JP2014007258A - 電気二重層キャパシタ用電解液および電気二重層キャパシタ - Google Patents
電気二重層キャパシタ用電解液および電気二重層キャパシタ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2014007258A JP2014007258A JP2012141439A JP2012141439A JP2014007258A JP 2014007258 A JP2014007258 A JP 2014007258A JP 2012141439 A JP2012141439 A JP 2012141439A JP 2012141439 A JP2012141439 A JP 2012141439A JP 2014007258 A JP2014007258 A JP 2014007258A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- methylimidazolium
- electrolyte
- double layer
- electric double
- fullerene
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 96
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910016467 AlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018286 SbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- -1 fullerene cation Chemical class 0.000 description 76
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 19
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylammonium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 11
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 125000006340 pentafluoro ethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
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- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N allyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC=C XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DXJLCRNXYNRGRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tributyl(methyl)azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC DXJLCRNXYNRGRA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- JGTNAGYHADQMCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F JGTNAGYHADQMCM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- YFSUTJLHUFNCNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadecafluorooctane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F YFSUTJLHUFNCNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXELHGDYRQLRQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound CCCC[N+]1(C)CCCC1 PXELHGDYRQLRQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MEMNKNZDROKJHP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-butyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium;methyl sulfate Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 MEMNKNZDROKJHP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C)=CC=CC2=C1 QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PAMIQIKDUOTOBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylpiperidine Chemical compound CN1CCCCC1 PAMIQIKDUOTOBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEZNGIUYQVAUSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 18-crown-6 Chemical compound C1COCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO1 XEZNGIUYQVAUSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQKFNUFAXTZWDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methylfuran Chemical compound CC1=CC=CO1 VQKFNUFAXTZWDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BSKHPKMHTQYZBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpyridine Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=N1 BSKHPKMHTQYZBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WRMNZCZEMHIOCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethanol Chemical compound OCCC1=CC=CC=C1 WRMNZCZEMHIOCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MXLMTQWGSQIYOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-2-butanol Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)O MXLMTQWGSQIYOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QCOGKXLOEWLIDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylbutylamine Chemical compound CCCCNC QCOGKXLOEWLIDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
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- KYVBNYUBXIEUFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine Chemical compound CN(C)C(=N)N(C)C KYVBNYUBXIEUFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- ZKWSMHMGQLTZGI-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl carbonate;tributyl(methyl)azanium Chemical compound COC([O-])=O.CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC ZKWSMHMGQLTZGI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZZYYIQABNHXUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl carbonate;tributyl(methyl)phosphanium Chemical compound COC([O-])=O.CCCC[P+](C)(CCCC)CCCC ZZYYIQABNHXUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VTQIDJHZYPEFBP-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl carbonate;triethyl(methyl)azanium Chemical compound COC([O-])=O.CC[N+](C)(CC)CC VTQIDJHZYPEFBP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- WLTHPEHYBIKNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl sulfate;tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-methylazanium Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.OCC[N+](C)(CCO)CCO WLTHPEHYBIKNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NJOSLBYBLJVAMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl(trioctyl)azanium;2-sulfanylbenzoate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1S.CCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC NJOSLBYBLJVAMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003017 phosphorus Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfamate Chemical compound NS([O-])(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HATVYMZYGANAFO-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylazanium;2,4,6-trinitrophenolate Chemical compound [O-]C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC HATVYMZYGANAFO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DPKBAXPHAYBPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DPKBAXPHAYBPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QHOKENWFMZXSEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylazanium;nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC QHOKENWFMZXSEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSHBFZCIFFBTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylazanium;thiocyanate Chemical compound [S-]C#N.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC RSHBFZCIFFBTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YNJQKNVVBBIPBA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylazanium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC YNJQKNVVBBIPBA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KCSOHLKZTZMKQA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraheptylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCCCCC[N+](CCCCCCC)(CCCCCCC)CCCCCCC KCSOHLKZTZMKQA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SYZCZDCAEVUSPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrahexylazanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCC[N+](CCCCCC)(CCCCCC)CCCCCC SYZCZDCAEVUSPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrothiophene Chemical compound C1CCSC1 RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMKCBSPIAGPRBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrakis(3-methylbutyl)azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CC(C)CC[N+](CCC(C)C)(CCC(C)C)CCC(C)C BMKCBSPIAGPRBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SPALIFXDWQTXKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapentylazanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCC[N+](CCCCC)(CCCCC)CCCCC SPALIFXDWQTXKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HNKJADCVZUBCPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioanisole Chemical compound CSC1=CC=CC=C1 HNKJADCVZUBCPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M toluene-4-sulfonate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylazanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCN(CC)CC ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000001889 triflyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- JCQGIZYNVAZYOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[P+](CCCCCC)(CCCCCC)CCCCCC JCQGIZYNVAZYOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphite Chemical compound COP(OC)OC CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
【解決手段】電解質と電極とを有するキャパシタであり、該電解質に原子内包フラーレン又は原子内包フラーレン塩を含んでいるキャパシタ。
【選択図】図1
Description
電気二重層キャパシタは、リチウム二次電池とは異なり蓄電に化学反応を伴わない。そのため、電気二重層キャパシタは、急速充放電が可能であり、サイクル寿命が長く、瞬時に大電流が必要な機器のパワーアシストやエネルギー回生の用途に好適に用いることができる。
第1の問題は、静電容量が低いという問題である。静電容量の向上については、電極材料の比表面積を大きくする工夫により改善が図られ、リチウムイオン二次電池並みの静電容量を実現している。
しかし、より大きな静電容量を有する電気二重層キャパシタの実現が望まれている。
請求項3に係る発明は、前記電解質は固体である請求項1記載のキャパシタである。
請求項4に係る発明は、原子内包フラーレン又は原子内包フラーレン塩のカチオンが前記電解質内において移動可能とした請求項3記載の電気二重層キャパシタである。
請求項5に係る発明は、原子内包フラーレン又は原子内包フラーレン塩のカチオンが前記電解質内において固定されている請求項3記載のキャパシタである。
請求項7に係る発明は、原子は金属である請求項1ないし6のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタである。
請求項8に係る発明は、前記金属はアルカリ金属である請求項7記載のキャパシタである。
請求項10に係る発明は、原子内包フラーレンの対となるイオンはCl-、Br-、F-、I-、ClO3 -、ClO4 -、BF4 -、AlCl4 -、PF6 -、SbCl6 -又はSbF6 -である請求項1ないし8のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタである。
請求項11に係る発明は、原子内包フラーレンの対となるイオンは、原子内包フラーレンを結晶状に配列した際に形成される空隙における最小距離よりも小さな直径を有する請求項6記載のキャパシタである。
請求項13に係る発明は、前記原子内包フラーレンの塩はLi@C60・PF6である請求項1ないし9、12のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタである。
請求項14に係る発明は、電極は多孔質材料からなる請求項1ないし13のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタである。
請求項15に係る発明は、電極は銀からなる請求項1ないし14のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタである。
請求項16に係る発明は、原子内包フラーレンを含むキャパシタ用電解質である。
イオン液体を電解液に用いる従来の電気二重層キャパシタよりもはるかに大きな静電容量を達成することができる。その結果、より大きなエネルギー密度を有するキャパシタが実現できる。
リチウムイオン電池にしろ、電気二重層キャパシタにしろ、カチオン(主に金属)は電極と直接接触してしまい、電極に皮膜を形成してしまう。印加電圧が高いほどこの傾向は高く、そのため、電解質としてイオン液体を用いた場合であっても定格電圧に限界があった。本発明では、カチオンはフラーレンのケージで保護され直接電極と接触することはないため電極との反応がないため皮膜の形成ということは発生せず、この点からも定格電圧を従来よりもはるかに高くすることが可能となる。
アルカリ金属の中で最も電荷の大きいリチウムイオンが相互に完全に独立した状態で保持され、さらに、フラーレンの殻は電解液からのリチウムイオンの溶媒和を阻害し、球対称であるため高移動速度を有する。そのため大きいパワー密度が実現できる。
本発明では、原子内包フラーレンを含む溶液を電解液とする電気二重層キャパシタである。
原子内包フラーレンは、フラーレンは、直径約0.7〜1.0nmのサッカーボールやラグビーボールのような対称性のよい形状をした、特異な立体構造(ケージ構造)をとる炭素の分子構造体である。このフラーレンはケージの内側に原子を数個程度入れることができる自由空間をもっており、その自由空間に原子を含むものが原子内包フラーレンである。
対となるイオンとしては、カチオンを積層した場合に形成される空隙の大きさり小さい直径を有するイオンが好ましい。例えば、[Li@C60]塩の場合、原子半径が0.4nm以下のイオンが好ましい。ハロゲン系が好ましい。特にFが好ましい。
例えば、[Li+@C60][PF6-]を[Li+@C60][F-]に交換したい場合には、例えば、下記に示す一般的に知られた方法を用いればよい。
([Li+@C60][PF6-])+KF+18-crown-6
→([Li+@C60][F-])+{([18-crown-6]K+)+[PF6-]}
その他の手法としては、イオン交換樹脂を用いる方法もある。
原子内包フラーレンの双極子モーメントについて式1を用いたシミュレーションを用いて測定した。
例として、[Li@C60][PF6]塩について行った。なお、[Li@C60][PF6]塩については、C60内におけるLi+の位置等の構造は既に解析され、公表されている。
μ=q×r(q:電荷、r:両電荷間の距離) 式1
ここで、電気双極子モーメントは正電荷から負電荷への力のベクトルであり、rとしてLi+と[PF6]−との距離とした。
双極子モーメントの大きさと誘電率の大きさが正の相関関係を有すると考えると、原子内包フラーレン塩の誘電率は、チタン酸バリウムの誘電率の5〜6倍という大きな値となる。
本発明では、原子内包フラーレンを電解液に含ませるが、その溶媒としては、イオン液体、有機溶媒、イオン液体と有機溶媒との混合体が挙げられる。
イオン液体とは、陽イオンと陰イオンから成る塩の中で室温でも液体であるものである。
イオン液体は、陽イオンの種類でピリジン系、脂環族アミン系、脂肪族アミン系の3つに大別される。これに 組み合わせる陰イオンの種類を選択することで、多様な構造を合成できる。用いられる陽イオンには、イミダゾリウム塩類・ピリジニウム塩類などのアンモニウム系、ホスホニウム系イオン、無系イオンなど、陰 イオンの採用例としては、臭化物イオンやトリフラートなどのハロゲン系、テトラフェニルボレートなどのホ ウ素系、ヘキサフルオロホスフェートなどのリン系などがある。
(表1)
●1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
●1-(2-Methoxyethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate
●1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride purum
●1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide
●1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazoliumbis-(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-(3-Cyanopropyl)pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-(3-Cyanopropyl)pyridinium chloride
●1-(Cyanomethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride
●1,2,3-Trimethylimidazolium chloride
●1,2,3-Trimethylimidazolium methylsulfate
●1,2,4-Trimethylpyrazolium methylsulfate,
●1,2-Dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide
●1,2-Dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-methide
●1,3-Bis(3-cyanopropyl)imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1,3-Bis(3-cyanopropyl)imidazolium chloride
●1,3-Bis(cyanomethyl)imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1,3-Bis(cyanomethyl)imidazolium chloride
●1,3-Dibutylimidazolium chloride
●1,3-Dibutylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate
●1,3-Dimethylimidazolium chloride
●1,3-Dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate
●1,3-Dimethylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate
●1,3-Dimethylimidazolium iodide
●1,3-Dimethylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate
●1,4-Dibutyl-3-phenylimidazoliumbis[trifluoromethylsulfonyl]amide
●1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methylcarbonate
●1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tetracyanoborate
●1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate
●1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride
●1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide
●1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate
●1-Butyl-2,3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-(2methoxyethoxy) ethyl sulfate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium heptachlorodialuminate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium octylsulfate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium triiodide
●1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate
●1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Butylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
●1-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
●1-Ethyl-1-methylpiperidinium methylcarbonate
●1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide
●1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride
●1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethylsulfate
●1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
●1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium methylcarbonate
●1-Ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 2(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylsulfate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoroarsenate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrite
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium octylsulfate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrabromoaluminate(III)
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachlorogallate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium triiodide
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate
●1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide
●1-Hexyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium tetracyanoborate
●1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
●1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
●1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate
●1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluormethylsulfonat
●1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate
●1-Hexyloxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Hexyloxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
●1-i-Propyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-i-Propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide
●1-i-Propyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-hexafluorophosphate
●1-Methyl-3-methyl-imidazolium dimethylphosphate
●1-Methyl-3-methyl-imidazolium methylsulfate
●1-Methyl-3-propylimidazolium chloride
●1-Methyl-4-octylpyridinium bromide
●1-Methyl-4-octylpyridinium chloride
●1-Methyl-4-octylpyridinium iodide
●1-Methylimidazolium chloride
●1-Methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate
●1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide
●1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride
●1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate
●1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate
●1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
●1-n-Heptyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
●1-n-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
●1-n-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
●1-n-Pentyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
●1-n-Propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide
●1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
●1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluormethylsulfonat
●1-Propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride
●1-Propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
●1-Propyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate
●1-Vinyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate
●2,3 Dimethyl-1-propylimidazolium bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide
●2,3 Dimethyl-1-propylimidazolium iodide
●2,3-Dimethyl-1-n-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●2,4,5-Trimethylimidazolium chloride
●2-Hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium acetate
●2-Hydroxyethyl-trimethylammonium dimethylphosphate
●3-Methyl-1-propylimidazolium bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide
●3-Methyl-1-propylimidazolium iodide
●3-Methyl-1-propylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●4-Ethyl-4-methylmorpholinium methylcarbonate
●4-Methyl-N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate
●Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate
●Ethyldimethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphat
●Ethyl-dimethyl-propylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●Methyltrioctylammonium thiosalicylate
●N-(Methoxyethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●N,N-Dimethylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●N,N-Dimethylpyrrolidinium iodide
●N-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●N-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis[oxalato(2-)-O,O´]borate
●N-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide
●N-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride
●N-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide
●N-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate
●N-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate
●N-Butyl-4-(N',N'-dimethylammonium)pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●N-Butylpyridinium chloride
●N-Butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate
●N-Ethyl-3-methylpyridinium ethylsulfate
●N-Ethyl-3-methylpyridinium perfluorobutanesulfonate
●N-Ethyl-4-(N',N'-dimethylammonium)pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●N-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-methoxyethylammonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate
●N-Ethylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●N-Hexyl-4-(N',N'-dimethylammonium)pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●N-Methyl-N-Ethylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●N-Methyl-N-n-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●Pentamethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●Pentamethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
●Pentamethylimidazolium iodide
●Pyridinium ethoxyethylsulfate
●Tetrabutylammonium chloride
●Tetraethylammonium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide
●Tetraethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●Tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate
●Tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate
●Tetraethylammonium tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide
●Tetrahexylammonium perchlorate
●Tetra-iso-pentylammoniumiodide
●Tetramethylammonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium 4-toluenesulfonate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium benzenesulfonate
●Tetra-n-butylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
●Tetra-N-butylammonium bromide
●Tetra-N-butylammonium butanesulfonate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium ethanesulfonate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium methanesulfonate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium nitrate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium nitrite
●Tetra-N-butylammonium octanesulfonate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium pentacyanopropenide
●Tetra-N-butylammonium pentafluoroenzenesulfonate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium perfluorobutanesulfonate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium perfluorooctanesulfonate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium picrate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium sulfamate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium tetra-N-butylborate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium thiocyanate
●Tetra-N-butylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate
●Tetra-n-butylammonium tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide
●Tetra-N-butylammoniumiodide
●Tetra-N-heptylammoniumiodide
●Tetra-N-hexylammoniumbromide
●Tetra-N-hexylammoniumiodide
●Tetra-N-hexylammoniumtetrafluoroborate
●Tetra-N-pentylammoniumiodide
●Tetra-N-pentylammoniumnitrate
●Tetra-N-pentylammoniumthiocyanate
●Tetrapentylammonium bromide
●Tributylmethylammonium methylcarbonate
●Tributylmethylammonium methylsulfate
●Tributylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate
●Tributylmethylphosphonium methylcarbonate
●Triethylamine hydrochloride 2[AlCl3]
●Triethylmethylammonium dibutylphosphate
●Triethylmethylammonium methylcarbonate
●Triethylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate
●Tri-N-butylmethylammonium butanesulfonate
●Tri-N-butylmethylammonium octanesulfonate
●Tri-N-butylmethylammonium perfluorobutanesulfonate
●Tri-N-butylmethylammonium perfluorooctanesulfonate
●Tri-n-hexyl-n-tetradecylphosphonium chloride
●Trioctylmethylammonium thiosalicylate
●Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium methylsulfate
有機溶媒の例を表2に示す。
原子内包フラーレンの溶解度等を考慮して適宜選択すればよい。
●1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol
●1,1,1-trichloroethane
●1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
●1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane
●1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene
●1,2-butanediol
●1,2-dichlorobenzene
●1,2-dichloroethane
●1,2-dimethoxybenzene (veratrole)
●1,2-dimethoxyethane (monoglyme)
●1,2-propanediol
●1,3-butanediol
●1,3-dioxolane
●1,3-propanediol
●1,4-butanediol
●1,4-dimethylpiperazine
●1,4-dioxane
●1-butanol
●1-chlorobutane
●1-decanol
●1-heptanol
●1-hexanol
●1-methylnaphthalene
●1-methylpiperidine
●1-methylpyrrole
●1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one
●1-methylpyrrolidine
●1-nonanol
●1-octanol
●1-pentanol
●1-propanol
●1-undecanol
●2,2,2-trichloroethanol
●2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
●2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol
●2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butanol
●2,2,4-trimethylpentane
●2,3-butanediol
●2,4,6-trimethylpyridine
●2,6-dimethylpyridine
●2-butanol
●2-butanone
●2-butoxyethanol
●2-chloroethanol
●2-hexanol
●2-methoxyethanol
●2-methoxyethyl ether (diglyme)
●2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
●2-methyl-1-butanol
●2-methyl-1-pentanol
●2-methyl-1-propanol
●2-methyl-2-butanol
●2-methyl-2-propanol
●2-methylbutane
●2-methylbutiric acid
●2-methylfuran
●2-methylpyridine
●2-methyltetrahydrofuran
●2-octanol
●2-pentanol
●2-pentanone
●2-phenylethanol
●2-propanol
●2-pyrrolidinone
●3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone (isophorone)
●3-hexanol
●3-methyl-1-butanol
●3-methyl-2-butanol
●3-pentanol
●3-pentanone
●4-methyl-2-pentanone
●acetic acid
●acetone
●acetonitrile
●acetophenone
●allyl alcohol (2-propenol)
●anisol (methyl phenyl ether)
●benzene
●benzonitrile
●benzyl alcohol
●bromobenzene
●butyronitrile
●carbon disulfide
●chloroacetonitrile
●chlorobenzene
●chloroform
●cineole
●cis-decaline
●cycloheptane
●cycloheptanol
●cyclohexane
●cyclohexanol
●cyclohexanone
●cyclohexylamine
●cyclooctane
●cyclooctanol
●cyclopentane
●cyclopentanol
●cyclopentanone
●decaline
●decane
●dibenzyl ether
●dichloroacetic acid
●dichloromethane
●diethyl ether
●diisopropyl ether
●dimethoxymethane
●dimethyl carbonate
●dimethyl sulphite
●dimethyl sulfoxide
●di-n-butyl ether
●di-n-butyl oxalate
●di-n-butylamine
●di-n-hexyl ether
●di-n-pentyl ether
●di-n-propyl ether
●dodecane
●ethanol
●ethyl 2-methoxy acetate
●ethyl acetate
●ethyl benzoate
●ethyl salicylate
●ethylbenzene
●ethylcyclohexane
●ethylen glycol (1,2-ethanediol)
●ethylenediamine
●ethylphenileter
●fluorobenzene
●formamide
●formic acid
●furan
●gas
●g-butyrolactone
●glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol)
●heptane
●heptanoic acid
●hexadecane
●hexafluorobenzene
●hexane
●hexanoic acid
●HMPA (hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide)
●iodobenzene
●iodoethane
●isoamyl acetate
●isobutiric acid
●isobutyronitrile
●isovaleric acid
●m-cresol
●mesitylene
●methanol
●methyl acetate
●methyl benzoate
●methyl formate
●methyl salicylate
●methylcyclohexane
●Methylene chloride
●morpholine
●m-xylene
●N,N´-dimethylpropyleneurea
●N,N-diethylacetamide
●N,N-diethylformamide
●N,N-dimethylacetamide
●N,N-dimethylaniline
●N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine
●N,N-dimethylformamide
●n-butyl acetate
●n-butyl methyl amine
●n-butyl methyl ether
●n-butylamine
●n-butylbenzene
●n-butylciclohexane
●n-butyric acid
●nitrobenzene
●nitroethane
●nitromethane
●N-methylacetamide
●N-methylaniline
●N-methylcyclohexylamine
●N-methylformamide
●N-methylimidazole
●nonane
●nonanoic acid
●n-propyl acetate
●n-propyl formate
●n-propylbenzene
●n-propylcyclohexane
●octane
●octanoic acid
●o-xylene
●pentadecane
●pentafluoropropionic acid
●pentane
●perfluorohexane
●perfluoropyridine
●petroleum ether
●piperidine
●propargyl alcohol (2-propynol)
●propionic acid
●propionitrile
●propiophenone
●propylene carbonate
●p-xylene
●pyridine
●pyrrole
●pyrrolidine
●sulfolane
●tert-butyl methyl ether
●tert-butylbenzene
●tert-butylcyclohexane
●tetrachloromethane
●tetrahydrofuran
●tetrahydropyran
●tetrahydrothiophene
●tetraline
●tetramethylguanidine
●tetramethylurea
●thioanisole
●toluene
●triacetin
●trichloroethene
●triethyl phosphate
●triethyl phosphite
●triethylamine
●trifluoroacetic acid
●trifluoro-m-cresol
●trifluoromethylbenzene
●trimethyl orthoformate
●trimethyl phosphate
●trimethyl phosphite
●trimethylacetic acid
●tri-n-butylamine
●tri-n-propylamine
●undecane
●valeric acid
●valeronitrile
原子内包フラーレンや原子内包フラーレンから成る塩のイオン液体への溶解は、秤量した原子内包フラーレンや原子内包フラーレンから成る塩の入った容器に必要量のイオン液体を取り、攪拌する事で行えばよい。
原子内包フラーレンや原子内包フラーレンから成る塩のイオン液体への溶解が遅い場合には、原子内包フラーレンや原子内包フラーレンから成る塩とイオン液体の温度を上げればよい。
[溶液型電気二重層キャパシタ]
図1に電気二重層キャパシタの基本構造例を示す。
図1に示す例は、イオン液体中にリチウム内包フラーレンを含ませた例である。
イオン液体中にリチウム内包フラーレンを含む電解液を2枚の電極で挟む構造である。
電極としては、例えば、金、銀、銅、白金、黒鉛、グラファイト、ステンレス、アルミニウム等を用いる事が出来る。
なお、電極は、電極同士が接触しない様に設置した。電極同士の間隔を狭くして作成する場合には、電気的絶縁性があり電解液を投下するセパレータを電極間に入れればよい。電極間の空間は電解液で満たす。
また、セル電解液の充填は、酸素や水蒸気を除いて電解液や電極が劣化しない様にした雰囲気の中で行うことが好ましい。かかる雰囲気としては、窒素やアルゴン雰囲気を使用する事が出来る。
また、従来のリチウムイオン2次電池においては、電解液中のリチウムイオンは溶媒和され、実際には大きい塊として振舞うため移動速度が遅い。それに対して、フラーレンの殻はリチウムイオンの溶媒和を阻害し、フラーレンは、球対称であるため移動速度が速い。そのため。速い充放電速度、高い出力密度が達成される。
図7に固体型電気二重層キャパシタの構造を示す。
原子内包フラーレンは、大きな双極子モーメントを有し、大きな双極子モーメントを有する分子は高誘電率を発現するため、図7に示す構造の電気二重層キャパシタは大容量化が可能となる。
図に示す例では、[Li@C60][F]塩が示されている。
印加電圧が[Li@C60]と[F]との対を切り離す電圧以下の場合は、電気二重層キャパシタを形成する。
この場合、電極表面の一分子層の電気二重層だけが蓄電に寄与している。
C=(ε/4πδ)・S
ε:誘電率
δ:電気二重層の厚さ
S:電極海面の表面積
一方、+電極側のおいては、[Li@C60][F]塩における[F]−が+電極側にくるように[Li@C60][F]塩は回転し、[F]−が電気二重層を形成する。
図8に固体型のキャパシタ構造を示す。
本例は、原子内包フラーレン塩を結晶状に配列させ、その結晶を電極で挟んで構成している。
移動することはない。
リチウム内包フラーレン(陽イオン)で埋め尽くされた完全固体セル構造であり、機械的・化学的に安定であり、高耐圧性を有し、高エネルギー密度のキャパシタが実現される。
陽イオンが動かず、陰イオンのみが動くため、セル内部にイオン濃度分布ができ内部電界が発生する。そのため、速いイオンの拡散(すなわち、小さい内部抵抗)が実現でき、高パワー密度のキャパシタが実現される。
さらに、直径1nmのフラーレンの充填構造が作る大きな空間を陰イオンは自由に動くことが出来るため高速充電が実現される。
本例では、電解液として、Li@C60・PF6を溶解した1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfateを用いた。
なお、Li@C60・PF6は、特許文献2に記載された方法により合成し、それを図6に示す工程により精製することにより得たLi@C60・PF6を用いた。
電気二重層キャパシタCの電極から取り出したリードに充電用の抵抗R1(235Ω)を直列に接続し、抵抗R1を介して直流電源装置で電圧V(0.39V)を電気二重層キャパシタCの2本のリードに印加し、電気二重層キャパシタCへの充電を行った。
充電を行った電気二重層キャパシタCから充電用の抵抗R1を外し、電気二重層キャパシタCの2本のリード線に放電用の抵抗R2(100kΩ)を接続して放電させた。電気二重層キャパシタCに放電させる間、電気二重層キャパシタCに電圧計を並列に接続してリード間の電圧の変化を測定した。
キャパシタから放電させている間のキャパシタの電極間の電圧を測定した結果を図4に示す。
電気二重層キャパシタの電解液として原子内包フラーレンを溶解させた電解質を利用する事で、原子内包フラーレンを溶解させていない電解質を利用する場合と比べて2倍の容量を達成させる事が可能であった。
設定電圧5Vとして所定時間の定電圧充電を行いその後の静電容量の初期の値と比較した。容量維持率は、実施例の場合は比較例の場合に比べて優れていた。
Claims (16)
- 電解質と電極とを有するキャパシタであり、該電解質に原子内包フラーレン又は原子内包フラーレン塩を含んでいるキャパシタ。
- 前記電解質は溶液である請求項1記載の電気二重層キャパシタ。
- 前記電解質は固体である請求項1記載のキャパシタ。
- 原子内包フラーレン又は原子内包フラーレン塩のカチオンが前記電解質内において移動可能とした請求項3記載の電気二重層キャパシタ。
- 原子内包フラーレン又は原子内包フラーレン塩のカチオンが前記電解質内において固定されている請求項3記載のキャパシタ。
- 原子内包フラーレンを結晶状に配列した請求項5記載のキャパシタ。
- 原子は金属である請求項1ないし6のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタ。
- 前記金属はアルカリ金属である請求項7記載のキャパシタ。
- フラーレンはC60である請求項1ないし8のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタ。
- 原子内包フラーレンの対となるイオンはCl-、Br-、F-、I-、ClO3 -、ClO4 -、BF4 -、AlCl4 -、PF6 -、SbCl6 -又はSbF6 -である請求項1ないし8のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタ。
- 原子内包フラーレンの対となるイオンは、原子内包フラーレンを結晶状に配列した際に形成される空隙における最小距離よりも小さな直径を有する請求項6記載のキャパシタ。
- 前記溶液はイオン液体又は有機溶媒である請求項2記載のキャパシタ。
- 前記原子内包フラーレンの塩はLi@C60・PF6である請求項1ないし9、12のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタ。
- 電極は多孔質材料からなる請求項1ないし13のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタ。
- 電極は銀からなる請求項1ないし14のいずれか1項記載のキャパシタ。
- 原子内包フラーレンを含むキャパシタ用電解質。
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