JP2016053023A - ビスホスホネート剤を含む細胞性免疫用ワクチン医薬組成物 - Google Patents
ビスホスホネート剤を含む細胞性免疫用ワクチン医薬組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016053023A JP2016053023A JP2015172940A JP2015172940A JP2016053023A JP 2016053023 A JP2016053023 A JP 2016053023A JP 2015172940 A JP2015172940 A JP 2015172940A JP 2015172940 A JP2015172940 A JP 2015172940A JP 2016053023 A JP2016053023 A JP 2016053023A
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Abstract
【解決手段】細胞性免疫誘導のためのワクチン医薬組成物であって、抗原と、ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤とを含むワクチン医薬組成物。
【選択図】なし
Description
注射による免疫に使用されるアジュバント又は免疫賦活化剤としては、水酸化アルミニウム、リン酸アルミニウム、塩化アルミニウム等のアルミニウム塩、MF59、AS03等のスクワレンを含むエマルション等が実用化されており、この他にも、鞭毛成分、核酸、サイトカイン、カチオンポリマー、ポリペプチド等が広く検討されている。
また、注射による免疫にこれまでに用いられてきたアジュバント又は免疫賦活化剤のほとんどは、感染症予防のために抗体を産生させる液性免疫を誘導させるものである。細胞性免疫を誘導させるもの(細胞性免疫誘導促進剤)として、GM−CSF、IL−2、IL−12、IFN−γ等のTh1サイトカイン、抗原の徐放性により効果を高めるような油脂系アジュバントであるフロイントアジュバント、モンタナイド等が検討されているが、限られた種類のものであるうえ、実用化には至っておらず、安全性と効果とのバランスにも問題がある。
特に、皮膚には抗原提示細胞であるランゲルハンス細胞が多数存在することから、注射に関する種々の問題点を解決する一つの手段として経皮投与又は経粘膜投与が検討されている。
経皮投与又は経粘膜投与による免疫において検討されているアジュバント又は免疫賦活化剤としては、水酸化アルミニウム、リン酸アルミニウム、塩化アルミニウム等のアルミニウム塩、コレラトキシン、大腸菌易熱性毒素等の毒素類等が挙げられる。
また、これまで、抗原の経皮投与による細胞性免疫誘導において用い得る有効な免疫賦活化剤はほとんど報告されておらず、経皮投与では注射と比較して充分な細胞性免疫誘導効果が得られない場合が多い。
しかしながら、γδT細胞は末梢血中に1〜5%しか存在せず、単にビスホスホネート剤を投与しただけでは充分な治療効果は期待できない。そこで、患者末梢血よりγδT細胞を単離し、in vitro(生体外)で刺激し、他の免疫担当細胞と共培養した後、再び患者へ戻す免疫細胞療法が行われている(特許文献4、5及び6参照)。
また、数日前にビスホスホネート剤を注射し、樹状細胞等を刺激した後、ワクチンであるウイルス抗原を投与することで、充分な抗体産生を誘導した例も報告されている(特許文献7参照)。
γδT細胞は、抗原刺激によりIFN−γ、TNF−α等のTh1サイトカインを分泌し、細胞性免疫を誘導する働きを持つ。しかしながら、γδT細胞は末梢血中には1〜5%しか存在せず、単にビスホスホネート剤を投与しただけでは充分な細胞性免疫を誘導できないと考えられる。
一方、粘膜上皮層及び真皮内には多数のγδT細胞が存在し、外敵の侵入に即座に反応し、自然免疫のような役割を担っている。
本発明者らは、当該観点に着目し、ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤を抗原とともに体表面上の投与(例えば、経皮投与又は経粘膜投与)によって直接生体に投与することで、樹状細胞又はγδT細胞を刺激し、抗原特異的な細胞性免疫を効果的に誘導できることを見出した。また、本発明者らは、ヘルパーペプチドである第二の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤を併用することで、細胞性免疫を更に促進できることを見出した。また、本発明者らは、ビスホスホネート剤に起因する炎症を抑える抗酸化剤及び/又は抗炎症剤を併用することで、細胞性免疫を更に促進できることを見出した。
なお、in vitroで得られた知見は、必ずしもin vivoで起こる生体反応を予測させるものではない。
本発明のワクチン医薬組成物は、ヘルパーペプチドである第二の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤を更に含むことが好ましい。
上記ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤は、エチドロネート、クロドロネート、チルドロネート、パミドロネート、アレンドロネート、イバンドロネート、ネリドロネート、ゾレドロネート、リセドロネート及びミノドロネートからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種であることが好ましい。
本発明のワクチン医薬組成物は、抗酸化剤及び/又は抗炎症剤を更に含むことが好ましい。
本発明のワクチン医薬組成物は、体表面上に投与されるものであることが好ましい。
以下、本発明について詳述する。
細胞性免疫誘導効果を定量的に測定する方法は特に限定されず、様々な方法が開発されているが、例えば、免疫評価用モデル動物を用いた免疫誘導実験及びELISPOT方法(IFN−γ)により測定することができる。ELISPOT方法のためのサンプルとしては、例えば、免疫評価用モデル動物の脾臓が挙げられる。
上記抗原と、上記ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤とを含むことで、本発明のワクチン医薬組成物は、抗原特異的な細胞性免疫を効果的に誘導することができる。
本明細書において使用するとき、用語「遺伝子の異常な発現」は、ある細胞におけるその遺伝子の発現レベルが、同じ組織の他の細胞と比較して、例えば2倍以上、4倍以上等の倍率で顕著に上昇又は低下していることを意味する。
本明細書において使用するとき、用語「過剰発現」は、異常な発現が発現レベルの上昇であることを意味する。遺伝子の発現レベルは、当該技術分野で周知のいずれかの方法を用いて、容易に測定できる。
上記サバイビン遺伝子の異常な発現を伴う癌には、悪性リンパ腫、膀胱癌、肺癌、大腸癌等が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。上記GPC3遺伝子の異常な発現を伴う癌には、肝癌、胆管癌、胃癌等が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。上記HER2/neu遺伝子の異常な発現を伴う癌には、乳癌、胃癌、卵巣癌、子宮癌、膀胱癌、非小細胞肺癌、前立腺癌等が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。上記MAGE3遺伝子の異常な発現を伴う癌には、メラノーマ、肺癌、頭頚部癌、膀胱癌、胃癌、食道癌、肝臓癌等が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。上記プロテイナーゼ−3遺伝子の異常な発現を伴う癌には、急性骨髄性白血病、膵臓癌等が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。
本明細書において使用するとき、用語「癌抗原ペプチド」は、癌抗原タンパク質に由来する部分ペプチドであって、細胞性免疫応答を誘導しうるものをいう。通常、癌抗原ペプチドは、癌遺伝子の産物である癌抗原タンパク質が癌細胞内で分解されることによって生じ、MHCクラスI分子によって癌細胞の表面に提示される。
上記改変ペプチドは特に限定されず、例えば、(a)ペプチドのアミノ酸配列において、1個から数個(例えば、1個、2個、3個、4個又は5個)のアミノ酸が置換、欠失又は付加されたアミノ酸配列からなるペプチド;(b)ペプチドのアミノ酸配列において、全部又は一部のアミノ酸(例えば、1個、2個、3個、4個、5個、6個、7個、8個、9個又は10個)のアミノ酸が修飾されたアミノ酸配列からなるペプチド等が挙げられる。
上記改変ペプチドは、1個以上のアミノ酸の置換、欠失又は付加と、1個以上のアミノ酸の修飾とを組み合わせて含むものであってもよい。
上記感染性病原体由来抗原としては、IPEP87ペプチド、HBVenvペプチド、又は、それらの改変ペプチドが好ましい。
上記感染性疾患としては特に限定されず、例えば、アデノウイルス(例えば、ヒトアデノウイルス)、ヘルペスウイルス(例えば、単純ヘルペスウイルス、水痘・帯状疱疹ウイルス、サイトメガロウイルス、ヒトヘルペスウイルス、カポジ肉腫関連ヘルペスウイルス)、ピコルナウイルス(例えば、ポリオウイルス、風邪ウイルス、A型肝炎ウイルス)、ポックスウイルス(例えば、痘瘡ウイルス、ワクシニアウイルス、伝染性軟属腫ウイルス)、ピコルナウイルス(例えば、ライノウイルス、エンテロウイルス)、オルソミクソウイルス(例えば、インフルエンザウイルス)、パラミクソウイルス(例えば、パラインフルエンザウィルス、おたふく風邪ウイルス、はしかウイルス、呼吸器合胞体ウイルス(RSV)、ニューカッスル病ウイルス)、パルボウイルス(例えば、アデノ随伴ウイルス)、トガウイルス(例えば、風疹ウイルス)、コロナウイルス(例えば、SARSコロナウイルス)、ヘパドナウイルス(例えば、B型肝炎ウイルス)、フラビウイルス(例えば、日本脳炎ウイルス、黄熱病ウイルス、デング熱ウイルス、西ナイル熱ウイルス、セントルイス脳炎ウイルス、マレーバレー脳炎ウイルス、C型肝炎ウイルス、G型肝炎ウイルス)、ヘペウイルス(例えば、E型肝炎ウイルス)、パピローマウイルス(例えば、ヒト乳頭腫ウイルス)、カリシウイルス(例えば、ノロウイルス)、ラブドウイルス(例えば、狂犬病ウイルス、水疱性口内炎ウイルス)、フィロウイルス(例えば、エボラ出血熱ウイルス)、アレナウイルス(例えば、ラッサウイルス、D型肝炎ウイルス)、ブニヤウイルス(例えば、カリフォルニア脳炎ウイルス、リフトバレー熱ウイルス)、レオウイルス(例えば、ロタウイルス)、レトロウィルス(例えば、ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)、成人T細胞白血病ウイルス)等のウイルス感染から罹る疾患等のウイルス疾患;エシェリキア属、エンテロバクター、サルモネラ、ブドウ球菌、赤痢菌、リステリア、アエロバクター、ヘリコバクター、クレブシエラ、プロテウス、シュードモナス、連鎖球菌、クラミジア、マイコプラズマ、肺炎球菌、ナイセリア、クロストリジウム、バシラス、コリネバクテリウム、マイコバクテリウム、カンピロバクター、ビブリオ、セラチア、プロビデンシア、クロモバクテリウム、ブルセラ、エルシニア、ヘモフィルス、ボルデテラ等の細菌感染から罹る疾患等の細菌疾患;クラミジア、カンジダ症、アスペルギルス症、ヒストプラスマ症、クリプトコックス髄膜炎等の真菌疾患;マラリア、ニューモシステイスカリニ肺炎、レーシュマニア症、クリプトスポリジウム症、トキソプラズマ症、トリパノソーマ感染等が挙げられる。
上記薬理学的に許容される任意の塩としては、例えば、酸塩(例えば、酢酸塩、TFA塩、塩酸塩、硫酸塩、リン酸塩、乳酸塩、酒石酸塩、マレイン酸塩、フマル酸塩、シュウ酸塩、臭化水素酸塩、コハク酸塩、硝酸塩、リンゴ酸塩、クエン酸塩、オレイン酸塩、パルミチン酸塩、プロピオン酸塩、蟻酸塩、安息香酸塩、ピクリン酸塩、ベンゼンスルホン酸塩、ドデシル硫酸塩、メタンスルホン酸塩、p−トルエンスルホン酸塩、グルタル酸塩、種々のアミノ酸塩)、金属塩(例えば、アルカリ金属塩(例えば、ナトリウム塩、カリウム塩)、アルカリ土類金属塩(例えば、カルシウム塩、マグネシウム塩)、アルミニウム塩)、アミン塩(例えば、トリエチルアミン塩、ベンジルアミン塩、ジエタノールアミン塩、t−ブチルアミン塩、ジシクロヘキシルアミン塩、アルギニン塩、ジメチルアンモニウム塩、アンモニウム塩等)等が挙げられる。なかでも、酢酸塩又はTFA塩が好ましい。
上述したペプチドは、周知の方法で合成又は産生し、単離及び精製したものを用いることができる。
なかでも、上記ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤としては、エチドロネート、クロドロネート、チルドロネート、パミドロネート、アレンドロネート、イバンドロネート、ネリドロネート、ゾレドロネート、リセドロネート及びミノドロネートからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種がより好ましい。
本明細書において使用するとき、用語「薬理学的に許容される塩」は、投与対象に有害な作用を及ぼさず、かつ、ワクチン医薬組成物中の配合成分の薬理活性を消失させない塩を意味し、例えば、無機酸塩(例えば、塩酸塩、リン酸塩)、有機酸塩(例えば、酢酸塩、フタル酸塩、TFA塩)、金属塩(例えば、アルカリ金属塩(例えば、ナトリウム塩、カリウム塩)、アルカリ土類金属塩(例えば、カルシウム塩、マグネシウム塩)、アルミニウム塩)、アミン塩(例えば、トリエチルアミン塩、ベンジルアミン塩、ジエタノールアミン塩、t−ブチルアミン塩、ジシクロヘキシルアミン塩、アルギニン塩、ジメチルアンモニウム塩、アンモニウム塩)等が挙げられる。
上記ヘルパーペプチドである第二の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤を併用することで、細胞性免疫を更に促進することができる。
上記ヘルパーペプチドである第二の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤としては、例えば、結核菌由来ヘルパーペプチド、麻疹ウイルス由来ヘルパーペプチド、B型肝炎ウイルス由来ヘルパーペプチド、C型肝炎ウイルス由来ヘルパーペプチド、トラコーマクラミジア由来ヘルパーペプチド、熱帯性マラリア原虫スポロゾイド由来ヘルパーペプチド、keyhole limpet haemocyanin由来ヘルパーペプチド、破傷風毒素由来ヘルパーペプチド、百日咳毒素由来ヘルパーペプチド、ジフテリア毒素由来ヘルパーペプチド、癌細胞由来ヘルパーペプチド(例えば、IMA−MMP−001ヘルパーペプチド、CEA−006ヘルパーペプチド、MMP−001ヘルパーペプチド、TGFBI−004ヘルパーペプチド、HER−2/neu(aa776−790)ヘルパーペプチド、AE36ヘルパーペプチド、AE37ヘルパーペプチド、MET−005ヘルパーペプチド、BIR−002ヘルパーペプチド)、ユニバーサルヘルパーアナログ(例えば、PADRE)、それらの改変ペプチド等が挙げられる。なかでも、Peptide−25、改変Peptide−25、PADREが好ましい。上記改変Peptide−25としては、例えば、Peptide−25Bが挙げられる。
上記抗酸化剤及び/又は抗炎症剤には、上記ビスホスホネート剤に起因する炎症を抑える効果があるため、上記抗酸化剤及び/又は抗炎症剤を併用することで、細胞性免疫を更に促進することができる。
上記抗酸化剤は特に限定されないが、亜硝酸ナトリウム、アスコルビン酸、亜硫酸水素ナトリウム、塩酸システイン、クエン酸水和物、ジブチルヒドロキシトルエン(BHT)、大豆レシチン、トコフェロール、ピロ亜硝酸ナトリウム、ジブチルヒドロキシアニソール(BHA)、1,3−ブチレングリコール、ベンゾトリアゾール、没食子酸プロピル及び2−メルカプトベンズイミダゾールからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種が好ましい。なお、上記抗酸化剤には、これらの抗酸化剤の誘導体及び薬理学的に許容される塩も含まれる。なかでも、細胞性免疫を更に促進できることから、亜硝酸ナトリウム、ジブチルヒドロキシトルエン、大豆レシチン、ピロ亜硝酸ナトリウム、ジブチルヒドロキシアニソール、2−メルカプトベンズイミダゾールがより好ましい。
上記抗炎症剤は特に限定されないが、ポリフェノール、アルカロイド及びホスホリパーゼA2阻害剤からなる群より選択される少なくとも一種が好ましい。
上記ポリフェノールとしては、例えば、ナリンゲニン、エピカテキン、エピガロカテキン、アピゲニン、クリシン、ミリセチン、ルチン、ケルセチン、ゲニステイン、ノビレチン、クルクミン、レスベラトロール、それらの誘導体及び薬理学的に許容される塩が挙げられる。上記アルカロイドとしては、例えば、クマリン、ベルベリン、それらの誘導体及び薬理学的に許容される塩が挙げられる。上記ホスホリパーゼA2阻害剤としては、例えば、グリチルレチン酸、その誘導体及び薬理学的に許容される塩が挙げられる。なかでも、細胞性免疫を更に促進できることから、エピカテキン、クリシン、ミリセチン、レスベラトロール、クマリン、ベルベリン、グリチルレチン酸がより好ましい。
上記COX阻害剤は、特定のシクロオキシゲナーゼ(例えば、COX−1、COX−2)に選択的に作用するものであっても、選択性を有しないものであってもよい。上記COX阻害剤は、シクロオキシゲナーゼ非選択的阻害剤、シクロオキシゲナーゼ1選択的阻害剤及びシクロオキシゲナーゼ2選択的阻害剤からなる群より選択される少なくとも一種が好ましい。
上記COX阻害剤としては、具体的には例えば、エトドラク、ロキソプロフェン、セレコキシブ、バルデコキシブ、パレコキシブ、レミラコキシブ、メロキシカム、テノキシカム、ジクロフェナク、メフェナム酸、トルフェナム酸、フルフェナム酸、メクロフェナム酸、ニフルム酸、ベンジダミン、インドブフェン、トリフルサール、トルメチン、フェノプロフェン、チアプロフェン酸、フェルビナク、ネパフェナク、アンフェナク、プラバトリン、ザルトプロフェン、スリンダク、ナブメトン、ジフルニサル、ピロキシカム、イブプロフェン、ナプロキセン、フェノプロフェン、アスピリン、サリチル酸メチル、サリチルアミド、サルサラート、アロキシプリン、トルメチン、インドメタシン、プログルメタシン、アセメタシン、フルルビプロフェン、プラノプロフェン、アセトアミノフェン、フロフタフェン、ロルノキシカム、テノキシカム、チアプロフェン酸、オキサプロジン、ケトプロフェン、デクスケトプロフェン、デノキシブプロフェン、アルミノプロフェン、ケトロラク、モフェゾラク、フェニルブタゾン、オキシフェニルブタゾン、ケトフェニルブタゾン、フェプラゾン、スルフィンブタゾン、エテンザミド、チアラミド、チノリジン、エピリゾール、エモルファゾン、それらの誘導体及び薬理学的に許容される塩が挙げられる。なかでも、細胞性免疫を更に促進できることから、ロキソプロフェン、ピロキシカム、アスピリン、インドメタシンが好ましい。
本明細書において使用するとき、用語「対象」は、実用段階においてワクチン医薬組成物を投与して免疫応答を誘導し得るいずれかの動物を意味する。上記対象は、典型的にはヒトを含む哺乳類(例えば、マウス、ラット、イヌ、ネコ、ウサギ、ウマ、ウシ、ヒツジ、ブタ、ヤギ、サル、チンパンジー)である。特に好ましい対象は、ヒトである。
上記経皮投与用ワクチン医薬組成物の剤型は、例えば、リニメント剤、ローション剤等の外用液剤;エアゾール剤等の外用スプレー剤;ゲル剤、テープ剤、パップ剤等の貼付剤;軟膏剤、硬膏剤、クリーム剤であってよい。これらの組成物の区分、定義、性質、製法等は、当該技術分野において周知であり、例えば日本薬局方第16版を参照されたい。また、これらの材料としては特に限定されず、従来公知のものが使用できる。
上記剤型のなかでも、クリーム剤、貼付剤(テープ剤、パップ剤等)が好ましい。
上記経皮投与用ワクチン医薬組成物中(テープ剤の場合は、粘着剤層中)の上記抗原及び上記ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤の含有量は特に限定されないが、上記抗原の含有量は0.01〜40重量%が好ましく、0.1〜30重量%がより好ましい。上記ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤の含有量は0.001〜30重量%が好ましく、0.01〜20重量%がより好ましい。
上記粘着剤層中の上記粘着剤の含有量は特に限定されないが、固形分として、上記粘着剤層の総重量の10〜90重量%が好ましく、20〜80重量%がより好ましい。
上記第1の単量体としては、炭素数1〜18の直鎖状、分岐鎖状又は環状アルキル基を有する(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステル等が挙げられる。なかでも、炭素数4〜18の直鎖状、分岐鎖状又は環状アルキル基を有する(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステルが好ましい。更に、常温で粘着性を与えるために、重合体のガラス転移温度を低下させるモノマー成分の使用が更に好適であることから、炭素数4〜8の直鎖状、分岐鎖状又は環状アルキル基(例えば、ブチル、ペンチル、へキシル、シクロヘキシル、へプチル、オクチル、2−エチルヘキシル等が挙げられ、ブチル、2−エチルヘキシル、シクロヘキシルが好ましく、2−エチルヘキシルが特に好ましい)を有する(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステルがより好ましい。
上記第1の単量体として、具体的には、アクリル酸ブチル、アクリル酸2−エチルへキシル、メタクリル酸2−エチルへキシル、アクリル酸シクロへキシル、メタクリル酸シクロへキシルが好ましく、アクリル酸2−エチルへキシルが特に好ましい。これら第1の単量体は単独で又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
上記第2の単量体として、具体的には、(メタ)アクリル酸ヒドロキシエチルエステル、(メタ)アクリル酸ヒドロキシプロピルエステル、N−ヒドロキシアルキル(メタ)アクリルアミド、(メタ)アクリル酸、イタコン酸、マレイン酸、無水マレイン酸、メサコン酸、シトラコン酸、グルタコン酸等が挙げられる。なかでも、入手の容易性の観点から、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、アクリル酸ヒドロキシエチルエステル(特に、アクリル酸2−ヒドロキシエチル)が好ましく、アクリル酸が特に好ましい。これら第2の単量体は単独で又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
上記第3の単量体としては、例えば、酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル等のビニルエステル類;メチルビニルエーテル、エチルビニルエーテル等のビニルエーテル類;N−ビニル−2−ピロリドン、N−ビニルカプロラクタム等のビニルアミド類;(メタ)アクリル酸メトキシエチルエステル、(メタ)アクリル酸エトキシエチルエステル、(メタ)アクリル酸テトラヒドロフルフリルエステル等の(メタ)アクリル酸アルコキシエステル;ヒドロキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、α−ヒドロキシメチルアクリレート等の水酸基含有モノマー(第3の単量体としての使用なので架橋点とはしない);(メタ)アクリルアミド、ジメチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、N−ブチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、N−メチロール(メタ)アクリルアミド等のアミド基を有する(メタ)アクリル酸誘導体;(メタ)アクリル酸アミノエチルエステル、(メタ)アクリル酸ジメチルアミノエチルエステル、(メタ)アクリル酸t−ブチルアミノエチルエステル等の(メタ)アクリル酸アミノアルキルエステル;(メタ)アクリル酸メトキシエチレングリコールエステル、(メタ)アクリル酸メトキシジエチレングリコールエステル、(メタ)アクリル酸メトキシポリエチレングリコールエステル、(メタ)アクリル酸メトキシポリプロピレングリコールエステル等の(メタ)アクリル酸アルコキシアルキレングリコールエステル;(メタ)アクリロニトリル;スチレンスルホン酸、アリルスルホン酸、スルホプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、(メタ)アクリロイルオキシナフタレンスルホン酸、アクリルアミドメチルスルホン酸等のスルホン酸を有するモノマー;ビニルピペリドン、ビニルピリミジン、ビニルピペラジン、ビニルピロール、ビニルイミダゾール、ビニルオキサゾール、ビニルモルホリン等のビニル基含有モノマー等が挙げられる。なかでも、ビニルエステル類、ビニルアミド類が好ましく、ビニルエステル類は酢酸ビニルが好ましく、ビニルアミド類はN−ビニル−2−ピロリドンが好ましい。これら第3の単量体は単独で又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
上記(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステル(第1の単量体)と、上記架橋反応に関与できる官能基を有するビニルモノマー(第2の単量体)と、これら以外の他のモノマー(第3の単量体)との共重合体の場合、上記(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステルと、上記架橋反応に関与できる官能基を有するビニルモノマーと、これら以外の他のモノマーとの重量比は、40〜94:1〜15:5〜50が好ましく、50〜89:1〜10:10〜40がより好ましい。
上記粘着付与剤の含有量は、上記ゴム系粘着剤の総重量に基づいて50重量%以下が好ましく、5〜40重量%がより好ましい。
本明細書において使用するとき、用語「皮膚透過性増強剤」は、経皮投与される抗原が皮膚を透過する効率を改善しうるあらゆる物質を指す。
上記皮膚透過性増強剤としては、室温(25℃)で液状である(即ち、流動性を有する)ことが好ましい。2種以上の皮膚透過性増強剤を混合して用いる場合には、最終的に混合物が室温(25℃)で液状となり、皮膚透過促進効果を有することが好ましい。このような有機液状成分としては、上記粘着剤層における相溶性の観点から、疎水性液状成分が好ましい。
上記高級アルコールとしては、炭素数8〜18の高級アルコールが好ましく、炭素数8〜14の高級アルコールがより好ましい。上記脂肪酸エステルとしては、炭素数8〜18の脂肪酸と炭素数1〜18の1価アルコールとの脂肪酸エステルが好ましく、炭素数12〜16の脂肪酸と炭素数1〜18の1価アルコールとの脂肪酸エステルがより好ましい。なかでも、脂肪酸エステルが好ましく、ミリスチン酸イソプロピル、パルミチン酸イソプロピル、セバシン酸ジエチルが特に好ましい。
上記支持体としては、例えば、ポリエステル、ポリアミド、ポリ塩化ビニリデン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリ塩化ビニル、エチレン−アクリル酸エチル共重合体、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、アイオノマー樹脂、金属箔等の単独フィルム又はこれらの積層フィルム等が挙げられる。なかでも、上記支持体は、上記粘着剤層との接着性(投錨性)を向上させるために、上述した材質からなる無孔のプラスチックフィルムと、多孔質フィルムとの積層フィルムであることが好ましい。この場合、上記粘着剤層は、多孔質フィルム側に形成されることが好ましい。
特に上記支持体としては、厚さ1.5〜6μmのポリエステルフィルム(好ましくは、ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルム)と、目付量6〜15g/m2のポリエステル(好ましくは、ポリエチレンテレフタレート)製不織布との積層フィルムが好ましい。
上記剥離ライナーの厚みは、10〜200μmが好ましく、25〜100μmがより好ましい。
特に上記剥離ライナーとしては、バリアー性、価格等の点から、ポリエステル(特に、ポリエチレンテレフタレート)樹脂からなるものが好ましい。この場合、取り扱い性の点から、厚みは25〜100μm程度であることが好ましい。
上記経粘膜投与として、例えば、舌下投与、経鼻投与、頬側投与、直腸投与、膣投与等が挙げられる。
上記経粘膜投与用ワクチン医薬組成物の剤型は、例えば、ゲル剤(ゼリー剤)、クリーム剤、軟膏剤、硬膏剤等の半固形剤;液剤;散剤、細粒剤、顆粒剤、フィルム剤、錠剤、口腔内崩壊錠等の固形製剤;エアゾール剤等の粘膜用スプレー剤;吸引剤等であってよい。これらの組成物の区分、定義、性質、製法等は、当該技術分野において周知であり、例えば日本薬局方第16版を参照されたい。また、これらの材料としては特に限定されず、従来公知のものが使用できる。
上記経粘膜投与用ワクチン医薬組成物中の上記抗原及び上記ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤の含有量は特に限定されないが、上記抗原の含有量は0.01〜40重量%が好ましく、0.1〜30重量%がより好ましい。上記ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤の含有量は0.001〜30重量%が好ましく、0.01〜20重量%がより好ましい。
また、抗原の拡散・放出性が良好であることより、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウムのような親水性基材が好ましい。
上記皮内、皮下又は筋肉内投与用ワクチン医薬組成物の剤型は、例えば、液剤、水溶性又は疎水性の懸濁剤、クリーム剤等の注射投与可能なある程度の流動性を有する剤型であればよい。これらの組成物の区分、定義、性質、製法等は、当該技術分野において周知であり、例えば日本薬局方第16版を参照されたい。また、これらの材料としては特に限定されず、従来公知のものが使用できる。
上記皮内、皮下又は筋肉内投与用ワクチン医薬組成物中の上記抗原及び上記ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤の含有量は特に限定されないが、上記抗原の含有量は0.01〜40重量%が好ましく、0.1〜30重量%がより好ましい。上記ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤の含有量は0.001〜30重量%が好ましく、0.01〜20重量%がより好ましい。
また、抗原の拡散・放出性が良好であることより、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウムのような親水性基材が好ましい。
上記ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤の治療上有効量は、用いる具体的なビスホスホネート剤、他の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤の有無等に依存して広範に変化しうるが、一般に、1日用量約0.01μg〜1g/kg体重で満足のいく結果が得られる。
本発明のワクチン医薬組成物は、テープ剤、パップ剤等の貼付剤の形態であれば、所定の投与量を確実に投与でき、薬物放出速度を任意に制御でき、また、投与に際して他の部位に付着することがないという利点がある。更に、貼付剤は容易に着脱可能であるため、副作用が生じた場合等に適用部位から貼付剤を除去することによって患者自らが即座に投与を中止することができるという利点も有する。
本発明のワクチン医薬組成物を投与することで、抗原の単独投与と比較して、細胞性免疫誘導効果が顕著に向上する。更に、本発明のワクチン医薬組成物を非侵襲的な体表面上の投与(例えば、経皮投与又は経粘膜投与)に用いることで、注射投与と比較して、強い免疫を誘導することができる。更に、本発明のワクチン医薬組成物は、抗酸化剤及び/又は抗炎症剤を更に含有したりすることで、細胞性免疫誘導効果が相乗的に増強するものである。
(経皮投与用クリーム剤の調製)
下記表1〜4及び6の組成を有する経皮投与用クリーム剤を調製した。具体的には、下記表1〜4及び6中に示した配合量で、下記に示した抗原ペプチド、ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤、必要に応じてヘルパーペプチドである第二の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤、抗酸化剤、抗炎症剤(COX阻害剤を含む)、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)15重量%を配合し、そこに基材(ベースクリーム)を加えて全100重量%とし、混和して、経皮投与用クリーム剤を得た。用いたベースクリームは、表5に記載の組成にて材料を配合し、混和して調製したものとした。白色ワセリン、モノステアリン酸ソルビタン、イソステアリン酸、ベンジルアルコール、ステアリルアルコール、ポリソルベート60、濃グリセリン、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)は和光純薬工業から購入した。セタノールは東京化成工業から購入した。
PETフィルム/PET不織布積層品(面積0.7cm2)を固定用粘着テープの中央部にPETフィルム側をテープ側にして貼り合わせた複合基材を用意した。この複合基材の不織布部分に経皮投与用クリーム剤4mgを塗布し、これを免疫試験の投与サンプルとした。
エチドロネート(LKT Laboratories社製)
クロドロネート(LKT Laboratories社製)
チルドロネート(Sigma−Aldrich社製)
パミドロネート(東京化成工業社製)
アレンドロネート(medichem社製)
イバンドロネート(URQUIMA S.A.社製)
ネリドロネート(Sigma−Aldrich社製)
ゾレドロネート(甲南化工社製)
リセドロネート(Propharma S.A.社製)
ミノドロネート(Ava Chem Scientific社製)
亜硝酸ナトリウム(和光純薬工業社製)
アスコルビン酸(和光純薬工業社製)
亜硫酸水素ナトリウム(和光純薬工業社製)
塩酸システイン(協和発酵バイオ社製)
クエン酸水和物(小松屋社製)
BHT(ジブチルヒドロキシトルエン、和光純薬工業社製)
大豆レシチン(和光純薬工業社製)
トコフェロール(関東化学社製)
ピロ亜硫酸ナトリウム(和光純薬工業社製)
BHA(ジブチルヒドロキシアニソール、関東化学社製)
1,3−ブチレングリコール(1,3−ブタンジオール、和光純薬工業社製)
ベンゾトリアゾール(和光純薬工業社製)
没食子酸プロピル(DSP五協&フードケミカル社製)
2−MBI(2−メルカプトベンズイミダゾール、和光純薬工業社製)
ナリンゲニン(ポリフェノール、LKT Laboratories社製)
エピカテキン(ポリフェノール、和光純薬工業社製)
アピゲニン(ポリフェノール、和光純薬工業社製)
クリシン(ポリフェノール、和光純薬工業社製)
ミリセチン(ポリフェノール、和光純薬工業社製)
ルチン(ポリフェノール、和光純薬工業社製)
ゲニステイン(ポリフェノール、和光純薬工業社製)
ノビレチン(ポリフェノール、和光純薬工業社製)
クルクミン(ポリフェノール、和光純薬工業社製)
レスベラトロール(ポリフェノール、和光純薬工業社製)
クマリン(アルカロイド、和光純薬工業社製)
ベルベリン(塩化ベルベリンn水和物、アルカロイド、和光純薬工業社製)
グリチルレチン酸(ホスホリパーゼA2阻害剤、和光純薬工業社製)
エトドラク(和光純薬工業社製)
ロキソプロフェン(ロキソプロフェンNa、陽進堂社製)
ジクロフェナク(ジクロフェナクナトリウム、和光純薬工業社製)
セレコキシブ(SIGMA社製)
バルデコキシブ(SIGMA社製)
ピロキシカム(SIGMA社製)
アスピリン(アセチルサリチル酸、和光純薬工業社製)
インドメタシン(和光純薬工業社製)
ケトプロフェン(和光純薬工業社製)
イブプロフェン(和光純薬工業社製)
ナプロキセン(和光純薬工業社製)
OVAp(OVAペプチド、配列Ser Ile Ile Asn Phe Glu Lys Leu(配列番号16)の8アミノ酸のペプチド)
Survivin−2B(サバイビン2Bペプチド、癌抗原ペプチド)
GPC3(GPC3ペプチド、癌抗原ペプチド)
HER2/neu_A24(HER2/neu_A24ペプチド、癌抗原ペプチド)
MAGE−A3_A24(MAGE3_A24ペプチド、癌抗原ペプチド)
IPEP87(IPEP87ペプチド、感染性病原体由来抗原)
PR1(PR1ペプチド、癌抗原ペプチド)
HER2_A02(HER2/neu_A02ペプチド、癌抗原ペプチド)
MAGE−A3_A02(MAGE3_A02ペプチド、癌抗原ペプチド)
HBVenv(HBVenvペプチド、感染性病原体由来抗原)
HER2/neu_E75(HER2/neu_E75ペプチド、癌抗原ペプチド)
MUC1(MUC1ペプチド、癌抗原ペプチド)
Peptide−25(Pep25)
Peptide−25B(Pep25B)
PADRE
実施例、比較例で得られた経皮投与用クリーム剤について、以下の評価を行った。
以下の手順に従って、経皮投与用クリーム剤を用いて、免疫評価用モデル動物を用いたマウス免疫試験を行った。その後、ELISPOT法により、抗原特異的な細胞性免疫の誘導レベルを評価した。
ここにいう「免疫評価用モデル動物」は、ワクチン医薬組成物(ここでは経皮投与用クリーム剤)の免疫誘導特性を評価するためのモデル動物を意味し、具体的には、経皮投与用クリーム剤の細胞性免疫誘導レベルを評価するためのモデル動物を意味する。
免疫評価用モデル動物としては、経皮投与用クリーム剤中の抗原と、動物のMHCクラス1分子との適合性を考慮し、経皮投与用クリーム剤中の抗原による細胞性免疫誘導が評価可能な動物を用いた。
即ち、抗原がHLA−A*24型MHC拘束性クラス1ペプチドの場合は、BALB/cマウスで評価した。抗原がHLA−A*02型MHC拘束性ペプチドの場合は、HLA−A*02型MHC拘束性ペプチドによる細胞性免疫誘導を評価可能な遺伝子改変マウスで評価した。抗原が他のHLA型のMHC拘束性ペプチドの場合は、そのHLA型のMHC拘束性ペプチドによる細胞性免疫誘導を評価可能な動物で評価した。タンパク抗原の場合は、タンパク抗原のアミノ酸配列中に含まれるクラス1エピトープのうち、細胞性免疫誘導したいクラス1エピトープと適合性のあるMHCを有する動物で評価した。
(実施例1〜64、比較例1〜51)
下記表1〜4及び6中に示したマウスの背部を毛刈りし、毛刈りによる皮膚ダメージを回復させるための飼育期間を設けた後、マウスの背部皮膚に経皮投与用クリーム剤4mgを24時間投与して除去し、6日間の飼育を行った。投与から6日間経過後に脾臓を摘出し、脾細胞懸濁液を調製した。抗マウスIFN−γ抗体を固定化したELISPOTプレートのウェルに、脾細胞(5×105cells/well)と抗原ペプチド(100μM)とを培養液とともに入れ、37℃、5%CO2の培養条件にて20時間、共培養し、ELISPOT法にてIFN−γ産生細胞スポット数を評価した。IFN−γ産生細胞スポット数を「免疫結果」として下記表1〜4及び6に示した。また、図1に、比較例2(w/o Adjuvant)及び実施例1〜10の免疫結果を示した。
(実施例65〜76、比較例52〜57)
(経皮投与用テープ剤の調製)
下記表7の組成を有する経皮投与用テープ剤を調製した。具体的には、下記表7中に示した配合量で、上記に示した抗原ペプチド、ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤、必要に応じてヘルパーペプチドである第二の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤を配合し、そこに下記表7中に示した粘着剤及び有機溶媒(粘着剤がアクリルの場合は酢酸エチル、粘着剤がPIBの場合はトルエン)を、有機溶媒乾燥後の各成分と粘着剤との合計が100重量%となるように配合し、混和して、粘着剤溶液を調製した。得られた粘着剤溶液を乾燥後の厚みが約80μmになるように剥離ライナーに展延し、乾燥により有機溶媒を除去して、粘着剤層を形成した。剥離ライナーには、シリコーン剥離処理を施したポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)製ライナー(厚さ75μm)を用いた。得られた粘着剤層に支持体を貼り合わせて経皮投与用テープ剤を得た。支持体には、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム(厚さ25μm)を用いた。
この経皮投与用テープ剤を面積0.7cm2になるようカットし、これを免疫実験の投与サンプルとした。投与時には剥離ライナーを剥して投与した。
アクリル(不活性ガス雰囲気下、アクリル酸2−エチルへキシル75部、N−ビニル−2−ピロリドン22部、アクリル酸3部およびアゾビスイソブチロニトリル0.2部を酢酸エチル中60℃にて溶液重合させて得られたアクリル系粘着剤溶液)
PIB(ポリイソブチレン(オパノールB200、BASF社製)24部、ポリイソブチレン(オパノールB12、BASF社製)36部および脂環族系石油樹脂(アルコンP−100、荒川化学社製)40部をトルエンに溶解して得られたPIB粘着剤溶液)
実施例、比較例で得られた経皮投与用テープ剤について、以下の評価を行った。
経皮投与用クリーム剤の評価と同様の操作により、抗原特異的な細胞性免疫の誘導レベルを評価した。評価結果を「免疫結果」として下記表7に示した。
(実施例77〜91、比較例58〜59)
表1の経皮投与用クリーム剤と同じ要領にて、表8の組成を有する経皮投与用クリーム剤を調製した。マウスの右背部を毛刈りし、日東電工製OPPテープ(EZダンプロン No.3301EZ)にて角質剥離処理を5回実施した皮膚にクリーム剤を投与する(低侵襲投与)。24時間後、右背部の経皮投与用クリーム剤を除去し、6日間の飼育を行う。投与から6日間経過後に脾臓を摘出し、抗原特異的なIFN−γ産生細胞をELISPOT法により測定する。
下記表8に示すような低侵襲投与による免疫方法でも、投与抗原に対して特異的な細胞性免疫を誘導することができる。
Claims (9)
- 細胞性免疫誘導のためのワクチン医薬組成物であって、
抗原と、ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤とを含む
ことを特徴とするワクチン医薬組成物。 - ヘルパーペプチドである第二の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤を更に含む請求項1記載のワクチン医薬組成物。
- ビスホスホネート剤である第一の細胞性免疫誘導促進剤は、エチドロネート、クロドロネート、チルドロネート、パミドロネート、アレンドロネート、イバンドロネート、ネリドロネート、ゾレドロネート、リセドロネート及びミノドロネートからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種である請求項1又は2記載のワクチン医薬組成物。
- 抗酸化剤及び/又は抗炎症剤を更に含む請求項3記載のワクチン医薬組成物。
- 抗酸化剤は、亜硝酸ナトリウム、アスコルビン酸、亜硫酸水素ナトリウム、塩酸システイン、クエン酸水和物、ジブチルヒドロキシトルエン、大豆レシチン、トコフェロール、ピロ亜硝酸ナトリウム、ジブチルヒドロキシアニソール、1,3−ブチレングリコール、ベンゾトリアゾール、没食子酸プロピル及び2−メルカプトベンズイミダゾールからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種である請求項4記載のワクチン医薬組成物。
- 抗炎症剤は、ポリフェノール、アルカロイド及びホスホリパーゼA2阻害剤からなる群より選択される少なくとも一種である請求項4記載のワクチン医薬組成物。
- 抗炎症剤は、シクロオキシゲナーゼ阻害剤である請求項4記載のワクチン医薬組成物。
- シクロオキシゲナーゼ阻害剤は、シクロオキシゲナーゼ非選択的阻害剤、シクロオキシゲナーゼ1選択的阻害剤及びシクロオキシゲナーゼ2選択的阻害剤からなる群より選択される少なくとも一種である請求項7記載のワクチン医薬組成物。
- 体表面上に投与されるものである請求項1、2、3、4、5、6、7又は8記載のワクチン医薬組成物。
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