にのみノックダウンしていると考えると、ホモ接合及びヘテロ接合のPGC−1αノックアウトマウス(PGC−1α−/−及びPGC−1α−/+)由来の初代CNS細胞の使用は、フェノフィブラート効果を媒介するPGC−1αの不可欠な役割のさらなる決定的証拠を提供する。Jackson Laboratory(B6.129−PpargclatmlBrsp/J)(Bar Harbor,ME)からのヘテロ接合PGC−1αノックアウトマウス(PGC−1α−/+)を交配し(PGC−1α−/+×PGC−1α−/+)、ヘテロ接合及び野生型である出生後のマウスから初代ミクログリア細胞を単離し、培養した。細胞を様々な濃度のフェノフィブラートで一晩処理し、続いて0.1ng/mLのLPSで1時間処理した。全RNAを単離し、炎症誘発性サイトカインIL−1β及びTNFαの遺伝子発現をRT−PCRで決定した。これらの結果は、フェノフィブラートはWT(PGC−1α+/+)及びヘテロ接合(PGC−1α+/−)初代ミクログリアの両方で、同様の抗炎症保護効果を発揮していることを示した(図5A、B、D及びE)。
培地、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)、及びウシ胎仔血清(FBS)を含む組織培養の材料は、Life Technologiesから入手した。大腸菌LPSからのリポ多糖類(LPS)は、Sigmaから購入した(Cat#L6529)。抗体は、Santa Cruz Biotechnologyから購入した。
新生児マウス(1日齢;PGC−1α+/+又はPGC−1α+/−)の大脳皮質から髄膜を剥き、Hepes平衡塩溶液(HBSS;Mediatech Inc.,Herndon,VA)中で細かく切った。細胞を、アール塩(Earle’s salt)、l−グルタミン、0.01%ピルビン酸塩、0.6%グルコース、4%ウシ胎仔血清、及び6%ウマ血清(完全培地)を含む最小必須培地(MEM;Invitrogen,Frederick,MD)中で分離し、遠心分離、再懸濁し、1つのT75フラスコにつき1つの脳の密度で、10mlの完全培地を含むフラスコにプレートした。培養は、37℃、5%CO2下で行った。1日後、細胞残屑を除去するためにフラスコを静かに軽くたたき、培地を除去し、新しい完全培地に置換した。培養を上述のとおり約12日間行い、フラスコを軽くたたき、ミクログリアを多く含む培地を回収することによってミクログリアを採取した。ミクログリアは、遠心分離(1000rpm、5分)によりペレットにし、0.01%ピルビン酸塩、0.6%グルコース、及び5%ウシ胎仔血清を含むMEMで再懸濁し、計数した。
AMPKはエネルギーセンサーであり、PGC−1αをリン酸化できる。AMPKがPGC−1αをリン酸化し、そしてPGC−1αが自らの遺伝子発現を増やすために筋細胞エンハンサー因子(MEF)結合部位に結合し、正のフィードバックを介して作用することはもっともらしい。したがって、AMPKシグナル経路がCNS細胞でフェノフィブラート効果の媒介に関与しているかを判定するために、BV2細胞を様々な用量のフェノフィブラートで1時間処理し、その後ウェスタンブロッティング分析用に細胞溶解物を回収した。AMPKリン酸化は用量依存的に、フェノフィブラート処理に応じて増加した(図2A)。次に、BV2細胞をAMPK阻害剤化合物Cで0.5時間処理し、続いてさらに1時間フェノフィブラート処理を行った。AMPKリン酸化への化合物Cの濃度依存的な阻害効果が確認された(図2B)。BV2細胞におけるフェノフィブラート媒介抗炎症への化合物Cの阻害効果を試験した。BV2細胞培養液に化合物Cを加えて0.5時間後、一晩のフェノフィブラート処理を行った。化合物Cは用量依存的に、BV2細胞におけるフェノフィブラートの抗炎症効果を弱めた(図2C)。これらのデータは、CNS細胞において、AMPK活性化が媒介フェノフィブラート効果に役割を果たしていることを示唆している。
Claims (25)
- 神経細胞におけるPGC−1αの発現を誘導する方法であって、神経細胞又は神経細胞の集団を有効量のフェノフィブラート又はその類似体と接触させるステップを含む方法。
- 前記接触させるステップがインビボである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記接触させるステップがインビトロである、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- PGC−1αの誘導がPPARα非依存的である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記神経細胞又は神経細胞の集団が1又は複数のニューロンを含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記1又は複数のニューロンがドーパミン作動性ニューロンである、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記神経細胞又は神経細胞の集団が1又は複数のグリア細胞を含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記有効量が酸化ストレスの1又は複数の効果を減少させる、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記有効量がリン酸化AMPKのレベルを増加させる、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記有効量がミトコンドリアの数を増加させる、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記有効量が神経細胞の生存度を増加させる、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記有効量が抗炎症効果を提供する、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 対象における神経変性疾患を治療又は予防する方法であって、
神経変性疾患である対象又は神経変性疾患のリスクのある対象を選択するステップと、
前記対象に有効量のフェノフィブラート又はその類似体を投与するステップと、
を含む方法。 - 前記対象が初期の神経変性疾患を有する、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患が、パーキンソン病、パーキンソンプラス症候群、家族性認知症、アルツハイマー病、ハンチントン病、多発性硬化症、レビー小体型認知症、軽度認識障害、網膜神経変性、及び筋萎縮性側索硬化症からなる群より選択される、請求項13又は14に記載の方法。
- 前記パーキンソンプラス症候群が、多系統委縮症(MSA)、進行性核上性麻痺(PSP)、及び大脳皮質基底核変性症(CBD)からなる群より選択される、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記フェノフィブラート又はその類似体が全身投与される、請求項13〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記フェノフィブラート又はその類似体が経口投与される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記有効量のフェノフィブラート又はその類似体が神経細胞におけるPGC−1αの発現を誘導する、請求項13〜18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記フェノフィブラート又はその類似体が毎日投与される、請求項13〜19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記対象に第2の治療剤を投与するステップをさらに含む、請求項13〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の治療剤が、レバドパ、ドーパミンアゴニスト、抗コリン剤、モノアミンオキシダーゼ阻害剤、COMT阻害剤、アマンタジン、リバスチグミン、NMDAアンタゴニスト、コリンエステラーゼ阻害剤、リルゾール、抗精神病薬、抗うつ剤、及びテトラベナジンからなる群より選択される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記対象がコントロール対象と比較して減少したPGC−1α発現レベルを有すると判定するステップをさらに含む、請求項13〜22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 神経保護を促進する薬剤をスクリーニングする方法であって、
細胞を、スクリーニングされる薬剤と接触させるステップと、
前記細胞におけるPGC−1αレベル又は活性を検出するステップと、
を含み、
PGC−1αレベル又は活性の増加は前記薬剤が神経保護を促進することを示す、
方法。 - 前記細胞がニューロン、グリア細胞、又は血単核細胞である、請求項24に記載の方法。
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JP2018537507A (ja) * | 2015-12-15 | 2018-12-20 | ザ ボード オブ トラスティーズ オブ ザ リーランド スタンフォード ジュニア ユニバーシティThe Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University | 加齢に関連する認知障害及び神経炎症を予防及び/又は治療する方法 |
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US20160220523A1 (en) | 2016-08-04 |
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JP2021105008A (ja) | 2021-07-26 |
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CA2924827C (en) | 2023-01-03 |
CN105636582A (zh) | 2016-06-01 |
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CN113384569A (zh) | 2021-09-14 |
ES2830352T3 (es) | 2021-06-03 |
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