JP2016529093A - 浸透圧発電用の薄膜複合中空繊維 - Google Patents
浸透圧発電用の薄膜複合中空繊維 Download PDFInfo
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- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
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- WZCQRUWWHSTZEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(N)=C1 WZCQRUWWHSTZEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229940018564 m-phenylenediamine Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 15
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- UWCPYKQBIPYOLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,3,5-tricarbonyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C1=CC(C(Cl)=O)=CC(C(Cl)=O)=C1 UWCPYKQBIPYOLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000491 Polyphenylsulfone Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N [(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-diacetyloxy-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-triacetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5,6-triacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O1)OC(C)=O)COC(=O)C)[C@@H]1[C@@H](COC(C)=O)O[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O NNLVGZFZQQXQNW-ADJNRHBOSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229920000736 dendritic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical group NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims 2
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- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- XDLDASNSMGOEMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1 XDLDASNSMGOEMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 101150071434 BAR1 gene Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 11
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- 239000012527 feed solution Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 238000012695 Interfacial polymerization Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000701 coagulant Substances 0.000 description 2
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- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920012266 Poly(ether sulfone) PES Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
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- -1 ether ether ketone Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009292 forward osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001643 poly(ether ketone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LXEJRKJRKIFVNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N terephthaloyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(Cl)=O)C=C1 LXEJRKJRKIFVNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
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- B01D67/0006—Organic membrane manufacture by chemical reactions
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- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D69/087—Details relating to the spinning process
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
- B01D69/087—Details relating to the spinning process
- B01D69/088—Co-extrusion; Co-spinning
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D69/1071—Woven, non-woven or net mesh
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- B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
- B01D69/125—In situ manufacturing by polymerisation, polycondensation, cross-linking or chemical reaction
- B01D69/1251—In situ manufacturing by polymerisation, polycondensation, cross-linking or chemical reaction by interfacial polymerisation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D71/66—Polymers having sulfur in the main chain, with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only
- B01D71/68—Polysulfones; Polyethersulfones
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/022—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D2325/24—Mechanical properties, e.g. strength
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2081/00—Use of polymers having sulfur, with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only, in the main chain, as moulding material
- B29K2081/06—PSU, i.e. polysulfones; PES, i.e. polyethersulfones or derivatives thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/731—Filamentary material, i.e. comprised of a single element, e.g. filaments, strands, threads, fibres
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
典型的なPRO法では、塩分濃度の異なる2つの溶液、すなわち河川水と海水が、半透膜によって隔てられる。膜間差圧の結果として浸透圧の力が生じ、その出力が水力タービンへの加圧流の駆動に利用されて電気を生成する。
一方、TFC中空繊維の内側薄膜層は架橋ポリアミドから形成することができる。
本発明のTFC中空繊維は、15bar(1.5×106Pa)を超える膜間差圧抵抗率および0.8Lm−2h−1bar−1(0.8Lm−2h−1105Pa−1)を超える純水透過(PWP)速度を示す。好ましくは、TFC中空繊維は20bar(2.0×106Pa)を超える膜間差圧抵抗率および3.3Lm−2h−1bar−1(3.3Lm−2h−1105Pa−1)を超える純水透過(PWP)速度を示す。
一方、電力密度(W)は膜間差圧と同様にPRO法において測定される。これは水フラックス(Jw)と、ドロー溶液に適用される水圧(ΔP)との積である:
以下、本発明のTFC中空繊維を調製する例示的な工程を説明する。
PRO法における浸透圧発電の用途に加え、本発明のTFC中空繊維は低圧RO法および正浸透法においても使用することができる。
PESから形成された3種類の中空繊維支持体(L、MM、およびNと称する)を、後述するように三重オリフィス紡糸口金を用いて調製した。
支持体の電界放出型走査電子顕微鏡(FESEM)画像は、実施例1で調製された中空繊維PES支持体L、MM、およびNの多様な形態を示した。すなわち、L、MM、およびNの断面は、いずれも完全なマクロボイド構造からスポンジ状の構造に変化した。
PEOについて: ds=20.88×10−12×M0.587
溶質阻止Rをdsに対して対数正規確率式上にプロットするとおそらく直線が描け、これは直線関係を示す。
空隙率に戻って、これはウォーターバスから取り出して5cm長さ(l)の断片に切り分けた湿潤PES支持体について試験した。これらの断片を一晩凍結乾燥させてから重量(m)を測定した。全体空隙率P(%)を、下記の式を用いて算出した:
MPDとTMCとの間の界面重合反応を介して、PES支持体L、MM、およびNの各内表面にポリアミド薄膜層を被覆した。被覆は下記のように行った。
FESEM画像は、実施例3で調製された中空繊維L’、MM’、およびN’の内表面が典型的な「リッジ・アンド・バレー(ridge-and-valley)」形態よりも遥かに平坦に近いことを示した。
高い水フラックスおよび高い機械的強度の両方に起因して、中空繊維MM’は試験した全3種類の中でPRO法において最高の電力密度を示し、10mM NaClをフィード溶液に用いた時の>20bar(2.0×106Pa)におけるその電力密度は24.0Wm−2という予想外の高さであった。この電力密度は、より高い塩分濃度の合成汽水すなわち40mM NaClをフィード溶液に用いた時も、19.2Wm−2の高さを維持した。
この結果は、このようにして形成されたTFC中空繊維が、PRO用途で浸透圧の力を引き出すために最も適切であることを実証した。
本明細書に開示された全ての特徴は、任意の組合せで組み合わせることができる。本明細書中の各特徴は、同じ、等価の、または同様の目的を果たす代替の特徴に置換されてもよい。したがって、別様に明示的に記述されない限り、開示された各特徴は全体的な一連の等価または類似の特徴の単なる例である。
Claims (22)
- 薄膜複合(TFC)中空繊維であって、
ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリスルホン、ポリフェニルスルホン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリイミド、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリビニリデンフルオライド、セルローストリアセタート、ポリエーテルケトン、またはポリエーテルエーテルケトンから形成され、かつ厚さ10〜10000μmである外側支持層、および
架橋ポリアミドから形成され、かつ厚さ1〜10000nmの内側薄膜層
を含み、前記内側薄膜層は前記外側支持層に付着しており、前記中空繊維は1.5×106Pa(15bar)を超える膜間差圧抵抗率および0.8Lm−2h−1105Pa−1(0.8Lm−2h−1bar−1)を超える純水透過速度を有する、TFC中空繊維。 - 前記外側支持層がポリエーテルスルホンから形成されている、請求項1に記載のTFC中空繊維。
- 前記中空繊維が2.0×106Pa(20bar)を超える膜間差圧抵抗率および3.3Lm−2h−1105Pa−1(3.3Lm−2h−1bar−1)を超える純水透過速度を有する、請求項1に記載のTFC中空繊維。
- 前記中空繊維が2.0×106Pa(20bar)を超える膜間差圧抵抗率および3.3Lm−2h−1105Pa−1(3.3Lm−2h−1bar−1)を超える純水透過速度を有する、請求項2に記載のTFC中空繊維。
- 前記中空繊維が0.5Lm−2h−1未満の塩分透過速度および8Wm−2を超える電力密度を有する、請求項2に記載のTFC中空繊維。
- 前記中空繊維が20Wm−2を超える電力密度を有する、請求項5に記載のTFC中空繊維。
- 前記中空繊維が0.5Lm−2h−1未満の塩分透過速度および8Wm−2を超える電力密度を有する、請求項4に記載のTFC中空繊維。
- 前記中空繊維が20Wm−2を超える電力密度を有する、請求項7に記載のTFC中空繊維。
- 前記外側支持層が50〜1000μmの厚さであり、前記内側薄膜層が20〜1000nmの厚さである、請求項1に記載のTFC中空繊維。
- 前記外側支持層が100〜300μmの厚さであり、前記内側薄膜層が50〜500nmの厚さである、請求項9に記載のTFC中空繊維。
- 前記外側支持層が100〜300μmの厚さであり、前記内側薄膜層が50〜500nmの厚さである、請求項4に記載のTFC中空繊維。
- 中空繊維構造を調製する方法であって、
N−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)5〜95wt%、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)0〜60wt%、および水0〜60wt%を含有する溶媒に、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリスルホン、ポリフェニルスルホン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリイミド、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリビニリデンフルオライド、セルローストリアセタート、ポリエーテルケトン、またはポリエーテルエーテルケトンであるポリマー5〜50wt%を溶解させて紡糸液を得る工程、
外側オリフィス、中間オリフィス、および内側オリフィスを備える三重オリフィス紡糸口金を提供する工程、および
前記紡糸液を、中間オリフィスを通して凝固浴の中へ押し出し、同時に、第1の溶媒および第2の溶媒を、それぞれ外側オリフィスおよび内側オリフィスに通すことにより、ルーメンを有する高分子中空繊維支持体を形成する工程
を含み、前記第1の溶媒および前記第2の溶媒は、独立して、NMP、水、アルコール、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジメチルアセトアミド、またはこれらの組合せである、方法。 - 前記ポリマーがポリエーテルスルホンである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーが10〜40wt%であり、NMPが20〜90wt%であり、PEGが0〜40wt%であり、水が0〜40wt%である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーが15〜30wt%であり、NMPが30〜70wt%であり、PEGが10〜40wt%であり、水が10〜40wt%である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーがポリエーテルスルホンである、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリマーがポリエーテルスルホンである、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の溶媒がNWPであり、前記第2の溶媒が水である、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の溶媒がNWPであり、前記第2の溶媒が水である、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 請求項12に記載の方法であって、さらに
基端、先端、および前記中空繊維支持体のものと同じルーメン直径を有するチューブを提供する工程、
前記チューブの先端を前記中空繊維支持体の一方の端部に可逆的に結合させる工程、
m−フェニレンジアミン(MPD)、p−フェニレンジアミン、p−キシリレンジアミン、あるいは分枝またはデンドリマーポリエチレンイミンを含有する溶液である第1のモノマー溶液を、前記チューブの基端から前記中空繊維支持体に送り込んで前記中空繊維支持体の内表面を前記第1のモノマー溶液で覆う工程、
前記チューブの基端から前記中空繊維支持体に空気を吹き込み、過剰な第1のモノマー溶液を除去する工程、および
トリメソイルクロリド(TMC)、ベンゼン−1,3−ジカルボニルクロリドまたはベンゼン−1,4−ジカルボニルクロリドを含有する溶液である第2のモノマー溶液を、前記チューブの基端から前記中空繊維支持体に送り込んで前記第1のモノマー溶液を覆うことにより、架橋ポリアミド薄膜層を形成する工程
を含むことにより、外側支持層および内側ポリアミド薄膜層を有する薄膜複合中空繊維を得る方法。 - 前記第1のモノマー溶液が、MPDを0.1〜20wt%含有する水溶液およびアルコール溶液の少なくともいずれかであり、前記第2のモノマー溶液が、TMCを0.01〜1wt%を含有するヘキサンまたはヘプタン溶液である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のモノマー溶液がMPDを1〜3wt%含有する水溶液であり、前記第2のモノマー溶液がTMCを0.05〜0.2wt%含有するヘキサン溶液である、請求項21に記載の方法。
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