JP2014103962A - 吸水処理材 - Google Patents
吸水処理材 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2014103962A JP2014103962A JP2012262065A JP2012262065A JP2014103962A JP 2014103962 A JP2014103962 A JP 2014103962A JP 2012262065 A JP2012262065 A JP 2012262065A JP 2012262065 A JP2012262065 A JP 2012262065A JP 2014103962 A JP2014103962 A JP 2014103962A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- water
- absorbing treatment
- treatment material
- weight
- absorbing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 194
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000843 anti-fungal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940121375 antifungal agent Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000013373 food additive Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002778 food additive Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002781 deodorant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 13
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 9
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012792 core layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000247 superabsorbent polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- HGUFODBRKLSHSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin Chemical compound O1C2=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C2OC2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2 HGUFODBRKLSHSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010053567 Coagulopathies Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000017020 Ipomoea batatas Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002678 Ipomoea batatas Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000003183 Manihot esculenta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016735 Manihot esculenta subsp esculenta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004373 Pullulan Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001218 Pullulan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003796 beauty Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012216 bentonite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 1
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035602 clotting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004332 deodorization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001877 deodorizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013325 dietary fiber Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 fluff pulp Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002504 physiological saline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019423 pullulan Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940100486 rice starch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium polyacrylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C=C NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940100445 wheat starch Drugs 0.000 description 1
Images
Landscapes
- Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】 吸水処理材1は、オカラを主材料とするとともに、塩ビ壁紙分級物を副材料とする。
【選択図】 図1
Description
[構成]
[作用効果]
[製造方法]
[本発明の他の実施形態]
10 粒状芯部
20 被覆層部
Claims (11)
- オカラを主材料とするとともに、塩ビ壁紙分級物を副材料とすることを特徴とする吸水処理材。
- 請求項1に記載の吸水処理材において、
当該吸水処理材における前記オカラの含有率は、50重量%以上95重量%以下であり、
当該吸水処理材における前記塩ビ壁紙分級物の含有率は、5重量%以上50重量%以下である吸水処理材。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の吸水処理材において、
接着性材料を含有し、
当該吸水処理材における前記接着性材料の含有率は、10重量%以下である吸水処理材。 - 請求項3に記載の吸水処理材において、
前記接着性材料は、澱粉、CMC、PVA、アルギン酸ナトリウム又は高吸水性ポリマーである吸水処理材。 - 請求項1乃至4の何れかに記載の吸水処理材において、
前記塩ビ壁紙分級物は、0.4mm以下の目幅を有するスクリーンを通過することにより粉砕された粉砕物である吸水処理材。 - 請求項1乃至5の何れかに記載の吸水処理材において、
比重が0.45以下である吸水処理材。 - 請求項1乃至6の何れかに記載の吸水処理材において、
食品添加物である着色料を含有する吸水処理材。 - 請求項1乃至7の何れかに記載の吸水処理材において、
消臭性材料、殺菌性材料、防黴性材料又は芳香性材料を含有する吸水処理材。 - 請求項1乃至8の何れかに記載の吸水処理材において、
粒状芯部と、前記粒状芯部を覆う被覆層部とを備える吸水処理材。 - 請求項9に記載の吸水処理材において、
当該吸水処理材における前記被覆層部の占める割合は、15重量%以下である吸水処理材。 - 請求項9又は10に記載の吸水処理材において、
前記被覆層部は、オカラ、有機繊維及び接着性材料を含有する吸水処理材。
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012262065A JP6022912B2 (ja) | 2012-11-30 | 2012-11-30 | 吸水処理材 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012262065A JP6022912B2 (ja) | 2012-11-30 | 2012-11-30 | 吸水処理材 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2014103962A true JP2014103962A (ja) | 2014-06-09 |
JP6022912B2 JP6022912B2 (ja) | 2016-11-09 |
Family
ID=51025994
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012262065A Active JP6022912B2 (ja) | 2012-11-30 | 2012-11-30 | 吸水処理材 |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP6022912B2 (ja) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2015097996A (ja) * | 2013-11-19 | 2015-05-28 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材 |
JP2016000018A (ja) * | 2014-06-12 | 2016-01-07 | 株式会社大貴 | 排泄物処理材及びそれを用いた動物用トイレ |
JP2016039795A (ja) * | 2014-08-13 | 2016-03-24 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材 |
JP2016041037A (ja) * | 2014-08-18 | 2016-03-31 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材 |
JP2016041038A (ja) * | 2014-08-18 | 2016-03-31 | 株式会社大貴 | 排泄物処理材及びそれを用いた動物用トイレ |
JP2016043282A (ja) * | 2014-08-20 | 2016-04-04 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材及びその製造方法 |
JP2016042840A (ja) * | 2014-08-25 | 2016-04-04 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材 |
JP2016073247A (ja) * | 2014-10-08 | 2016-05-12 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS62221444A (ja) * | 1986-03-22 | 1987-09-29 | Suzuki Yasuo | 吸収材料 |
JP2000041514A (ja) * | 1998-07-30 | 2000-02-15 | Shiseido Co Ltd | 動物飼育用床敷材 |
JP2001346466A (ja) * | 2000-06-06 | 2001-12-18 | Uni Harts Kk | トイレに流し捨てることができる動物用排泄物処理材 |
JP2005087125A (ja) * | 2003-09-18 | 2005-04-07 | Fuji Raito Kogyo Kk | 排泄物処理材 |
JP2006101714A (ja) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-04-20 | Daiki:Kk | 粒状の排泄物処理材及び製造方法 |
JP2010124804A (ja) * | 2008-11-29 | 2010-06-10 | Hiroshi Ito | 粒状の排泄物処理材及び製造方法 |
-
2012
- 2012-11-30 JP JP2012262065A patent/JP6022912B2/ja active Active
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS62221444A (ja) * | 1986-03-22 | 1987-09-29 | Suzuki Yasuo | 吸収材料 |
JP2000041514A (ja) * | 1998-07-30 | 2000-02-15 | Shiseido Co Ltd | 動物飼育用床敷材 |
JP2001346466A (ja) * | 2000-06-06 | 2001-12-18 | Uni Harts Kk | トイレに流し捨てることができる動物用排泄物処理材 |
JP2005087125A (ja) * | 2003-09-18 | 2005-04-07 | Fuji Raito Kogyo Kk | 排泄物処理材 |
JP2006101714A (ja) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-04-20 | Daiki:Kk | 粒状の排泄物処理材及び製造方法 |
JP2010124804A (ja) * | 2008-11-29 | 2010-06-10 | Hiroshi Ito | 粒状の排泄物処理材及び製造方法 |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2015097996A (ja) * | 2013-11-19 | 2015-05-28 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材 |
JP2016000018A (ja) * | 2014-06-12 | 2016-01-07 | 株式会社大貴 | 排泄物処理材及びそれを用いた動物用トイレ |
JP2016039795A (ja) * | 2014-08-13 | 2016-03-24 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材 |
JP2016041037A (ja) * | 2014-08-18 | 2016-03-31 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材 |
JP2016041038A (ja) * | 2014-08-18 | 2016-03-31 | 株式会社大貴 | 排泄物処理材及びそれを用いた動物用トイレ |
JP2016043282A (ja) * | 2014-08-20 | 2016-04-04 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材及びその製造方法 |
JP2016042840A (ja) * | 2014-08-25 | 2016-04-04 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材 |
JP2016073247A (ja) * | 2014-10-08 | 2016-05-12 | 株式会社大貴 | 吸水処理材 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP6022912B2 (ja) | 2016-11-09 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP6022912B2 (ja) | 吸水処理材 | |
JP5965275B2 (ja) | 吸水処理材 | |
JP5694678B2 (ja) | 粒状の排泄物処理材及び製造方法 | |
US9307742B2 (en) | Excrement treatment material | |
WO2004093926A1 (ja) | 消臭機能を有する材料及びその製造方法 | |
JP6137815B2 (ja) | 吸水処理材 | |
JP2005021071A (ja) | 動物用排泄物処理材 | |
JP5871727B2 (ja) | 吸水処理材及びその製造方法 | |
JP4630963B2 (ja) | 粒状の排泄物処理材及び製造方法 | |
JP6173184B2 (ja) | 吸水処理材 | |
JP6173330B2 (ja) | 吸水処理材 | |
JP6510877B2 (ja) | 吸水処理材及びその製造方法 | |
JP4908545B2 (ja) | 吸水処理材及びその製造方法 | |
JP6648957B2 (ja) | 吸水処理材 | |
JP2006246903A (ja) | 粒状の排泄物処理材及び製造方法 | |
JP2014103864A (ja) | 排泄物処理材 | |
JP2014018694A (ja) | 吸水処理材の製造方法 | |
JP2003219746A (ja) | 粒状の汚物処理材の製造方法 | |
JP2017192320A (ja) | 排泄物処理材及びその製造方法 | |
JP3921481B2 (ja) | 粒状の排泄物処理材の製造方法 | |
JP2013240310A (ja) | 吸水処理材の製造方法 | |
JP3638537B2 (ja) | 粒状の排泄物処理材及び製造方法 | |
JP5105659B2 (ja) | 消臭シート | |
JP2016041041A (ja) | 吸水処理材 | |
JP2002253076A (ja) | 粒状の排泄物処理材及び製造方法 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20150508 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20160224 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20160301 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20160425 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20161004 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20161006 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6022912 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
S111 | Request for change of ownership or part of ownership |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313111 |
|
R350 | Written notification of registration of transfer |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
S531 | Written request for registration of change of domicile |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313531 |
|
R350 | Written notification of registration of transfer |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350 |