JP2013539957A - 組換えパルボウイルス生産を促進するためのアデノウイルス由来ヘルパーウイルス - Google Patents
組換えパルボウイルス生産を促進するためのアデノウイルス由来ヘルパーウイルス Download PDFInfo
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- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
【選択図】なし
Description
アデノウイルス5由来ベクター、例えばpXX6(トランスフェクションにより供給)およびAd5ΔE1ΔE3(トランスフェクションおよびAd5ΔE1ΔE3−CMV/GFP組換えウイルスの形態での感染により供給)を使用すると、HEK 293T細胞における組換えパルボウイルスの生産が10倍を超えて高まる。
(a)E2a遺伝子;
(b)E4(orf6)遺伝子;
(c)VAI RNA遺伝子;および
(d)パルボウイルスVPキャプシド遺伝子ユニット
を含む、アデノウイルス由来ヘルパーウイルスに関する。
(a)マーカータンパク質、例えば上記のタンパク質;または
(b)治療用遺伝子、例えば、細胞傷害性ポリペプチド、サイトカインもしくはケモカイン、または免疫原性ポリペプチド(ワクチン;腫瘍サプレッサーまたはRNA干渉分子および/またはRNAi発現カセット(アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド、siRNA、shRNA、miRNAなど)として用いられる)
をコードする遺伝子である。
材料および方法
(A)細胞
HEK 293TおよびNB324K(NBK)細胞を、それぞれ10%(DMEM)または5%ウシ胎仔血清(MEM)、2mM L−グルタミン、100U/mlペニシリンおよび100μg/mlストレプトマイシンを添加したダルベッコの改変イーグル培地(DMEM)または改変イーグル培地(MEM)で培養した。細胞は37℃、5%CO2および湿度92%で維持した。
pH−1−EGFPは、SacI/NotI制限部位を用い、pChi−hH−1−EGFP[23]からpsr19−H−1−Δ800[2]へEGFP遺伝子をサブクローニングすることによって得た。phH−1−Lucは[2]に記載されているphH1Δ1600lucである。
図1、3、4および5に示される実験に関して、トランスフェクションはFugene HD(Roche Diagnostics & Applied Sciences、マンハイム、ドイツ)を用い、若干変更した製造者の説明に従って行った。プラスミドを血清不含培地で終濃度20ng/μlとなるように希釈した。次に、Fugene HDを1:2.5の比(μg DNA:μl Fugene)で加え、この混合物を室温で30〜60分間インキュベートした。その後、この混合物を細胞に滴下した。図2に関しては、トランスフェクションは[25]に記載のようにポリエチレンイミン(PEI)(Sigma−Aldrich Chemie Gmbh、ミュンヘン、ドイツ)を用いて行った。
以下の抗体をウエスタンブロット解析に用いた:ポリクローナル抗NS1 SP8抗血清(Dr. Nathalie Salome、DKFZ、ハイデルベルク、ドイツから厚意により譲渡)、ウサギポリクローナル抗GFP(Santa Cruz、ハイデルベルク、ドイツ)およびマウスモノクローナル抗アクチン(クローンC4、MP Biomedicals、イルキルシュ、フランス)。
ルシフェラーゼアッセイ系(Promega、マンハイム、ドイツ)を用いた。2.5×104 NBK細胞/ウェルを48ウェルプレートに播種し、翌日、種々の希釈率の粗ウイルス抽出液0.1mlを感染させた。感染48時間後、細胞をPBSで洗浄し、100μlの1倍の受動的溶解バッファーで溶解させた。10μlの細胞溶解液を50μlのルシフェラーゼ基質と混合し、生じた発光を、照度計Fluoroskan(Ascent FL、Thermo Labsystems、ドライアイヒ、ドイツ)を用いて10秒間測定した。
(F)ウイルス力価の測定
形質導入アッセイ
2.5×104 NBK細胞/ウェルを48ウェルプレートに播種し、翌日、種々の希釈率の粗ウイルス抽出液0.1mlを感染させた。感染72時間後、GFP陽性細胞を、蛍光顕微鏡を用いて計数した。ウイルス力価(形質導入単位/ml[TU/ml])を次のように計算した:緑色細胞の数×希釈倍率×10。
粗ウイルス抽出液をベンゾナーゼ(登録商標)ヌクレアーゼウルトラピュアグレード(Sigma)(50U/ml、37℃、30分)で消化し、トランスフェクトされたプラスミドを残してゲノムDNAを除去した。ウイルスからウイルスDNAを放出させるために、各サンプル10μlを、56℃で30分間、全40μlのアルカリ性溶解バッファー(TEバッファー中1MのNaOH)に溶解させた。溶解は960μlの40mM HClを加えることで停止させた。
NBK細胞を6cmディッシュに5×105細胞/ディッシュの密度で播種した。翌日、粗ウイルス抽出液を10ー4〜10ー7(1:10段階)で連続希釈した後、総容量400μlでNBK細胞の感染に用いた。10分おきにプレートを振盪させながら37℃で1時間インキュベートした後、各ディッシュに5mlの培地を加えた。感染72時間後、細胞層をPBSで洗浄し、25mm径のニトロセルロースフィルター(Schleicher & Schuell、ダッセル、ドイツ)を細胞の上にのせ、100μlのPBSで湿らせた。次に、これらのフィルターを、変性バッファー(0.5M NaOHおよび1.5M NaCl)で飽和させたワットマン濾紙上に逆さまに置いた。5分後、フィルターを中和バッファー(0.5M Tris/HCl(pH7.2)、1.5M NaClおよび1mM EDTAで飽和させたワットマン濾紙に移した。5分後、DNAを80℃で2時間焼き付けることにより固定した。プレハイブリダイゼーションは3×SSC(1×SSCは0.15M NaClおよび0.015Mクエン酸ナトリウムである)、1%SDS、5mM EDTA、10×デンハート液および100μg/mlサケ精子DNA中、65℃で1時間行った。ハイブリダイゼーションはpMVMプラスミドのEcoRV(nt385)〜EcoRI(nt1084)断片に相当する放射性プローブを加えることにより行い、アガロースゲル電気泳動により精製し、Megaprime DNA Labelling System(GE Healthcare、ミュンヘン、ドイツ)を用いて[32P]dCTPで標識した。65℃で一晩インキュベートした後、フィルターを65℃で30分間洗浄バッファー1(3×SSC(pH7)、1%SDS)で、次いで、65℃で30分間洗浄バッファー2(0.3×SSC(pH7))で洗浄した。その後、フィルターをワットマン濾紙上に置き、プラスチックホイルで覆い、−80℃で一晩、ラジオグラフィーフィルムに露光した。感染細胞は、放射性標識ウイルスDNAのためにフィルム上で黒い点を呈する。ウイルス力価(複製単位(RU)/ml[RU/ml])を次のように計算した:黒い点の数×希釈倍率×7.5。
単層で増殖させたNBK細胞に粗ウイルス抽出液の連続希釈物を1時間感染させた後、接種物をBacto(商標)寒天(Becton Dickinson GmbH、ハイデルベルク、ドイツ)上層(最小必須培地[+]L−グルタミン(Gibco、Invitrogen)、5%FBS、2mM L−グルタミン、100U/mlペニシリン、100μg/mlストレプトマイシン中0.68%)に置き換えた。感染5日後、PBSで希釈したBacto(商標)−寒天(0.85%)を含有するニュートラルレッド(0.2mg/ml)を加えることによって、生細胞を18時間染色した。プラークを計数し、力価をプラーク形成単位(PFU)/mlとして表した。
組換えウイルスの生産中に生産されたウイルスDNA中間体の分析のために、vTEバッファー(10mM Tris−HCl[pH8.7]、1mM EDTA)と2×Hirtバッファー(20mM Tris[pH7.4]、20mM EDTA、1.2%SDS)の混合物(1:1)で細胞抽出液を調製し、次いで46℃、60回/分の回転下で18時間、プロテイナーゼK(400μg/ml)で消化した。次に、DNAを0.5μmおよび0.4μmのニードルを数回通して剪断し、フェノール−クロロホルム抽出を行い、最後にDpnI消化を行ってウイルスゲノムを担持する細菌プラスミドを除去した。
アデノウイルス遺伝子は組換えパルボウイルス生産を高める
本試験では、アデノウイルス遺伝子が組換えパルボウイルス生産を高めることができるかどうかを検討した。この目的で、HEK 293T細胞を、GFP導入遺伝子を担持する組換えパルボウイルスプラスミド(prec.PV−GFP)、H−1パルボウイルスキャプシドタンパク質をコードするプラスミド(pC V/VP)およびアデノウイルス5由来プラスミドpXX6で一時的に同時トランスフェクトした。pXX6はE2a、E4(orf6)およびVAI RNAアデノウイルス遺伝子を含有し、AAV生産を促進するのに十分である[17、18]。
pXX6は組換えパルボウイルス生産を加速化する
経時的推移実験では、pXX6がウイルス生産の速度論に影響を及ぼすかどうかを検討した。細胞をまず、pXX6を伴って、または伴わずに、prec.PV−GFP、pCMV/VPで同時にトランスフェクトし、トランスフェクション12、24、48および72時間後にウイルス生産を評価した。
pXX6はまたトランスフェクション/感染に基づくプロトコールにおいて組換えパルボウイルス生産を高める
組換えパルボウイルスは、生産細胞を2つのプラスミド(1つはVPキャプシドタンパク質をコードし、もう1つは目的の導入遺伝子を担持する残りのパルボウイルスゲノムを含有する)で同時にトランスフェクトすることにより、慣例的に生産される。ウイルス感染はトランスフェクションより良好な遺伝子送達法であるので、本発明者らは当該プロトコールのトランスフェクション工程をできる限り感染に置き換えることを目的とした。1つの可能性は、VP含有プラスミドでトランスフェクトされた許容細胞を感染させることにより組換えパルボウイルスを増幅することであろう。この場合、トランスフェクションはVP−プラスミドにのみ限定され、一方、パルボウイルス組換えゲノムはウイルス感染によって送達される。しかしながら、実験室でのこれらの実験では、この方法を用いて組換えパルボウイルスを生産できなかった。このpXX6のヘルパー機能を考えて、この場合にpXX6の導入が組換えパルボウイルスの生産を救済できるかどうかを検討した。細胞をpXX6と組み合わせて、または組み合わせずにpCMV/VPでトランスフェクトした後、rec.PV−GFPに感染させた。結果は、pXX6プラスミドの存在下でのみ接種物として用いたウイルス用量の有意な増幅(およそ17倍)を示した(図5、データは示されていない)。これらの結果は、pXX6が単独トランスフェクションに基づくプロトコールにおいて組換えパルボウイルスの生産を助けるだけでなく、組換えウイルスDNAの供給源として感染力のあるウイルス粒子が用いられる場合にも組換えパルボウイルスの生産を助けることを示す。このことは、組換えパルボウイルスの2回目の増幅にpXX6を使用する可能性を裏付ける。
組換えAd−VPヘルパーウイルスを用いた組換えパルボウイルスの生産
VP−プラスミドトランスフェクションを避け、単にヘルパーウイルスの同時感染によりウイルス増幅を可能とするために、パルボウイルス生産を助けるのに必要なAd遺伝子だけでなくパルボウイルスVPキャプシド遺伝子ユニットも担持するアデノウイルスを用いて組換えパルボウイルスが生産可能かどうかを調べた。VP遺伝子をpAd5ΔE1ΔE3およびpShuttle−CMV/VPの組換えにより、pAd5ΔE1ΔE3にクローニングし[24]、pAd−VPヘルパー構築物を作出した。Ad−VPヘルパーウイルスは従来、HEK 293Tで生産されてきた。Ad−VPヘルパーの形状および力価は、対照として用いるAd5ΔE1ΔE3ウイルスと同様であった(データは示されていない)。
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Claims (21)
- 以下のアデノウイルスDNA配列:
(a)E2a遺伝子;
(b)E4(orf6)遺伝子;
(c)VAI RNA遺伝子;および
(d)パルボウイルスVPキャプシド遺伝子ユニット
を含む、アデノウイルス由来ヘルパーウイルス。 - 前記パルボウイルスVPキャプシド遺伝子ユニットの発現がCMVプロモーターの制御下にある、請求項1に記載のアデノウイルス由来ヘルパーウイルス。
- (i)哺乳動物細胞が(a)VP1遺伝子およびVP2遺伝子を欠く組換えパルボウイルスベクター、(b)パルボウイルスキャプシドタンパク質をコードする遺伝子を含有するベクター、および(c)E2a遺伝子、E4(orf6)遺伝子およびVAI RNA遺伝子由来のアデノウイルスDNA配列を含むアデノウイルス由来ヘルパーベクターでトランスフェクトされること、ならびに
(ii)前記組換えパルボウイルスが哺乳動物細胞または前記細胞を培養した後の培地から単離されること
を特徴とする、組換えパルボウイルスの作製方法。 - 前記哺乳動物細胞がHEK293T細胞である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- (i)哺乳動物細胞に(a)VP1遺伝子およびVP2遺伝子を欠く組換えパルボウイルス、および(b)請求項1または2に記載のアデノウイルス由来ヘルパーウイルスを感染させること;および
(ii)前記組換えパルボウイルスが前記哺乳動物細胞または前記細胞を培養した後の培地から単離されること
を特徴とする、組換えパルボウイルスの作製方法。 - 前記哺乳動物細胞がNBK細胞である、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記組換えパルボウイルスがH−1またはMVMに由来する、請求項1〜6のうちいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ヘルパーウイルス/ベクターのアデノウイルスDNA配列がAd5に由来する、請求項1〜7のうちいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記組換えパルボウイルスベクターにおいて、前記VP1遺伝子およびVP2遺伝子が導入遺伝子により置換される、請求項3〜8のうちいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記導入遺伝子の発現がP38プロモーターの制御下にある、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記導入遺伝子がマーカータンパク質をコードする遺伝子である、請求項9または10に記載の方法。
- 前記導入遺伝子が治療用または免疫原性ポリペプチドをコードする遺伝子である、請求項9または10に記載の方法。
- 前記治療用タンパク質が細胞傷害性ポリペプチド、サイトカインおよび/またはケモカインである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 請求項3〜13のうちいずれか一項に記載の方法により得ることができる組換えパルボウイルス。
- 請求項14に記載の組換えパルボウイルスを含有する細胞。
- 請求項14に記載の組換えパルボウイルスと薬学上許容される担体を含有する医薬組成物。
- 遺伝子療法または腫瘍を治療する方法に用いられる請求項3〜13のうちいずれか一項に記載の方法により得ることができる組換えパルボウイルス。
- 請求項1または2に記載のアデノウイルス由来ヘルパーウイルス/ベクターと組換えパルボウイルスを含有する組成物。
- 前記アデノウイルス由来ヘルパーウイルスおよび前記組換えパルボウイルスが導入遺伝子を含有する、請求項18に記載の組成物。
- 請求項19に記載の組成物を含有する細胞。
- 遺伝子療法または腫瘍の治療を目的とする医薬組成物の製造のための、請求項3〜13のうちいずれか一項に記載の方法により得ることができる組換えパルボウイルスまたは請求項18もしくは19に記載の組成物の使用。
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