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別の態様によれば、電気外科用脈管シーリング・システムは、シーリング・ジョー表面積が1.48平方センチメートル〜1.94平方センチメートル(0.23平方インチ〜0.30平方インチ)のエンドエフェクタを組み込んでおり、最大電流密度0.052アンペア/平方ミリメートル〜0.068アンペア/平方ミリメートルを生成する。
ジョーのサイズは幅が1.0〜3.5ミリメートルであり、長さが8.0〜12.0ミリメートルであってよい。ジョーの表面は、ジョー表面間の電気的絶縁を維持し、そして電極の短絡を防ぐように機能する1つ又は2つ以上の非導電性エレメントを含んでいてよい。好ましくは、ジョーは、並行して閉じるように設計されている。すなわち両方のジョーの表面は使用者によって活性化されると互いに調和して動く。器具又はエンドエフェクタ自体は、シーリングが達成された後で組織を分割するために役立つ切断器具を有した状態で形成されてもよく又は形成されなくてもよい。
いくつかの実施態様の場合、使用者入力パネル367が含まれていてよい。使用者入力パネル367は、コントローラとのオペレータインタラクションを可能にし、そしてディスプレイ及び何らかの形態の入力装置(例えばキーボード、マウス、ポインタ、ダイアル、又はボタン)を含んでいてよい。コントローラ360からのデータは、アナログ又はデジタル手段、例えばRS−232コネクタ362,プログラミング・ポート364、又はメモリーチップ366を介して出力されることができる。
本発明の1つの態様によれば、典型的にはマイクロ外科用途、小児科患者、並びに到達及び/又は視覚化がしばしば困難な外科処置部位における直径6ミリメートル未満の血管をシーリングするのに効果的である単一の組のパラメータを実現することが望ましい。
表1に記載された試験結果に関連して、電流及び電圧が最大値まで変動するのを許容しつつ電力を一定に保持することにより、例を完成させた。Vmaxが80ボルトRMSに達するか又はインピーダンスが200オームに達したときに電力が解除された。最大電力までの1秒の時間に続いて2秒間の保持、次いで5ワットの最小電力における1秒間の保持を行うことによって、初期サイクルを確立した。電力があまりにも長く放出されたままの場合には、脈管に印加される追加の電力はインピーダンスを急速に高くする。1つの実施態様の場合、電力は100msec以内に非活性化される。7ワットという低い最大電力で、完全且つ半透明のシールが得られた。
これらの一連の試験に対するPmaxまでの時間は1秒であった。観察によれば、5ワットでは十分なシールが提供されず、10ワット及び15ワットの両方では脈管の焦げが示され始めた。半透明であることが必ずしも良好なシールを良好に示すものではないことが判った。いくつかの透明なシールの破裂試験は、所望の500mmHg(ほぼ69kPa(10psi)レベル)には達しなかった。シールのいくつかの焦げは、500mmHg破裂強度に達するより強力なシールを生成するように見えることが判った。次いで一連の30種の試験を行った。ここでは、Pmaxまでの時間を0.5秒に短縮することにより全シーリング時間を短縮し、そして脈管内へのより大きいエネルギーをより迅速に得た。
Pmaxまでの時間を0.5秒間に固定し、Pminまでの時間を0.2秒間に固定した。Pmax及びPminを次いで漸増的に調節することにより、シール結果を最適化した。この試験は12ワットのPmax及び5ワットのPminを確立した。この場合、適度で一貫性のあるシールを提供するのに伴ってPminを0ワットと同じくらい低くした。後続の試験では、良好なシールを達成し得る範囲をブラケッティング(bracket)しようと試みた。この範囲は10ワット〜14ワットであった。他の実施態様の場合、Pmax及びPminの範囲は5ワット〜10ワット又は2ワット〜15ワットである。
第2の例における目標は3秒未満のシーリング時間を可能にすることであった。この実施態様の場合、1.1秒間にわたって12ワット、続いて1.5秒間にわたって5ワットの電力供給を行うことにより良好な結果を得た。これらの設定は、7ワットにおけるシーリングが約3秒間かかったという観察に基づいて最初になされた。より短いシーリング時間を所望するならば、より高い電力の設定が必要となることは明らかである。それというのもシールは、脈管に供給された総エネルギーの結果だからである。
ほぼ100種のシーリング(表1に示された54の結果を参照)を実施し、様々な結果が得られた。定電力設定において反復可能なシールを得る上での主要な問題点は、ジョー間にしばしばアーキングが発生し、続いて脈管が焼き切られることであった。具体的には、大型の脈管に作用するパラメータを使用して実施される試験を、より小型の脈管に適用した場合、シーリング・サイクルの終了時にしばしばアーキングが生じた。試験では、設定値が単に電力及び時間に依存するのではないことが判った。更なる試験では、下記のインピーダンス閾値、及び電圧及び電流の制限を組み込んだ。
別の例では、インピーダンスのリアルタイム測定に基づいてシーリングを達成した。2.9秒間にわたって10ワットのピーク電力で実現可能なシールの例を作成し、続いて2ワットの最小電力を維持した。図10は、これらのシールに対するオシロスコープにおける電力出力を示している。ユーザーインターフェイスにおけるインピーダンスの最大出力スケールは150オームである。インピーダンスが150オームに達すると、プログラミングされた入力電力曲線はプロファイルの次の位相に切り換わる。
図10に示されたシーリング中、最大インピーダンスを150オームに設定した。このシーリングは、典型的なバスタブ状のインピーダンス変化曲線に従った。組織は乾き始め、インピーダンスは降下する。組織が乾燥し続けるのに伴って、インピーダンスは急速に上昇する。この場合、インピーダンス閾値に達し、電力をオフにした。
結論
試験では、僅か7ワットの印加電力で血管の制御されたRFシーリングを達成し得ることが確認された。このようなシーリング中に印加される電圧及び電流はそれぞれ50ボルト未満、0.6アンペア未満であった。使用されるジョーの面積は0.148平方センチメートル(0.023平方インチ、14.84平方ミリメートル)である。システムによって印加された最大電流密度は、I/A=0.6アンペア/14.84平方ミリメートル又は0.040アンペア/平方ミリメートルによって表される。
試験では、僅か7ワットの印加電力で血管の制御されたRFシーリングを達成し得ることが確認された。このようなシーリング中に印加される電圧及び電流はそれぞれ50ボルト未満、0.6アンペア未満であった。使用されるジョーの面積は0.148平方センチメートル(0.023平方インチ、14.84平方ミリメートル)である。システムによって印加された最大電流密度は、I/A=0.6アンペア/14.84平方ミリメートル又は0.040アンペア/平方ミリメートルによって表される。
これらの試験及び例は、小さな双極型グラスパ・ジョーエンドエフェクタを利用して、低電力RFエネルギー出力によって最大6ミリメートルのサイズの脈管をシーリングし得ることを実証した。このようなシステムのパラメータは、加えられた圧力、電流密度、低い電圧、インピーダンス・モニター及び中点を含む。シーリング工程は、次のもののうちの1つ又は2つ以上を含んでいてよい。
a.器具ジョーを0.013センチメートル(0.005インチ)以下に圧縮するのに十分な圧力を組織に加える。また、この圧力は、組織が加熱中に収縮するとき、ジョーが撓むことがなく且つジョー間のギャップが一定に保たれるほど十分に高くなければならない。試験データは、この所要圧力が448.5kPa〜759kPa(65〜110lb/in2)であることを示している。別の実施態様の場合、所要圧力は最大約862.5kPa(125lb/in2)であってよい。
b.次いで、電流密度が0.034〜0.1アンペア/平方ミリメートルとなるように、組織に無線周波数電流を印加する。この電流は、内弾性板が融合するように組織を迅速に加熱するのに十分な量である。このことが生じるためには、約140℃の温度が必要となる。
c.この電流密度を供給するための発電器からの電力供給量は、概ね20ワット未満であるが、35ワットの高さであってもよい。電力が高ければ高いほどシーリング時間を短縮することができる。
d.組織が乾燥し始めたら、電力を60〜80%だけ低減してよい。そしてシャットオフ前に所定の時間にわたって加熱を続ける。組織インピーダンスが150〜250オームのレベルに達したとき又は設定時間間隔を置いて、電力を低減することができる。
e.システムの電圧を100ボルトRMS未満に制限し、そしてピーク電圧を典型的には85ボルトRMSの範囲にする。
f.上記工程間に、1つ又は2つ以上の待機状態を挿入してもよい。
a.器具ジョーを0.013センチメートル(0.005インチ)以下に圧縮するのに十分な圧力を組織に加える。また、この圧力は、組織が加熱中に収縮するとき、ジョーが撓むことがなく且つジョー間のギャップが一定に保たれるほど十分に高くなければならない。試験データは、この所要圧力が448.5kPa〜759kPa(65〜110lb/in2)であることを示している。別の実施態様の場合、所要圧力は最大約862.5kPa(125lb/in2)であってよい。
b.次いで、電流密度が0.034〜0.1アンペア/平方ミリメートルとなるように、組織に無線周波数電流を印加する。この電流は、内弾性板が融合するように組織を迅速に加熱するのに十分な量である。このことが生じるためには、約140℃の温度が必要となる。
c.この電流密度を供給するための発電器からの電力供給量は、概ね20ワット未満であるが、35ワットの高さであってもよい。電力が高ければ高いほどシーリング時間を短縮することができる。
d.組織が乾燥し始めたら、電力を60〜80%だけ低減してよい。そしてシャットオフ前に所定の時間にわたって加熱を続ける。組織インピーダンスが150〜250オームのレベルに達したとき又は設定時間間隔を置いて、電力を低減することができる。
e.システムの電圧を100ボルトRMS未満に制限し、そしてピーク電圧を典型的には85ボルトRMSの範囲にする。
f.上記工程間に、1つ又は2つ以上の待機状態を挿入してもよい。
実証されたように、ジョーのサイズを制限し、そして高い圧力を加えることによって、低電力システムを使用して脈管をシーリングすることができる。幅が約3ミリメートル、長さが10〜12ミリメートルであり、断面積が約15〜22平方ミリメートルであるジョーが好ましいが、他の幾何学的形状も考えられる。図9は、本発明の態様との関連において使用されるエンドエフェクタのジョーの幾何学的形状、例えばメリーランド様式のジョー(Maryland style jaw)の1実施態様を示している。図9に示されたジョーの表面積を記述する場合、実際に互いに整合して、シーリングされる組織の周りを把持するジョーの表面積を参照する。いくつかの実施態様の場合、ジョー表面には湾曲面又はテーパ縁が設けられていて、これらはシール機能の大部分を実際には発揮しない。ジョー表面積を記述する場合には、シール面の通常の範囲外にあるこれらのジョー部分を含まないものとする。ここに記載される電力供給スキームとの組み合わせにおいて、システムは、標準的な双極型のシーリング・システムに対して所要電力を著しく低減する。いくつかの実施態様における所要電力は10〜35ワットである。
別の例によれば、非導電性縫合糸を所定の場所に配置した状態で、電力を公称開始点として12ワットに設定し、10ワット〜14ワットをブラケッティングした。全ジョーバイトがシーリングされる(ジョーが組織で100%充填される)と、最小限の粘着及び焦げしか伴わずに高品質のシール、すなわち優れた半透明性が得られた。しかしながら、ジョーへの充填率が低い(50〜75%)より小型の脈管に対してこれらの設定値を用いてシーリングを実施しようとすると、アーキングがまだ発生した。追加の試験では、Pmax7ワット〜15ワットをブラケッティングした。Pminは5ワットに設定し、4ワット〜7ワットをブラケッティングした。電力及び時間以外のパラメータに制御制限がないので、より低い電力設定値を用いて、ジョーへの組織充填率が50〜80%であるより小さな脈管に適度なシーリングを生成した。ジョーへの脈管充填率が100%である場合、7ワットはシーリングするには十分ではなく、これらのより大型の脈管を十分にシーリングするためには、12ワット近くのより高い電力が必要であった。
電流及び電圧のクランプ
装置の試験の別の態様において、電流及び電圧の制限を実施した。観察に基づいて述べるならば、100ボルトまで電圧を制限することによって、アーキングが2〜7ミリメートル幅の脈管において排除された。これらのパラメータは、任意のパーセンテージでジョーに充填された脈管をシーリングすることを可能にし、ひいてはこの方法及び装置は、組織材料をジョーに完全充填したものに限定されることはなかった。実験検証として、電圧制限を150ボルトに上げると、再びアーキングが発生した。このことは、電圧制限がアーキング発生を正しく阻止することを立証した。次に実施される一連のシーリングのために、電圧最大値を75〜100ボルトに設定した。
装置の試験の別の態様において、電流及び電圧の制限を実施した。観察に基づいて述べるならば、100ボルトまで電圧を制限することによって、アーキングが2〜7ミリメートル幅の脈管において排除された。これらのパラメータは、任意のパーセンテージでジョーに充填された脈管をシーリングすることを可能にし、ひいてはこの方法及び装置は、組織材料をジョーに完全充填したものに限定されることはなかった。実験検証として、電圧制限を150ボルトに上げると、再びアーキングが発生した。このことは、電圧制限がアーキング発生を正しく阻止することを立証した。次に実施される一連のシーリングのために、電圧最大値を75〜100ボルトに設定した。
シーリングのための最大電流を決める別の方法として、システム・エネルギーチェックを実施することによって、ジョー間に配置された生理食塩水をボイルオフするためにどのような電流レベルが必要となるかを観察した。RF電力がジョーに印加されたときに生理食塩水を蒸気にして蒸発させ始めるために1.8アンペアが必要であることが判り、これをシーリングのための最大電流として使用した。
別の例において、電流の大量流入によるエネルギーの高速印加が良好なシールを形成することが判った。例は、Pminが5ワットに設定された低エネルギーの1秒間の供給を伴う高電流エネルギーに従うことを含んだ。
別の例では、75ボルトに設定されたVmax及び1.8アンペアに設定されたImaxを用いてシールを形成した。後続のシールには、いかなるアーキングのインシデントも決して観察されなかった。シールは以下の組のパラメータで形成された。
− Pmax=15ワット
− Pmaxにおける時間=2.5秒
− Pmin=5ワット
− Pminにおける時間=1秒
− Vmax=75ボルト
− Imax=1.8アンペア
− Pmaxまでの時間=0.01秒
− PmaxからPminまでの時間=0.01秒
− Pmax=15ワット
− Pmaxにおける時間=2.5秒
− Pmin=5ワット
− Pminにおける時間=1秒
− Vmax=75ボルト
− Imax=1.8アンペア
− Pmaxまでの時間=0.01秒
− PmaxからPminまでの時間=0.01秒
一連の32種のシーリングを2匹の動物において実施した。脈管は2ミリメートル〜6ミリメートル幅であった。この一連の32種のシーリングのうち20種を破裂試験した。全てのシールが360mmHgの最小値に耐えることに成功した。同じ設定を用いて腸間膜組織でもシーリングを成功裡に実施した。
図11〜13は、3つの異なるシールに対して捕捉されたオシロスコープ軌跡の再現を示している。Pmaxが15ワットである上記設定を用いて全てをシーリングした。全て、インピーダンス閾値を200オームとして設定した。電力がスイッチオフするようにトリガされたときにこれを観察することによって、シーリング時間を割り出した。図11は、シーリング時間が1.5秒間の3.5ミリメートル脈管についての結果を示している。図12は、シーリング時間が2.3秒間の5ミリメートル脈管についての血管を示している。図13は、シーリング時間が0.75秒間の1.5ミリメートル脈管についての血管を示している。
Claims (16)
- 6ミリメートル未満の直径を有する流体運搬脈管の通路を融合するための外科システムであって、
電気外科用電力を供給することができる電気外科用発電器と、
該電気外科用発電器に電気的に接続された外科用器具であって、前記電気外科用発電器から、該外科用器具の遠位端に配置された一対のエンドエフェクタへ電気外科用電力を運ぶようになっており、該外科用器具エンドエフェクタが、前記エンドエフェクタの間に前記脈管の一部をクランプすることにより、前記脈管の通路を閉じるようになっている、外科用器具と、
前記エンドエフェクタを通して電力を前記脈管へ供給することを制御するための電力制御回路と、を具備し、
前記外科システムは、
所定の時間にわたって定電力で電力を前記脈管の一部へ供給することであって、前記所定の時間は前記電力の供給が開始されてから計測され前記脈管の一部が融合するまで継続される時間であり、前記定電力は7ワット以上且つ35ワット以下を有し、前記所定の時間を通して出力電流を0.5〜2アンペアRMSの値とし且つ出力電圧を100ボルトRMS未満の値とし、さらに前記定電力により前記脈管の一部が少なくとも140℃の温度に達して、前記所定の時間内に内弾性板が融合するように供給することと、
前記所定の時間の間、融合される前記脈管の一部のインピーダンスをモニタリングすることと、
前記融合される脈管の一部のインピーダンスが、前記所定の時間内において設定されたインピーダンス閾値に達したとき、前記定電力での電力を低減することと、
前記融合される脈管の一部のインピーダンスが前記インピーダンス閾値に達すると、前記定電力での電力をスイッチオフすることと
を含むように、構成される、外科システム。 - 前記電力は1平方ミリメートル当たり0.12アンペア未満の電流密度で前記脈管の一部に供給される、請求項1に記載の外科システム。
- 前記電力は1平方ミリメートル当たり0.034〜0.1アンペアの電流密度で前記脈管の一部に供給される、請求項1に記載の外科システム。
- 前記所定の時間は2〜5秒間である、請求項1に記載の外科システム。
- 前記外科用器具エンドエフェクタのそれぞれが22平方ミリメートル未満の断面積を有している、請求項1に記載の外科システム。
- 前記外科用器具エンドエフェクタのそれぞれが15〜22平方ミリメートルの断面積を有している、請求項1に記載の外科システム。
- 前記出力電流は0.75〜1.00アンペアRMSの間である、請求項1に記載の外科システム。
- 前記出力電圧は70〜90ボルトRMSの間である、請求項1に記載の外科システム。
- 前記外科用器具エンドエフェクタは、172.5kPa〜862.5kPaの圧力を前記脈管の通路に印加するようになっている、請求項1に記載の外科システム。
- エンドエフェクタを含む脈管融合用外科用器具に電力を供給するための電力制御システムであって、
出力電圧及び出力電流を前記エンドエフェクタに供給するための電力供給装置と、
融合される前記脈管のインピーダンスを検出するためのインピーダンス検知回路と、
前記外科用器具に供給される電気外科用電力を自動的にシーケンシングするための電力シーケンシング・モジュールと、を具備し、
前記電力シーケンシング・モジュールは、
所定の時間にわたって35ワット以下の定電力で電力を前記脈管へ供給し、
融合される前記脈管に、3秒未満の前記所定の時間にわたって、7ワット以上且つ35ワット以下、0.5〜2アンペアRMSの間且つ100ボルトRMS未満、である前記定電力での前記電力を印加することであって、前記定電力により前記脈管は少なくとも140℃の温度に達して、前記所定の時間は、前記定電力の印加の開始から計測され、前記脈管の乾燥の開始と前記脈管の乾燥及び融合を通して継続される時間である、ように印加し、
前記所定の時間の間、前記インピーダンス検知回路を介して前記融合される脈管のインピーダンスをモニタリングし、
前記融合される前記脈管のインピーダンスが、前記所定の時間内において設定されたインピーダンス閾値に達したとき、前記定電力で電力を低減し、
前記融合される脈管のインピーダンスが前記インピーダンス閾値に達すると、前記融合される脈管への前記定電力での電力をスイッチオフするようになっている、電力制御システム。 - 前記電力シーケンシング・モジュールは、前記融合される脈管のインピーダンスが150オーム以上に達すると、前記融合される脈管への前記電力を低減する、請求項10に記載の電力制御システム。
- 前記電力シーケンシング・モジュールはさらに、前記融合される脈管への前記電力をスイッチオフする前に既定の長さの時間にわたって前記融合される脈管に前記低減された電力を供給するようになっている、請求項10に記載の電力制御システム。
- 6ミリメートル未満の直径を有する流体運搬脈管の通路を融合するための外科システムであって、
電気外科用電力を供給することができる電気外科用発電器と、
該電気外科用発電器に電気的に接続された外科用器具であって、前記電気外科用発電器から、該外科用器具の遠位端に配置された一対のエンドエフェクタへ電気外科用電力を運ぶようになっており、該外科用器具エンドエフェクタが前記脈管の通路を閉じるようになっている、外科用器具と、
前記エンドエフェクタを通して電力を前記脈管へ供給することを制御するための電力制御回路と、を具備し、
前記外科システムは、
所定の時間にわたって7ワット以上35ワット以下の定電力で電力を前記脈管へ供給することと、
前記出力電流が、0.5〜2アンペアRMSの第1電流範囲の間で変動し且つ前記出力電圧が100ボルトRMS未満の第1電圧範囲の間で変動することを許容しつつ、前記定電力を7〜35ワットの間で一定に保ちながら、前記所定の時間にわたって前記脈管に電力を印加することであって、前記所定の時間は、前記定電力の印加の開始から計測され、前記脈管の融合を通して継続される時間であり、前記定電力により前記脈管が前記所定の時間内に乾燥が開始されるようになり、前記所定の時間が3秒以下である、ことと、
前記所定の時間の間、融合される前記脈管のインピーダンスをモニタリングすることと、
前記融合される前記脈管のインピーダンスが、前記所定の時間内において設定されたインピーダンス閾値に達したとき、前記定電力での電力を低減することと、
前記融合される脈管のインピーダンスが、前記融合される脈管が乾燥していることを示す前記インピーダンス閾値に達すると、前記定電力での電力をスイッチオフすることと
を含むように構成される、外科システム。 - 前記電力は1平方ミリメートル当たり0.034〜0.1アンペアの電流密度で前記脈管に供給される、請求項13に記載の外科システム。
- 前記所定の時間は2〜5秒間である、請求項13に記載の外科システム。
- 前記外科用器具エンドエフェクタのそれぞれが22平方ミリメートル未満の断面積を有している、請求項13に記載の外科システム。
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