JP2013541501A - 慢性リンパ性白血病(cll)のバイオマーカー - Google Patents
慢性リンパ性白血病(cll)のバイオマーカー Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013541501A JP2013541501A JP2013523261A JP2013523261A JP2013541501A JP 2013541501 A JP2013541501 A JP 2013541501A JP 2013523261 A JP2013523261 A JP 2013523261A JP 2013523261 A JP2013523261 A JP 2013523261A JP 2013541501 A JP2013541501 A JP 2013541501A
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Abstract
Description
この出願は、2010年8月3日に出願された米国仮出願番号61/370403、及び2011年2月7日に出願された米国仮出願番号61/440162に対して、米国特許法第119条の下で優先権を主張し、その内容は参照することによりその全体が援用される。
本発明は、慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)のバイオマーカーに関するものである。特に、本発明は、CLLにおける患者の選択のためのバイオマーカーとして、並びに治療的処置の方法、製造品およびそれらを製造するための方法、診断キット、及びこれに関連する広告の方法としてのmiRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3P、PTK2、及びPI3Kに関係する。
慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)は西欧世界における成人白血病の最も一般的な形態である。他の多くのB細胞悪性腫瘍に類似し、CLLは、CD20表面抗原の発現によって特徴付けられ、それによって、抗CD20治療により対象とすることができる。リツキシマブ、モノクローナルキメラ抗CD20抗体は、濾胞性NHL患者(Marcus et al., J Clin Oncol. 26:4579-4586 (2008); Hiddemann et al., Blood 106:3725-3732 (2005))、及びびまん性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫患者(DLBCL)(Coiffier et al., N. Engl J. Med. 346:235-242 (2002); Feugier et al., J Clin Oncol. 23(18):4117-4126 (2005))に対して、無増悪生存(PFS)および全生存(OS)に関して有意な効果を実証している。更に、化学療法単独と比較して、リツキシマブによる化学免疫療法はまた、未治療及び再発/難治性の患者でCLLにおけるPFSを延長することが(Hallek et al., Blood, ASH Annual Meeting Abstract, 112: 325 (2008); Robak et al., Blood, ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts, 112:lba-1 (2008))、及び更に最近では全生存の延長(Hallek et al., Blood, ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts, 114: Abstract 535 (2009))が示されている。
−FAKシグナル伝達及び/又は同型接着を誘導するCLL医薬;
−CD20抗体、例えば、ヒト化抗体、ヒト抗体、又はキメラ抗CD20抗体などのB細胞アンタゴニスト
−I型抗CD20抗体
−II型抗CD20抗体
−リツキシマブ、オファツムマブ、GA101、SBI−087、ベルツズマブ及びAME−133などの抗CD20抗体。
I.定義
「慢性リンパ性白血病」又は「CLL」は白血球(リンパ球)の癌を指す。本明細書におけるCLLの例は、「一次」又は「未治療」のCLL(すなわち、CLL患者はCLLを治療するための前治療を受けていない場合)、「以前に治療されたCLL」(CLL患者はCLLの以前の治療を受けている場合)、「難治性」CLL(患者がCLLの治療に抵抗性である場合)、「再発性CLL」(患者はCLLの前治療後に再発した場合)を含む。
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Graphics&list_uids=5747, 又は
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q05397.
「化学療法剤」は、癌の治療に有用な化学物質である。化学療法剤の例には、チオテパ及びシクロホスファミド(CYTOXAN(登録商標))などのアルキル化剤;ブスルファン、インプロスルファン、及びピポスルファンなどのスルホン酸アルキル類;ベンゾドーパ(benzodopa)、カルボコン、メツレドーパ(meturedopa)、及びウレドーパ(uredopa)などのアジリジン;アルトレタミン、トリエチレンメラミン、トリエチレンホスホルアミド、トリエチレンチオホスホルアミド、及びトリメチロールメラミン(trimethylolomelamine)を含むエチレンイミン及びメチラメラミン(methylamelamine);アセトゲニン(特にブラタシン及びブラタシノン(bullatacinone));デルタ−9−テトラヒドロカンナビノール(ドロナビノール、MARINOL(登録商標));ベータ−ラパコン;ラパコール;コルヒチン;ベツリン酸;カンプトセシン(合成アナログであるトポテカン(HYCAMTIN(登録商標))、CPT−11(イリノテカン、CAMPTOSAR(登録商標))、アセチルカンプトテシン、スコポレクチン(scopolectin)、及び9−アミノカンプトテシンを含む);ブリオスタチン;カリスタチン;CC−1065(そのアドゼレシン、カルゼレシン、及びビゼレシン合成アナログを含む);ポドフィロトキシン;ポドフィリン酸(podophyllinic acid);テニポシド;クリプトフィシン(特にクリプトフィシン1及びクリプトフィシン8);ドラスタチン;ズオカルマイシン(合成アナログKW−2189及びCB1−TM1を含む);エロイテロビン;パンクラチスタチン;サルコジクチイン;スポンギスタチン;クロラムブシル、クロルナファジン、コロホスファミド(cholophosphamide)、エストラムスチン、イホスファミド、メクロレタミン、塩酸メクロレタミンオキシド、メルファラン、ノベンビキン(novembichin)、フェネステリン(phenesterine)、プレドニムスチン、トロホスファミド、ウラシルマスタードなどのナイトロジェンマスタード;カルムスチン、クロロゾトシン、フォテムスチン、ロムスチン、ニムスチン、及びラニムスチン(ranimnustine)などのニトロソ尿素;エンジイン抗生物質などの抗生物質(例えば、カリケアマイシン、特に、カリケアマイシンガンマ1I及びカリケアマイシンオメガI1(例えば、Nicolaou et al., Angew.Chem Intl. Ed. Engl., 33:183−186(1994)参照));CDP323、経口アルファ−4インテグリン阻害剤;ジネマイシンAを含むジネマイシン;エスペラマイシン;並びに、ネオカルチノスタチン発色団及び関連色素タンパク質エンジイン抗生物質発色団)、アクラシノマイシン、アクチノマイシン、アウトラマイシン(authramycin)、アザセリン、ブレオマイシン、カクチノマイシン、カラビシン(carabicin)、カルミノマイシン、カルチノフィリン、クロモマイシン(chromocycinis)、ダクチノマイシン、ダウノルビシン、デトルビシン、6−ジアゾ−5−オキソ−L−ノルロイシン、ドキソルビシン(ADRIAMYCIN(登録商標)、モルホリノ−ドキソルビシン、シアノモルホリノ−ドキソルビシン、2−ピロリノ−ドキソルビシン、ドキソルビシンHClリポソーム注射液(DOXIL(登録商標))、リポソームドキソルビシンTLC D−99(MYOCET(登録商標))、PEG化リポソームドキソルビシン(CAELYX(登録商標))、及びデオキシドキソルビシンを含む)、エピルビシン、エソルビシン、イダルビシン、マルセロマイシン、マイトマイシンCなどのマイトマイシン、ミコフェノール酸、ノガラマイシン、オリボマイシン、ペプロマイシン、ポトフィロマイシン(potfiromycin)、ピューロマイシン、クエラマイシン(quelamycin)、ロドルビシン(rodorubicin)、ストレプトニグリン、ストレプトゾシン、ツベルシジン、ウベニメクス、ジノスタチン、ゾルビシン;メトトレキサート、ゲムシタビン(GEMZAR(登録商標))、テガフール(UFTORAL(登録商標))、カペシタビン(XELODA(登録商標))、エピチロン、及び5−フルオロウラシル(5−FU)などの代謝拮抗物質;フルダラビン、6−メルカプトプリン、チアミプリン、チオグアニンなどのプリンアナログ;アンシタビン、アザシチジン、6−アザウリジン、カルモフール、シタラビン、ジデオキシウリジン、ドキシフルリジン、エノシタビン、フロキシウリジンなどのピリミジンアナログ;アミノグルテチミド、ミトタン、トリロスタンなどの抗副腎剤;フロリニン酸(frolinic acid)などの葉酸補給剤;アセグラトン;アルドホスファミドグリコシド;アミノレブリン酸;エニルウラシル;アムサクリン;ベストラブシル;ビサントレン;エダトラキサート(edatraxate);デホファミン(defofamine);デメコルシン;ジアジクオン;エルホルニチン(elfornithine);酢酸エリプチニウム;エトグルシド;硝酸ガリウム;ヒドロキシ尿素;レンチナン;ロニダイニン;メイタンシン及びアンサミトシンなどのメイタンシノイド;ミトグアゾン;ミトキサントロン;モピダモール(mopidanmol);ニトラエリン(nitraerine);ペントスタチン;フェナメット(phenamet);ピラルビシン;ロソキサントロン;2−エチルヒドラジド;プロカルバジン;PSK(登録商標)多糖複合体(JHS Natural Products, Eugene, OR);ラゾキサン;リゾキシン;シゾフィラン;スピロゲルマニウム;テヌアゾン酸;トリアジクオン;2,2’,2’’−トリクロロトリエチルアミン;トリコテセン(特にT−2毒素、ベラクリン(verracurin)A、ロリジンA及びアングイジン);ウレタン;ダカルバジン;マンノムスチン;ミトブロニトール;ミトラクトール;ピポブロマン;ガシトシン(gacytosine);アラビノシド(「Ara−C」);チオテパ;タキソイド、例えば、パクリタキセル(TAXOL(登録商標))、パクリタキセルのアルブミン加工ナノ粒子製剤(ABRAXANE(商標))、及びドセタキセル(TAXOTERE(登録商標));クロランブシル;6−チオグアニン;メルカプトプリン;メトトレキサート;シスプラチン、オキサリプラチン、及びカルボプラチンなどのプラチナ剤;ビンブラスチン(VELBAN(登録商標))、ビンクリスチン(ONCOVIN(登録商標))、ビンデシン(ELDISINE(登録商標)、FILDESIN(登録商標))、及びビノレルビン(NAVELBINE(登録商標))を含む、微小管形成からチューブリン重合を阻止するビンカ;エトポシド(VP−16);イホスファミド;ミトキサントロン;ロイコボビン(leucovovin);ノバントロン;エダトレキサート;ダウノマイシン;アミノプテリン;イバンドロネート;トポイソメラーゼ阻害剤RFS2000;ジフルオロメチルオルニチン(DMFO);ベキサロテン(TARGRETIN(登録商標))を含めたレチノイン酸などのレチノイド;クロドロネート(例えば、BONEFOS(登録商標)又はOSTAC(登録商標))、エチドロネート(DIDROCAL(登録商標))、NE−58095、ゾレドロン酸/ゾレドロネート(ZOMETA(登録商標))、アレンドロネート(FOSAMAX(登録商標))、パミドロネート(AREDIA(登録商標))、チルドロネート(SKELID(登録商標))、又はリセドロネート(ACTONEL(登録商標))などのビスホスフォネート;トロキサシタビン(1,3−ジオキソランヌクレオシドシトシンアナログ);アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド、特に異常な細胞増殖に関係づけられているシグナル伝達経路における遺伝子発現、例えばPKC−アルファ、Raf、H−Ras、及び上皮成長因子受容体(EGF−R)を阻害するもの;THERATOPE(登録商標)ワクチン並びに遺伝子治療用ワクチン、例えばALLOVECTIN(登録商標)ワクチン、LEUVECTIN(登録商標)ワクチン、及びVAXID(登録商標)ワクチンなどのワクチン;トポイソメラーゼ1阻害剤(例えばLURTOTECAN(登録商標));rmRH(例えば、ABARELIX(登録商標));BAY439006(ソラフェニブ;Bayer);SU−11248(Pfizer);ペリホシン、COX−2阻害剤(例えば、セレコキシブ又はエトリコキシブ)、プロテオソーム阻害剤(例えば、PS341);ボルテゾミブ(VELCADE(登録商標));CCI−779;チピファルニブ(R11577);オラフェニブ(orafenib)、ABT510;オブリマーセン(oblimersen)ナトリウム(GENASENSE(登録商標))などのBcl−2阻害剤;ピクサントロン;EGFR阻害剤(下記定義参照);チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤(下記定義参照);並びに上記いずれかの薬学的に許容できる塩、酸若しくは誘導体;並びにCHOP、シクロホスファミド、ドキソルビシン、ビンクリスチン、及びプレドニゾロンの併用療法についての略語、及びFOLFOX、5−FU及びロイコボリンと組み合わせたオキサリプラチン(ELOXATIN(商標))を用いた治療方式についての略語、などの、上記のうち2つ以上の組み合わせがある。
一態様において、本発明は、本明細書に開示された一以上のバイオマーカーの発現に基づいて、CLL医薬を用いて治療することができる患者を選別することに関係する。CLL医薬の例としては、限定されないが、以下を含む:
−特に、アルキル化剤(例えば、クロラムブシル、ベンダムスチン、又はシクロホスファミド);ヌクレオシド類似体又は代謝拮抗薬(例えばフルダラビン)、フルダラビンとシクロホスファミド(FC);プレドニゾン又はプレドニゾロン;ビンクリスチン、シクロホスファミド、ビンクリスチン、プレドニゾロン(CHOP)、又はシクロホスファミド、プレドニゾロン(CVP)などを含むアルキル化剤含有併用療法を含む、化学療法剤及び化学療法レジメン。
−例えばCD20抗体(例えば、リツキシマブ、オファツムマブ、GA101、SBI−087、ベルツズマブ、及びAME−133等)、CD22抗体又はCD79b抗体などのB細胞アンタゴニスト;
−静脈内投与免疫グロブリン;
−CD52抗体(例えばアレムツズマブ)、及び
−その他の薬剤又はCLLの治療のために承認されたか開発中のそれらの組み合わせ。
ある実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体は、抗体断片である。抗体断片は、限定されないが、Fab,Fab’,Fab’−SH,F(ab’)2,Fv,及びscFv断片、及び下記の他の断片を含む。所定の抗体断片の総説については、 Hudson et al. Nat. Med. 9:129-134 (2003)を参照。scFv断片の総説については、例えば、Pluckthuen, in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds., (Springer-Verlag, New York), pp. 269-315 (1994)を参照;また、国際公開第93/16185号;及び米国特許第5571894号及び第5587458号も参照。サルベージ受容体結合エピトープ残基を含み、かつインビボ半減期を増加させたFab及びF(ab’)2断片の議論については、米国特許第5869046号を参照のこと。
ある実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体は、キメラ抗体である。所定のキメラ抗体は、例えば、米国特許第4816567号、及びMorrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855 (1984))に記載されている。一例において、キメラ抗体は、非ヒト可変領域(例えば、マウス、ラット、ハムスター、ウサギ、又はサル等の非ヒト霊長類由来の可変領域)及びヒト定常領域を含む。更なる例において、キメラ抗体は、クラスまたはサブクラスが親抗体のものから変更された「クラススイッチ」抗体である。キメラ抗体は、その抗原結合断片を含む。
ある実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体は、ヒト抗体である。ヒト抗体は、当技術分野で公知の様々な技術を用いて生産することができる。ヒト抗体は一般的にvan Dijk and van de Winkel, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 5: 368-74 (2001) 及びLonberg, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 20:450-459 (2008)に記載されている。
本発明の抗体は、所望の活性または活性(複数)を有する抗体についてコンビナトリアルライブラリーをスクリーニングすることによって単離することができる。例えば、様々な方法が、ファージディスプレイライブラリーを生成し、所望の結合特性を有する抗体についてのライブラリーをスクリーニングするために、当該技術分野で知られている。そのような方法は、例えば、Hoogenboom et al. in Methods in Molecular Biology 178:1-37 (O’Brien et al., ed., Human Press, Totowa, NJ, 2001)に総説され、更に、例えば、McCafferty et al., Nature 348:552-554; Clackson et al., Nature 352: 624-628 (1991); Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222: 581-597 (1992); Marks and Bradbury, in Methods in Molecular Biology 248:161-175 (Lo, ed., Human Press, Totowa, NJ, 2003); Sidhu et al., J. Mol. Biol. 338(2): 299-310 (2004); Lee et al., J. Mol. Biol. 340(5): 1073-1093 (2004); Fellouse, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(34): 12467-12472 (2004); 及びLee et al., J. Immunol. Methods 284(1-2): 119-132(2004)に記載されている。
ある実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体は、多重特異性抗体、例えば二重特異性抗体である。多重特異性抗体は、少なくとも二つの異なる部位に対して結合特異性を有するモノクローナル抗体である。ある実施態様において、結合特異性の一つはCD20に対してであり、他は、任意の他の抗原に対してである。ある実施態様において、二重特異性抗体は、CD20の2つの異なるエピトープに結合することができる。二重特異性抗体はまたCD20を発現する細胞に対して細胞傷害性薬物を局在化させるために用いることができる。二重特異性抗体は、全長抗体又は抗体断片として調製することができる。
ある実施態様において、本明細書で提供される抗体のアミノ酸配列変異体が企図される。例えば、抗体の結合親和性及び/又は他の生物学的特性を改善することが望まれ得る。抗体のアミノ酸配列変異体は、抗体をコードするヌクレオチド配列に適切な改変を導入することにより、またはペプチド合成によって調製することができる。このような改変は、例えば、抗体のアミノ酸配列内における、残基の欠失、及び/又は挿入及び/又は置換を含む。最終コンストラクトが所望の特性、例えば、抗原結合を有していることを条件として、欠失、挿入、及び置換の任意の組み合わせが、最終コンストラクトに到達させるために作成され得る。
一態様において、本明細書における発明は、慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)患者のための治療を選択するための方法に関し、患者由来のサンプルにおいて、miRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3P、PTK2、及びPI3Kから選択されたバイオマーカーの発現(又は活性化)を決定し、かつバイオマーカーの発現のレベルに基づいて、CLLの医薬を選択することを含む。一実施態様において、バイオマーカーのレベルの上昇は、FAKシグナル伝達及び/又は同型接着を誘導するCLL医薬、及び/又はB細胞アンタゴニスト、及び/又は患者の治療に使用するためのCD20抗体の選択をもたらす。その他の実施態様において、バイオマーカーが低下したレベルか又は中央値以下のレベルで存在している場合、患者はリツキシマブ以外又はCD20抗体以外のCLL医薬による治療の対象として選択される。
一般に、遺伝子発現プロファイリングの方法は、二つの大きなグループに分けることができる:ポリヌクレオチドのハイブリダイゼーション解析に基づく方法と、生化学的検出又はポリヌクレオチドの配列決定に基づく他の方法である。試料中のmRNA発現を定量化するために当該分野で最も広く用いられている方法には、ノーザンブロット及びインサイツハイブリダイゼーション(Parker及びBarnes, Methods in Molecular Biology 106: 247-283(1999);RNAse保護アッセイ(Hod, Biotechniques 13: 852-854(1992);及び逆転写ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(RT-PCR)(Weis等, Trends in Genetics 8: 263-264(1992))が含まれる。あるいは、DNA二重鎖、RNA二重鎖、及びDNA−RNAハイブリッド二重鎖又はDNA−タンパク質二重鎖を含む特定の二重鎖を認識できる抗体を用いてもよい。配列ベースの遺伝子発現解析の代表的な方法には、連続遺伝子発現解析(SAGE)、及びMassively Parallel Signature Sequencing(MPSS)による遺伝子発現解析を含む。
上に列挙した技術のうち、最も感度が良く最も柔軟性がある定量法はPCRであり、これは、正常組織及び腫瘍組織中の異なった試料集団におけるmRNAレベルを、薬剤処置を含むか又は含まずに、比較し、遺伝子発現のパターンを特徴付けし、密接に関連したmRNA間を識別し、RNA構造を解析するために使用することができる。
全トランスクリプトーショットガンシーケンシング(WTSS)とも呼ばれるRNA−SEQは、サンプルのRNA含有量に関する情報を取得するために、cDNAの配列に対してハイスループットシークエンシング技術を使用することを指す。RNA−Seqを記述している出版物は、Wang et al. “RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics"” Nature Reviews Genetics 10 (1): 57−63 (January 2009); Ryan et al. BioTechniques 45 (1): 81−94 (2008); 及びMaher et al. "Transcriptome sequencing to detect gene fusions in cancer". Nature 458 (7234): 97−101 (January 2009)を含む。
ディファレンシャル遺伝子発現も、マイクロアレイ技術を用いて同定し、又は確かめることができる。よって、乳癌関連遺伝子の発現プロファイルを、マイクロアレイ技術を使用して新鮮組織又はパラフィン包埋組織の何れかで測定することができる。この方法では、興味あるポリヌクレオチド配列(cDNA及びオリゴヌクレオチドを含む)をマイクロチップ基板上にプレートし、整列させる。ついで、この整列させた配列を、興味ある細胞又は組織からの特異的DNAプローブでハイブリダイズする。丁度PCR法のように、mRNAのソースは、典型的にはヒト腫瘍又は腫瘍細胞株及び対応する正常な組織又は細胞株からの全RNAである。したがってRNAは様々な原発腫瘍または腫瘍細胞株から単離することができる。mRNAの供給源が原発腫瘍の場合、mRNAは、毎日の臨床の現場で日常的に調製され保持される凍結又はパラフィン包埋されて保存され及び固定された(例えば、ホルマリン固定)組織試料から、例えば、抽出することができる。
遺伝子発現連続解析(SAGE)は、各転写物に対して個々のハイブリダイゼーションプローブを提供することを要せず、多数の遺伝子転写物の同時の定量解析を可能にせしめる方法である。先ず、タグが各転写物内の独特の位置から得られるとの前提で、転写物をユニークに同定するのに十分な情報を含む短い配列タグ(約10−14bp)が生成される。ついで、多くの転写物を互いに結合させて長い連続の分子を形成し、これを配列決定して、複数タグの同一性を同時に明らかにすることができる。転写物の任意の集団の発現パターンは、個々のタグの存在量を決定し、各タグに対応する遺伝子を同定することによって定量的に評価することができる。更なる詳細については、例えばVelculescu等, Science 270:484-487 (1995);及びVelculescu等, Cell 88:243-51 (1997)を参照のこと。
MassARRAY(Sequenom, San Diego, Calif.)の技術は、検出用質量分析(MS)を用いた遺伝子発現解析の自動化したハイスループットな方法である。この方法によれば、RNAの単離、逆転写およびPCR増幅の後に、cDNAがプライマー伸長に供される。cDNA由来のプライマー伸長産物を精製し、MALTI−TOF MSのサンプル調製に必要な成分があらかじめロードされているチップアレイ上に分配される。反応物に存在する様々なcDNAが、得られた質量スペクトルのピーク面積を分析することによって定量される。
免疫組織化学法はまた本発明の予後マーカーの発現レベルを検出するのに適している。よって、抗体又は抗血清、好ましくはポリクローナル抗血清、最も好ましくは各マーカーに特異的なモノクローナル抗体が発現の検出に使用される。抗体は、例えば、放射標識、蛍光標識、例えばビオチン等のハプテン標識、又は西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ又はアルカリホスファターゼのような酵素によって、検出することができる。あるいは、未標識一次抗体が、抗血清、ポリクローナル抗血清又は一次抗体に特異的なモノクローナル抗体を含む、標識二次抗体との関連で使用される。免疫組織化学プロトコル及びキットは当該分野でよく知られており、商業的に入手可能である。
「プロテオーム」なる用語は、ある時点でのサンプル(例えば組織、生物、又は細胞培養物)中に存在するタンパク質の全体として定義される。プロテオミクスは、とりわけ、サンプル中のタンパク質発現の網羅的変化の研究を含む(「発現プロテオミクス」とも称される)。プロテオミクスは典型的には次の工程を含む:(1)2-Dゲル電気泳動(2-D PAGE)によるサンプル中の個々のタンパク質の分離;(2)例えば質量スペクトル又はN末端配列決定によるゲルから回収された個々のタンパク質の同定、及び(3)バイオインフォマティクスを使用するデータ解析。プロテオミクス法は、遺伝子発現プロファイリングの他の方法に対する貴重な補充手段であり、単独で又は他の方法と組み合わせて、本発明のマーカーの産物を検出するために使用することができる。
一実施態様において、本発明は、慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)の患者を治療するための方法に関係し、その患者がmiRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3p、及びPTK2から選択される1つまたは複数のバイオマーカーの上昇量を有するか;又はPI3Kバイオマーカーが低下していることを見出されている場合、CLL医薬の治療的有効量を投与することを含む。本明細書中おけるCLLの医薬の例としては、FAKシグナル伝達及び/又は同型接着を誘導するCLL医薬;B細胞アンタゴニスト又はB細胞抗体;CD20抗体(例えばリツキシマブ、オファツムマブ、GA101、SBI−087、ベルツズマブ及びAME−133など、ヒト化、ヒト、キメラ、I型又はII型抗CD20抗体を含む)が含まれる。
本発明のその他の実施態様において、CLLの治療に使用するための製造品。製造品は、容器とラベルまたは容器上にあるまたは容器に付属するパッケージ挿入物を含む。好適な容器は、例としてボトル、バイアル、シリンジ等を含む。容器はガラス又はプラスチックなどの様々な物質から形成されうる。容器は、活性剤としてCLL医薬を含む組成物を保持しているか又は含み、かつ無菌のアクセスポートを有し得る(例えば、容器は皮下注射針による穴あきストッパーを有する静脈内溶液バッグ又はバイアルであってよい)。
本発明はまた、本明細書中で同定するバイオマーカーの任意の1つまたは複数のを検出するのに有用な診断キットに関する。従って、診断キットは、CLL患者由来のサンプルにおいて、miRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3P、PTK2、及びPI3Kから選択されるバイオマーカーの発現を決定するための1つまたは複数の試薬を含み提供される。任意で、キットは、患者がバイオマーカーを上昇したレベルで発現する場合、CLL患者を治療するためのCLL医薬(例えばB細胞アンタゴニスト、又は抗CD20抗体)を選択するためのキットを使用するために説明書を更に含む。他の実施態様において、説明書は、患者がバイオマーカーを低下したレベルで発現する場合、リツキシマブ以外(又は抗CD20抗体以外)のCLL医薬を選択するためのキットを使用するためである。例えば、PCRキットの一実施態様において、一以上の試薬が、miRNA151 3p,miRNA409 3p,PTK2,又はPI3Kバイオマーカーを検出するためのプローブ及びDNAプライマーの一対を含む。
本明細書における発明はまた、miRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3P、PTK2、及びPI3Kから選択される1つまたは複数のバイオマーカーの発現に基づいて、慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)患者を治療するためのCLL医薬(例えばB細胞アンタゴニスト、又は抗CD20抗体)の使用をターゲット層(target audience)に対して宣伝することを含む、CLL医薬の広告をするための方法に関する。
以下の生物学的材料が、アメリカン・タイプ・カルチャー・コレクション、10801 ユニバーシティブールバード、マナサス、バージニア州 20110−2209,米国(ATCC)に寄託されている:
材料と方法
サンプル:
治療前の患者検体は、R−FC(リツキシマブを加えたフルダラビン/シクロホスファミド)、またはFC(フルダラビン/シクロホスファミド)の単独を受信するCLL患者をランダム化した、国際多施設、非盲第III相試験から分析した。主な目的は、FC単独と比較して、R−FCの優れた無増悪生存(PFS)を実証することであった。治験実施計画書は、参加施設での治験審査委員会によって承認され、すべての患者は、文書によるインフォームドコンセントを与えた。試験デザインと適格基準についての詳細がRobak et al. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(10):1756-1765 (2010)に記載されている。患者は、RNAの可用性および末梢血試料の分子遺伝学的解析に参加するための文書によるインフォームドコンセントにおいて選択した。
ヒト細胞ペレットは、Qiagen Buffer RLT中でホモジナイズした。全RNAは、マイクロRNAの保持のために最適化され、DNase処理工程を含む、Asuragen,Incの標準的な操作手順に従って、Asuragen,Incによるヒト細胞ペレットホモジネートから単離された。全RNAサンプルの純度と量は、ナノドロップND−1000紫外線分光光度計を用いて、吸光度の読み取り値を260nmと280nmで測定した。全RNAの完全性は、Nano Assayを用いて、アジレントバイオアナライザ2100キャピラリー電気泳動によって認定された。マイクロRNAプロファイリング用のサンプルの適性を、全体のマイクロRNAの存在量の代替尺度として1から2の所有する(proprietary)マイクロRNAについてsingleplex定量的リアルタイムPCRにより測定した。
DISCOVARRAY(登録商標)miRNAプロファイリングサービスプラットフォーム。
Ambion社からのカスタム製AFFYMETRIX GENECHIP(登録商標)が、Sanger miRBaseから由来するmiRNAプローブに対して設計され(Marcus et al., J Clin Oncol. 26:4579-4586 (2008); Hiddemann et al., Blood 106:3725-3732 (2005); http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/sequences/index.shtml) 報告が公表された(Coiffier et al., N. Engl J. Med. 346:235-242 (2002); Feugier et al., J Clin Oncol. 23(18):4117-4126 (2005); and Hallek et al., Blood, ASH Annual Meeting Abstract, 112: 325 (2008); and Robak et al., Blood, ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts, 112:lba-1 (2008))。アンチゲノムプローブ配列は、AFFYMETRIX(登録商標)によって提供され、下記のようにバックグラウンドシグナルを推定するためのAFFYMETRIX(登録商標)ヒトエクソンアレイ上で使用されるコントロールの大規模なセットに由来した。アレイ上の他の非miRNAのコントロールプローブは、ヒトゲノムに対する配列相同性が欠如するように設計されており、スパイクイン(spike−in)外部コントロール用に使用することができる。
miRNAプロファイリング研究用サンプルは、同社の標準操作手順に従って、Asuragen Services(オースティン、テキサス州)で処理した。サンプルの品質管理(QC)の評価に続いて、全RNAサンプル(サンプルあたり400ngの総RNA)におけるRNA分子の3’末端を、同社の標準的なプロトコルに従って、ビオチンで標識した。ハイブリダイゼーション、洗浄、染色、イメージング、及びシグナルの抽出は、20X GENECHIP(登録商標)真核生物ハイブリダイゼーションコントロールが、ハイブリダイゼーションから省略されたことを除いて、AFFYMETRIX(登録商標)の推奨手順に従って行った。
AmbionのmiRChip用に実装されるシグナル処理は、プローブ固有シグナル検出コール、背景推定と補正、定数分散安定化とアレイのスケーリング又は全体的規格化(global normalization)のいずれかを含む多段階のプロセスである(Hallek et al., Blood, ASH Annual Meeting Abstract, 112: 325 (2008))。各プローブについて、推定背景値は、G−Cが一致したアンチゲノムコントロールのセットの中央値シグナルに由来し、減算される。特定の分析実験内でのアレイは、Hallek et al., Blood, ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts, 114: Abstract 535 (2009)により既述される分散安定化法に従って一緒に正規化される。検出コールは、GC含量が一致した抗ゲノムプローブかあのシグナルの分布と比較して、miRNAのプローブシグナルのWilcoxonの順位和検定に基づいている。
統計的仮説検定では、2標本t−検定が、等分散を想定して適用された。一方向のANOVAが、2つ以上の実験グループ又は同じ因子の水準で実験的なデザインのために使用された。これらの試験は、どのプローブが2つの基準に基づいて異なって発現すると考えられているかを定義する:デフォルトのp値は0.001及びlog2差>1。
遺伝子発現プロファイリングはAFFYMETRIX7ヒトU133プラス2.0全ゲノムオリゴヌクレオチドアレイを用いて実施した。RNAサンプルのラベリングは、製造自動化プロトコルに従って、AFFYMETRIX(登録商標)GENECHIP(登録商標)アレイステーション(GCAS)を用いて行った。簡単に説明すると、ビオチン化cRNAが、各サンプルからの0.5μgの全RNAから始まり、生成された。2−α、2−β、1−γヘモグロビン遺伝子から成る5ジーンロジックのグロビン還元オリゴの22.5μM混合の2lが、全RNAを反応物に添加された。グロビンオリゴマーは、第一鎖cDNA合成中のグロビンmRNAから生成されるグロビンcDNAの量を大きく減少させる遺伝子特異的遮断薬である。ロシュはGeneLogic(Gainthersburg MD,USA).からオリゴマーシーケンスを購入した。
ストックABIのTaqman miRNAアッセイ、PCRマスターミックス、及び逆転写(RT)のコンポーネントが使用された。4μLの体積で1ngの全RNAが、各アッセイの各反復において全反応体積10μL中で逆転写される。3μLの逆転写(RT)産物が各15μLのTaqman PCR増幅中へ前方向へ行われる。全ての増幅は検証されたABI7900HTリアルタイムサイクラー上で実行される。既知のコピー数の合成miRNAは、各アッセイセット用の陽性コントロールとして含まれている。反復の各セットの平均Ct値は、酵母tRNAで希釈した既知のコピー数の合成RNAから由来する独立して生成された標準曲線と比較される。標準曲線が、500から50,000,000コピー/反応の間に合成RNAテンプレートに対して生成される。R^2値が各標準曲線に対して報告される。
臨床上のデータ
治療前臨床的特徴、すなわち人口統計、予後マーカ−(デル(17P)、デル(11Q)、ZAP70及びCD38の発現などの細胞遺伝学的異常、IgVH状態)、無増悪生存(PFS)は、フィッシャー直接確率法、マンホイットニーのU検定又はログランク検定を用いて比較した。<0.05のp値は統計的に有意であると考えられた。
Cox回帰モデルを用いて二つのアプローチを試験することが、生存に関連する遺伝子とmiRNAを同定するために使用された。最初のアプローチは、以下のモデルが考えられる。
モデルA
モデルB
ここで
hi(t)は、個々のiのハザード関数であり
ho(t)はベースラインハザード関数であり、
β’は以下の説明変数の係数である:
年齢、ビネー、IgVH、Del17p、del11q及びTxはそれぞれ、年齢、ビネーステージ、IgVH、Del17pとdel11q変異状態及び治療群についてコードする。
RNAはプローブセットのシグナル強度を表す(log−2変換)。
モデルC
モデルD
予測された標的がTARGETSCAN 5.1TM(http://www.targetscan.org/)からダウンロードされ、予測される位置の保存に関わらず、mRNA発現プロファイリングから抽出された。miRNAによる抗相関が、miRNAのアレイとmRNAアレイデータを比較してピアソン相関係数を計算することによって決定された。著しい反相関ターゲットはq値<0.01により決定した。続いて、この閾値を満たした3’UTRsは、3’UTRルシフェラーゼレポーターコンストラクト(Switchgear Genomics)の上流にクローニングされ、各コンストラクトの100ngが、25ngののpRL−CMV、10nMのmiRNA151 3p模倣体(Dharmacon)又はスクランブルされた模倣体により、96穴プレート中でHeLa細胞(ATCC)にトランスフェクトされた。ルシフェラーゼ活性はトランスフェクション後24時間で決定され、全データはシイタケルシフェラーゼトランスフェクションコントロール及びスクランブルされたコントロール模倣体に対して規格化された。3回の生物学的複製が行われた。スクランブルされたコントロール及びmiRNA151 3pの間の統計的有意性は、両面スチューデントt検定によって決定された。
マイクロRNAデータ:
DISCOVARRAY7マイクロRNAプラットフォームを使用して、miRNA151 3p及びmiRNA 409−3pがリツキシマブに基づく治療においてPSFの有意な予測miRNAとして浮かび上がった(図1A、1B及び2A、2B、表1、2A、2B)。
AFFYMETRIXエクソン1.0 ST及びU133プラス2.07マイクロアレイプラットフォームを利用して、PTK2はリツキシマブに基づいた治療におけるPFSについて、有意な予測的差次的発現遺伝子として浮上した。PTK2は予後因子を含む多変量解析において無増悪生存に関連付けられている(処置FC対FCR、年齢、ビネーステージ、IgVH突然変異状態、デル(17p))。ワルド検定は多重検定の補正後に有意であった(P値=1.5 10−4−q値<0.1)。
本研究の目的は、抗CD20抗体に基づく治療法で治療されるCLL患者の転帰を予測するバイオマーカーを発見することであった。本明細書におけるデータは、初めて、miRNA151 3p及びmiRNA409 3pの(中央値を超える)発現レベルの上昇並びにPTK2の遺伝子発現レベルの(中央値を超える)上昇は、抗CD20に基づいた治療法で治療されたCLL患者におけるPFSの延長に関連している。マイクロアレイプラットフォームから得られた知見は、定量的リアルタイムPCRにより検証された。加えて、予測的有意性は疾患の予後に影響を及ぼすことが知られている要因を用いた多変量解析に残った。
Claims (38)
- 慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)の患者を治療するための方法であって、該患者がmiRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3p、及びPTK2から選択される1つ又は複数のバイオマーカーの上昇量を有することが見出された場合、CLL医薬の治療的有効量を投与することを含む方法。
- CLL医薬がFAKシグナル伝達又は同型接着を誘導する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- CLL医薬がB細胞アンタゴニストである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- CLL医薬が抗CD20抗体である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 抗CD20抗体が、ヒト化、ヒト、又はキメラ抗CD20抗体である、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 抗CD20抗体が、リツキシマブ、オファツムマブ、GA101、SBI−087、ベルツズマブ、及びAME−133からなる群から選択される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 抗CD20抗体がリツキシマブである、請求項6に記載の方法。
- バイオマーカーの上昇量を持っていない患者に対して、患者が大きい無増悪生存(PFS)を有する、請求項1から7の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 化学療法剤を患者に投与することを更に含む、請求項1から8の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 化学療法剤が、シクロホスファミド及びフルダラビンを含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 患者がmiRNA151 3pの上昇した量を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 患者がmiRNA409 3pの上昇した量を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 患者がPTK2の上昇した量を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- バイオマーカーの量が遺伝子発現プロファイリングによって評価される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 遺伝子発現プロファイリングが、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)を含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- PCRが定量的リアルタイムPCR(qRT−PCR)を含む、請求項15に記載の方法。
- バイオマーカーの発現について患者からのサンプルを試験することを含む、請求項1から16の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- サンプルが、末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)を含む、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)の患者を治療するための方法であって、患者がmiRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3p、及びPTK2から選択される1つ又は複数のバイオマーカーの上昇量を有することが見出された場合、リツキシマブ、フルダラビン及びシクロホスファミドの組み合わせの治療的有効量を患者に投与することを含む方法。
- 慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)の患者を治療するための方法であって、患者がmiRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3p、及びPTK2から選択される1つ又は複数のバイオマーカーの減少量を有することが見出された場合、リツキシマブ以外のCLL医薬の治療的有効量を患者に投与することを含む方法。
- 慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)の患者のための治療法を選択するための方法であって、患者由来のサンプルにおいて、miRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3P、PTK2、及びPI3Kから選択されたバイオマーカーの発現を決定し、かつバイオマーカーの発現のレベルに基づいて、CLL医薬を選択することを含む方法。
- 癌サンプルがバイオマーカーを上昇したレベルで発現する場合、患者がCLL医薬による治療のために選択される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- CLL医薬がFAKシグナル伝達又は同型接着を誘導する、請求項21に記載の方法。
- CLL医薬がB細胞アンタゴニストである、請求項21に記載の方法。
- CLL医薬が抗CD20抗体である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 癌サンプルがバイオマーカーを上昇したレベルで発現する場合、患者がリツキシマブ以外のCLL医薬による治療のために選択される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- CLL患者由来のサンプルにおいて、miRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3P、PTK2、及びPI3Kから選択されるバイオマーカーの発現を決定するための1つ又は複数の試薬を含む診断キット。
- CLL患者を治療するためのCLL医薬を選択するためのキットを使用するための説明書を更に含む、請求項27に記載の診断キット。
- 一又は複数の試薬が、バイオマーカーの検出のためのプローブとDNAプライマーの一対を含む、請求項27又は請求項28に記載の診断キット。
- 薬学的に許容される担体中CLL医薬、及びCLL医薬がmiRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3P、PTK2、及びPI3Kから選択される1つ又は複数のバイオマーカーの発現に基づいて、慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)患者を治療するためのものであることを示すパッケージ挿入物を、一緒にパッケージ化されて含む製造品。
- CLL医薬を含む薬学的組成物と、薬学的組成物がmiRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3P、PTK2、及びPI3Kから選択される1つまたは複数のバイオマーカーの発現に基づいて、慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)患者を治療するためのものであることを示すパッケージ挿入物とをパッケージにおいて組み合わせることを含む、製造品を製造するための方法。
- miRNA151 3P、miRNA409 3P、PTK2、及びPI3Kから選択される1つ又は複数のバイオマーカーの発現に基づいて、慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)患者を治療するためのCLL医薬の使用をターゲット層に対して宣伝することを含む、CLL医薬の広告をするための方法。
- 慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)の患者を治療するための方法であって、該患者が減少したPI3Kバイオマーカーを有することを見出されている場合、CLL医薬の治療的有効量を患者に投与することを含む方法。
- PI3KバイオマーカーがPIK3R3を含む、請求項33に記載の方法。
- 慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)の患者を治療するための方法であって、患者が減少したPI3Kバイオマーカーを有することが見出された場合、リツキシマブ、フルダラビン及びシクロホスファミドの組み合わせの治療的有効量を患者に投与することを含む方法。
- PI3KバイオマーカーがPIK3R3を含む、請求項35に記載の方法。
- 患者が上昇したPI3Kバイオマーカーを有することが見出された場合、リツキシマブ以外のCLL医薬の治療的有効量を患者に投与することを含む、慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)の患者を治療するための方法。
- PI3KバイオマーカーがPIK3R3を含む、請求項37に記載の方法。
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- 2011-08-02 MX MX2013001302A patent/MX2013001302A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-08-02 JP JP2013523261A patent/JP2013541501A/ja active Pending
- 2011-08-02 RU RU2013106216/15A patent/RU2013106216A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-08-02 CN CN201180048232.9A patent/CN103153341B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-08-02 WO PCT/US2011/046205 patent/WO2012018771A1/en active Application Filing
- 2011-08-02 KR KR1020137004910A patent/KR20130045914A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-08-02 EP EP11741731.1A patent/EP2600895A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-08-02 BR BR112013002535A patent/BR112013002535A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-08-02 CA CA2806855A patent/CA2806855A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX2013001302A (es) | 2013-03-08 |
WO2012018771A1 (en) | 2012-02-09 |
KR20130045914A (ko) | 2013-05-06 |
CN103153341A (zh) | 2013-06-12 |
EP2600895A1 (en) | 2013-06-12 |
CA2806855A1 (en) | 2012-02-09 |
BR112013002535A2 (pt) | 2019-09-24 |
CN103153341B (zh) | 2015-05-27 |
RU2013106216A (ru) | 2014-09-10 |
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