JP2013523240A - 心筋梗塞後の結果を改善するための遠隔虚血コンディショニングの使用 - Google Patents
心筋梗塞後の結果を改善するための遠隔虚血コンディショニングの使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
減すること、MI後の心機能不全/心不全に伴う症状の発生率、頻度および/または重症度を低減すること、および/または、心機能不全/心不全もしくはそれに伴う症状(MI後の運動制限、不整脈および、突然死を含むが、これらに限定されるものではない)の発症を遅延することを含む、MI後の対象の全体的結果を改善する方法であってもよいが、これらに限定されるものではない。これらの方法は、別の態様では、MIを有する対象に反復RIC療法を行うことを含み、反復RIC療法では、MI中および/またはMI後(直後を含む)に最初のRIC療法を行い、その最初のRIC療法の後、後続する1回以上のRIC療法を少なくとも6日おき、5日おき、4日おき、3日おき、2日おき、または1日おきに、または毎日行う。
幾つかの実施形態では、MIの後、1ヶ月以上、後続するRIC療法を行う。幾つかの実施形態では、反復RIC療法は、2日以上で1日2回以上(例えば、2回、3回、4回、または5回以上)のRIC療法を含む。
血圧症などの慢性の医学的症状を有していない。
幾つかの実施形態では、本方法はさらに、対象にアンジオテンシン変換酵素(ACE)阻害剤を投与することを含む。本発明に適したACE阻害剤の例としては、カプトプリル、エナラプリル、ラミプリル、リシノプリル、キナプリル、フォシノプリル、ベナゼプリル、およびモエキシプリルが挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
幾つかの実施形態では、本方法はさらに、対象にスタチンを投与することを含む。
別の態様では、本発明は、除細動器と、遠隔虚血コンディショニングを行う装置(例えば、本明細書に記載の自動装置など)とを含むキットを提供する。除細動器は、自動体外式除細動器(AED)であってもよい。
添付の図面は、縮尺通りに描くことを意図したものではない。図中、様々な図に示されている同一またはほぼ同一の構成要素はそれぞれ、同様の番号で表される。理解し易いように、全ての図面に全ての構成要素を標示しないこともある。
本発明は、一部には、計画的に、場合によっては繰り返し、MI中および/またはMI後に、対象に一過性虚血の誘発と再灌流とからなるサイクルを行うことにより、MI後の心機能不全/心不全を低減、遅延、または完全に予防することができるという知見に基づく。本発明はまた、一部には、MI中(MIに伴う虚血中を含む)に、対象に一過性虚血の誘発と再灌流を行うことにより類似の効果が得られるという知見に基づく。本発明による一過性虚血の誘発および再灌流の使用により、MI後の対象の生存も向上する。
グが起こる。さらにより驚くべきことには、梗塞サイズに対して効果がない場合でも、この保護効果は達成される。即ち、リモデリングに対する長期効果は、MIに起因する梗塞サイズの変化(例えば、縮小)と関連しているようには見えない。
従って、本発明は、場合によっては、MIの後、少なくとも1週間に1回、少なくとも6日に1回、少なくとも5日に1回、少なくとも4日に1回、対象にRICを行うことを含み、好ましくはMI中にもRICを行う方法を提供する。幾つかの重要な実施形態では、MIの後、少なくとも3日に1回、少なくとも2日に1回、または少なくとも1日に(即ち、毎日)1回、対象に遠隔虚血コンディショニングを行い、好ましくはMI中にもRICを行う。
とも1回」は、3日間で少なくとも1回のRIC療法を行うことを意味する。そのため、これは、毎日、1日おき、または2日おきにRICを行う場合を含む。代わりに、またはさらに、それは、3日間の1日目、2日目、および/または3日目に、1回以上のRIC療法を行う場合を含む。最も簡単な場合、2日おきに1回のRICを行う。しかし、本発明は、任意の所定の日にさらに頻回行うことを考えることを理解されたい。また、これと同じ意味が、前述のような、他の頻度で行われる療法にも適用されることも理解されたい。従って、明確にするために、「少なくとも毎日」は、毎日1回以上のRIC療法を行うことを意味する。
1日で行う場合であれ、または複数日で行う場合であれ、RIC療法は同じ位置で行ってもまたは異なる位置で行ってもよい。これらは2つの位置で交互に行ってもよく、またはそれらは3つ以上の位置を循環して行ってもよい。2つ以上の位置の使用は事前に決定されてもよく、または無作為であってもよい。幾つかの実施形態では、1つの位置または複数の位置を使用して1回の療法を行ってもよい。例えば、ヒト対象の上腕の1つの位置で1回の療法を行ってもよく、または2つの上腕位置(例えば、別々の上腕)を使用して同時にもしくは交互にそれを行ってもよい。複数の位置を使用する場合、2つ以上の装置を使用してもよい。
遠隔虚血コンディショニング療法は、MIの後、任意の期間(1ヶ月、2ヶ月、3ヶ月、4ヶ月、5ヶ月、6ヶ月、7ヶ月、8ヶ月、9ヶ月、10ヶ月、11ヶ月、もしくは12ヶ月以下、またはそれより長期間を含むが、これらに限定されるものではない)にわたって行われてもよい。場合によっては、療法は、何年か(2年、3年、4年、5年以下、またはそれより長期間を含む)にわたって行われる。さらにまた他の場合、対象の余命にわたり、または対象にもはや高い心機能不全/心不全のリスクがないと判定されるまで療法を継続する。本明細書で使用する場合、高い心機能不全/心不全のリスクとは、MIを起こさなかった平均母集団のリスクより高いリスクである。従って、実施例は、実験的にシミュレートされたMIの後に30日以下行われるRIC療法の効果を示すが、本発明は、より短い「処置」時間とより長い「処置」時間の両方を考える。
もしくは見られなくてもよく、または対象が慢性の医学的症状の病歴を有しても、もしくは有していなくてもよい。本発明の対象は好ましくはヒトであるが、ヒト以外の対象も考えられる。
ある必要はない。
心不全は、心臓が血液を全身に拍出できない状態、または肺に血液がうっ滞することを防止できない状態と定義される。心不全はうっ血性心不全と称されることが多く、収縮期心機能不全または拡張期心機能不全と関連している。それは、通常、徐々に進行し、心臓組織の損傷を引き起こす(例えば、MI)または心臓組織を通常より多く働かせる(もしくは酷使する)別の症状により誘発されるまたは増悪する場合ある。
エコー図は、1回の拍動で左心室から駆出される血液の量または分率を測定することができる。これは駆出率と称される。正常な対象では、左心室の血液の約60%が駆出される。対象には、軽度に低下した駆出率(例えば、40〜45%)、中程度に低下した駆出率(例えば、30〜40%)、または重度に低下した駆出率(例えば、10〜25%)が見られることがある。従って、本発明の幾つかの態様では、本方法は、特に、対象の駆出率が正常である場合、または対象の駆出率の低下が軽度である場合、駆出率を維持することを目的とする。幾つかの態様では、本発明の方法は、最初に見られる駆出率に関わらず、駆出率低下の発生を遅延させることを目的とする。また、ストレステストを使用して心機能不全/心不全を診断してもよく、それらを前述の造影検査の1つ以上と組み合わせてもよい。例えば、ストレステストを心エコー図と組み合わせて、運動時間(exercise periods)の前、運動時間中、および/または運動時間の後に、心機能不全/心不全の監視および測定を行ってもよい。当業者(開業医、特に心臓病専門医を含む)は、これらの試験および心機能不全/心不全の診断におけるその使用に精通しているであろう。
もよい。
本発明のRIC療法は、心機能不全/心不全のリスクまたは重症度の低減を目的とした他の療法または処置と併用してもよい。これらの療法には、線維素溶解剤、抗凝固剤、および血小板機能阻害剤を含む抗血小板薬療法、β遮断薬療法、ACE阻害剤療法、スタチン療法、アルドステロン拮抗薬療法(例えば、エプレレノン)、およびω−3−脂肪酸療法が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。実施形態に応じて、これらの薬剤の1つ以上をMIの前、MI時、またはMIの後に投与してもよく、RIC療法および/またはプロトコルと重複してもまたは重複しなくてもよい。前述の療法および他の適した療法を以下により詳細に説明する。
成酵素阻害剤(ピコタミドおよびスロトロバンなど)、チクロピジン、チロフィバン、トラピジルおよびチクロピジン、トリフェナグレル、トリリノレイン、3−置換5,6−ビス(4−メトキシフェニル)−1,2,4−トリアジン、ならびに抗糖タンパク質IIb/IIIa抗体および米国特許第5,440,020号明細書に開示されているもの、ならびに抗セロトニン薬、クロプリドグレル;スルフィンピラゾン;アスピリン;ジピリダモール;クロフィブレート;ピリジノールカルバメート;PGE;グルカゴン;抗セロトニン薬;カフェイン;テオフィリン、ペントキシフィリン;チクロピジンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
ェンクロフェナク;フェンクロラク;フェンドサル;フェンピパロン;フェンチアザク;フラザロン;フルアザコート;フルフェナム酸;フルミゾール;酢酸フルニソリド;フルニキシン;フルニキシンメグルミン;フルオコルチンブチル;酢酸フルオロメトロン(Fluorometholone Acetate);フルクアゾン;フルルビプロフェン;フルレトフェン;プロピオン酸フルチカゾン;フラプロフェン;フロブフェン;ハルシノニド;プロピオン酸ハロベタゾール;酢酸ハロプレドン;イブフェナク;イブプロフェン;イブプロフェンアルミニウム;イブプロフェンピコノール;イロニダップ(Ilonidap);インドメタシン;インドメタシンナトリウム;インドプロフェン;インドキソール;イントラゾール;酢酸イソフルプレドン(Isoflupredone Acetate);イソキセパック;イソキシカム;ケトプロフェン;塩酸ロフェミゾール;ロルノキシカム;エタボン酸ロテプレドール;メクロフェナム酸ナトリウム;メクロフェナム酸;二酪酸メクロリゾン(Meclorisone Dibutyrate);メフェナム酸;メサラミン;メセクラゾン;スレプタン酸メチルプレドニゾロン;モルニフルマート(Morniflumate);ナブメトン;ナプロキセン;ナプロキセンナトリウム;ナプロキソール;ニマゾン;オルサラジンナトリウム;オルゴテイン;オルパノキシン;オキサプロジン;オキシフェンブタゾン;塩酸パラニリン;ペントサンポリ硫酸ナトリウム;フェンブタゾンナトリウムグリセラート;ピルフェニドン;ピロキシカム;ケイ皮酸ピロキシカム;ピロキシカムオラミン;ピルプロフェン;プレドナザート;プリフェロン;プロドール酸;プロカゾン;プロキサゾール;クエン酸プロキサゾール;リメキソロン;ロマザリット;サルコレクス;サルナセジン;サルサレート;サリチル酸誘導体;塩化サングイナリウム;セクラゾン;セルメタシン;スドキシカム;スリンダク;スプロフェン;タルメタシン;タルニフルメート;タロサラート;テブフェロン;テニダップ;テニダップナトリウム;テノキシカム;テシカム;テシミド;テトリダミン;チオピナク;ピバル酸チキソコルトール;トルメチン;トルメチンナトリウム;トリクロニド;トリフルミダート;ジドメタシン;糖質コルチコイド;ゾメピラックナトリウムが挙げられる。好ましい抗炎症剤の1つにはアスピリンがある。
mine)、コレスチポール、ニコチン酸、プロブコール、ロバスタチン、フルバスタチン、シンバスタチン、アトルバスタチン、プラバスタチン、セリバスタチン(cirivastatin)などのスタチンが挙げられる。
糖タンパク質IIb/IIIa受容体阻害剤には抗体と非抗体の両方があり、ReoPro(アブシキマブ(abcixamab))、ラミフィバン、チロフィバンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
れてもよい。
as COX−2 inhibitors」;米国特許第5,733,909号明細書「Diphenyl stilbenes as prodrugs to COX−2
inhibitors」;米国特許第5,789,413号明細書「Alkylated styrenes as prodrugs to COX−2 inhibitors」;米国特許第5,817,700号明細書「Bisaryl cyclobutenes derivatives as cyclooxygenase inhibitors」;米国特許第5,849,943号明細書「Stilbene derivatives useful as cyclooxygenase−2 inhibitors」;米国特許第5,861,419号明細書「Substituted pyridines as selective cyclooxygenase−2 inhibitors」;米国特許第5,922,742「Pyridinyl−2−cyclopenten−1−ones as selective cyclooxygenase−2 inhibitors」;米国特許第5,925,631号明細書「Alkylated styrenes as prodrugs to COX−2 inhibitors」(これらの特許文献は全てMerck Frosst Canada,Inc.(Kirkland,CA)に譲渡されている)に記載のCOX−2阻害剤が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。その他のCOX−2阻害剤は、G.D.Searle&Co.(Skokie,IL)に譲渡され、「Substituted sulfonylphenylheterocycles as cyclooxygenase−2 and 5−lipoxygenase inhibitors.」と題された米国特許第5,643,933号明細書にも記載されている。
前述のCOX−2阻害剤プロドラッグから生成される、薬理活性を有する選択的COX−2阻害剤は、国際公開第95/00501号パンフレット(1995年1月5日公開)、国際公開第95/18799号パンフレット(1995年7月13日公開)および米国特許第5,474,995号明細書(1995年12月12日発行)に詳述されている。「Human cyclooxygenase−2 cDNA and assays for evaluating cyclooxygenase−2 activity」と題された米国特許第5,543,297号明細書の教示から、当業者は薬剤が選択的COX−2阻害剤であるか、またはCOX−2阻害剤の前駆体であるか、従って本発明の一部となるかを判定することができるであろう。
ロキシ−5−シクロ−ヘキサペンタノイル−N−ヘキシルアミド、三共株式会社、東京、日本);SKF108566(E−α−2−[2−ブチル−1−(カルボキシフェニル)メチル]1H−イミダゾール−5−イル[メチレン]−2−チオフェンプロピオン酸、Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals,PA);ロサルタン(DUP753/MK954,DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company);レミキレン(Remikirin)(RO42−5892,F.Hoffman LaRoche AG);A2作動薬(Marion Mer
rill Dow)および特定の非ペプチド複素環化合物(G.D.Searle and Company)が挙げられる。
米国特許第5,262,435号明細書、米国特許第5,260,332号明細書、米国特許第5,317,031号明細書、米国特許第5,283,256号明細書、米国特許第5,256,689号明細書、米国特許第5,182,298号明細書、米国特許第5,369,125号明細書、米国特許第5,302,604号明細書、米国特許第5,166,171号明細書、米国特許第5,202,327号明細書、米国特許第5,276,021号明細書、米国特許第5,196,440号明細書、米国特許第5,091,386号明細書、米国特許第5,091,378号明細書、米国特許第4,904,646号明細書、米国特許第5,385,932号明細書、米国特許第5,250,435号明細書、米国特許第5,132,312号明細書、米国特許第5,130,306号明細書、米国特許第5,116,870号明細書、米国特許第5,112,857号明細書、米国特許第5,102,911号明細書、米国特許第5,098,931号明細書、米国特許第5,081,136号明細書、米国特許第5,025,000号明細書、米国特許第5,021,453号明細書、米国特許第5,017,716号明細書、米国特許第5,001,144号明細書、米国特許第5,001,128号明細書、米国特許第4,997,837号明細書、米国特許第4,996,234号明細書、米国特許第4,994,494号明細書、米国特許第4,992,429号明細書、米国特許第4,970,231号明細書、米国特許第4,968,693号明細書、米国特許第4,963,538号明細書、米国特許第4,957,940号明細書、米国特許第4,950,675号明細書、米国特許第4,946,864号明細書、米国特許第4,946,860号明細書、米国特許第4,940,800号明細書、米国特許第4,940,727号明細書、米国特許第4,939,143号明細書、米国特許第4,929,620号明細書、米国特許第4,923,861号明細書、米国特許第4,906,657号明細書、米国特許第4,906,624号明細書および米国特許第4,897,402号明細書(これらの特許の開示内容は参照により本明細書に援用される)に記載の他の多くのものが挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
RIC
本明細書で使用する場合、RIC療法は、一過性虚血イベントの誘発とそれに続く再灌流イベントを1サイクルとして少なくとも1サイクル行うものである。通常、これらの療法は、対象の肢または周囲組織の血流を制限した後、血流制限を取り除き、血液を肢または組織に再灌流させることにより行われる。RIC療法は、通常、非侵襲的である。療法は、1サイクルまたは複数のサイクル(2サイクル、3サイクル、4サイクル、または5サイクル以上を含む)を含んでもよい。1つの重要な実施形態では、療法は、虚血と再灌流を1サイクルとして4サイクル含む。
対する効果を示す。
その最も簡単な形態の1つでは、血圧計(即ち、対象の血圧を測定するのに通常使用される機器)を使用して本方法を実施してもよい。血圧計のカフを対象の肢(即ち、腕または脚)の周囲に配置し、肢の血流を閉塞するのに十分大きい圧力(即ち、対象の収縮期血圧より大きい圧力)になるまで膨張させる。規定の時間(本明細書では虚血持続時間と称される)、カフを膨張状態に維持して肢の血流を止める。虚血持続時間の後、一定時間(本明細書では再灌流持続時間と称される)、カフから圧力を解放して肢に血液を再灌流させる。その後、カフを再膨張させ、処置を直ぐに何回か繰り返す。
システムはまた、虚血持続時間中、対象の肢の再灌流のあらゆる兆候に関して対象を監視し、それに従って、カフにより加えられる外部圧力を増加させ、このような再灌流を防止する。再灌流の兆候としては、コロトコフ音または振動の発生を挙げることができる。虚血持続時間の経過後、カフは対象の肢の周囲から圧力を解放し、再灌流させる。サイクルに定められた再灌流持続時間、再灌流させる。
給するように構成されてもよい。しかし、本発明の態様はこの点に関して限定されないため、他の流量および/または圧力も可能である。
種類のコンピュータに備えられていてもよい。一実施形態では、制御装置は、無線で、または電気ケーブルもしくは光ケーブルで離れた場所に通信する通信回路を備える。
と低下することになる。本発明の態様はこの点に関して限定されないため、光電脈波変換器、超音波流量変換器、温度変換器、赤外線検出器、および近赤外線変換器などの他のセンサを使用して血流の停止を確認してもよいことを理解されたい。
たは張力の解放を含む。空気カフを使用する実施形態では、これは、単に排気弁を全開位置に移動させて、カフ圧力を迅速に低下させ、それに対応して対象の肢の周囲でカフを迅速に弛緩させることにより行われてもよい。しかし、本発明の態様はこの点に関して限定されないため、他の実施形態では、カフ弛緩は比較的緩速に、比較的制御して行われてもよいことを理解されたい。さらに、本明細書に記載のように、カフの解放は、コロトコフ音または振動の発生を監視し、対象の収縮期血圧を測定または確認しながら行ってもよい。
定されないため、実施形態は、対象および/または医療従事者が常に情報を得ることができるようにする他の機構を備えてもよい。
が自由に動き、従って張力が迅速に解放されるようにしてもよい。
動物。58週齢の雄性スプレーグ・ドーリー(SD)ラット、体重250g〜280g(Experimental Animal Center,Fudan University,Shanghai,P.R.China)を試験に用いた。動物実験のプロトコルは、National Institute of Healthにより出版され(NIH出版番号第85−23、1996年改訂)、Animal Care Committee of Shanghai Sixth Hospital,Shanghai
Jiao Tong University School of Medicineにより認可された「The Guide for the Care of Use of Laboratory Animals」に準拠した。ラットは全て、実験前の馴化期間のため2週間飼育した。
blush)の迅速な消失により特徴付けられた。プロトコルの終了時にスネアを除去し、閉胸し、動物を回復させ、意識が戻る直前にタムゲシック(tamgesic)(0.03mg/kg)を投与した。
1)MI群(MI対照)、長期観察を行うために、45分間LAD結紮した後、再灌流を行うことによりMIを生じさせた;
2)1回の遠隔虚血ポストコンディショニング(sPost)群(本明細書ではrIPerCとも称される)、虚血再灌流傷害の外科的処置中、麻酔下の動物に、指標虚血期間の終了20分前から、上大腿部の周囲にトルニケット(torniquet)を締めて後肢血流を閉塞し、5分間の閉塞とそれに続く5分間の解放を1サイクルとして4サイクル行うことにより、遠隔虚血ポストコンディショニングを施した。肢虚血は、止血帯の下の後肢の蒼白およびチアノーゼにより確認した;
3)遅延ポストコンディショニング(dPost)群、遅延遠隔ポストコンディショニングは、4日目(再灌流の72時間後)に施した。ここでも比較的低投与量のペントバルビタールナトリウム(30mg/Kg)でラットに麻酔をかけた。前述と同様に遠隔ポストコンディショニングを施した。また、ラットの意識が戻る前にテムゲシック(0.03
mg/kg)を投与した;
4)反復遠隔ポストコンディショニング(rPost)群(本明細書ではrPostCとも称される)、最初の遠隔ポストコンディショニング(第2群と同一)の後、ポストコンディショニングを2日おきに28日間繰り返し、dPost群のラットで記載したのと同様に療法を施した;
5)集中的遠隔ポストコンディショニング(iPost)群(本明細書ではiPostCとも称される)、最初の遠隔ポストコンディショニング(第2群と同一)の後、前述したのと同じ遠隔ポストコンディショニング療法を毎日、28日間繰り返した;
6)シャム群、ラットは偽手術を受け、縫合糸による結紮は行わなかった。観察期間を終えた生存ラットは全て、再灌流後4日目(再灌流の72時間後)またプロトコル図にもこれを表示した)または28日目に犠牲にし、これらをそれぞれ、下記に概説し、図1に詳細に示す試験に用いた。
Biotech,Shanghai,China)に接続された細いポリエチレンチューブを右頸動脈に挿入した後、チューブを左心室に進入させた。心拍数(HR)、左室最大収縮期圧および拡張末期圧(LVEDP)およびLV圧の最大上昇速度と最大低下速度(それぞれdP/dtmaxおよびdP/dtmin)を記録した。
Jソフトウェアを使用して、各切片の梗塞領域(青白)、リスクのある領域(赤)、および全LV領域を測定した。全切片の梗塞領域重量の合計を全切片のLVリスク領域重量の合計で除し、100を乗ずることにより、梗塞サイズ(パーセンテージとして表す)を算出した。
転写酵素(RT,Invitrogen)を使用して全RNA(2μg)を逆転写した。
α−MHC、センス(CTGCTGGAGAGGTTATTCCTCG)(配列番号1)およびアンチセンス(GGAAGAGTGAGCGGCGCATCAAGG)(配列番号2);
β−MHC、センス(TGCAAAGGCTCCAGGTCTGAGGGC)(配列番号3)
およびアンチセンス(GCCAACACCAACCTGTCCAAGTTC)(配列番号4);
ANP、センス(CTCTGAGAGACGGCAGTGCT)(配列番号5)
およびアンチセンス(TATGCAGAGTGGGAGAGGCA)(配列番号6);
β−チューブリン、センス(TCACTGTGCCTGAACTTACC)(配列番号7)および
アンチセンス(GGAACATAGCCGTAAACTGC)(配列番号8)。
集中的ポストコンディショニングによる生存率の向上。84日間の観察期間中、rIPerC(またはsPost)、rPostC(またはrPost)およびiPostC(
またはiPost)は、MI群およびSP群と比較して生存率が向上した(全てについて、P<0.05)。興味深いことに、iPostC群だけは早くもMIの28日後に生存率の向上が明らかになったが、rPostC群ではMIの56日後までこの効果は認められなかった。さらに、84日目にiPostCはRIPerC処置およびrPostC処置と比較して生存率が向上していた(それぞれP<0.05)。ペントバルビタールナトリウムを毎日投与しても、観察期間中、MI群と比較して有益な効果もまたは悪影響も見られなかった(P>0.05)(図11)。死亡したこれらの動物の解剖の結果、処置群では心破裂の発生は認められず、SP群では1例、およびMI群では1例発生したが、異なる群間の統計学的有意性はなかった(それぞれ、P>0.05)。
増加し、またrIPostにより8−OHdG強度の著しい用量依存的低減が起こった(図3A)が、dPostは8−OHdG発現に影響を及ぼさなかった(図3A)。
これは、遠隔コンディショニングが遠隔期LVリモデリングおよび生存を用量依存的に改善することを実証する最初の研究である。データから、虚血の最後の20分間に開始され再灌流期間まで継続する、早期の1回の遠隔パーコンディショニング処置により、LV拡張の低減および心機能の改善、ならびに心筋肥大および繊維化の減少により証明されるような、MI後のLVリモデリングに対する長期の保護がもたらされることが分かる。刺
激を4日目まで遅延するとこの効果は失われ、この群の動物は、rIPostを受けなかったMI群のものと区別不可能となる。興味深いことに、さらに梗塞後の最初の28日間に反復rIPostを施しても、梗塞サイズのさらなる縮小は検出されなかったが、有害なLVリモデリングに対するさらなる保護が得られ、これは、早期に1回のポストコンディショニング処置を行ったものと比較して、炎症反応が軽減し、酸化ストレスが低下することと密接に関連していた。さらに、反復rIPostの保護効果は明らかに用量依存的であり、28の経過観察期間中、毎日rIPost療法を行うと、3日おきにrIPostを行う場合と比較してさらに著しい効果が得られる。これらの機能的効果により、84日目における生存が向上し、最初の28日間、毎日ポストコンディショニングを施した群では最大の効果が見られた。
et al.によって最初に記載されて以来[25]、プレコンディショニングおよびポストコンディショニングが心臓保護効果を及ぼす基本的な機構を解明するために、広範囲にわたる研究が行われてきた。正確な機構はまだ完全には理解されていないが、ROS発生の減少[26−28]が、これらの方式によりもたらされる保護に最も重要であることについてはおおむね見解が一致している。さらに、連続的なROS発生および炎症がMI後のリモデリング過程においても重要である[29,30]ことは十分立証されている。肢虚血により誘発される遠隔プレコンディショニング、パーコンディショニングおよびポストコンディショニングは全て、実験モデル[5、14,15]、および臨床試験[31]において心筋損傷に対する強力な救急的(potent acute)保護を提供することが実証された。また、血中単球、白血球炎症誘発性経路の下方制御[21、32]、および10日間毎日施される場合、好中球接着食作用および炎症誘発性サイトカイン反応の低減に効果があるように見える。これらの知見は、酸化ストレスの低減(NF−kBリン酸化およびTGFβ1/Smad2シグナル伝達の活性化の低減)、炎症細胞の梗塞領域への移動の減少(直接およびMDA濃度および8−OHdG免疫染色の濃さの低下として観察された)および局所炎症性サイトカインシグナル伝達の低下(組織MCP−1発現の低下、血中TNF−αおよびIL−1β濃度の低下)と一致する。局所および血中炎症性細胞外液(milleau)の変化(modification)は、慢性的rIPostの慢性的効果に重要な可能性がある。MCP−1などの局所ケモカインは、単核細胞の漸増を誘発する原因となる。さらに、NF−κB経路の活性化により、TNF−αおよびIL−1βの標的遺伝子発現を上方制御することもできる[29,30,33]。梗塞サイズ縮小(この研究では、反復ポストコンディショニングの効果はパーコンディショニング単独の場合と比較して増大しなかった)の他にさらにこのような「抗炎症」効果がある。rIPost、局所酸化ストレスおよび血中細胞反応の間の因果関係を評価するために、さらに重点的な実験が必要となることが明らかであり、LV拡張および機能不全と筋細胞肥大が組み合わさった形態のリモデリングを改善するために、この実験的障害の後、最初の28日間この刺激を繰り返した場合、その全体的効果は、ヒトにおけるMI後の回復と明白な臨床的関連性を有する。
形態で報告された[34]。現在の研究で使用されている早期のコンディショニング刺激は、コンディショニング刺激を虚血中に開始し、初期再灌流期間中も継続するため、幾分、パーコンディショニングとポストコンディショニングの混成である。このようなものとして、それは、おそらく「実際の」期間をより適切に反映するが、PCIの成功後の再灌流期間におよぶ。後続するコンディショニング処置がポストコンディショニングとして記載されるのが最適であるかまたはプレコンディショニングとして記載されるのが最適であるかは多分に意味論であるが、慢性的虚血コンディショニングの効果についてはいかなる状況でもほとんど知られていないことを警告しておく。従って、どの臨床試験も、慢性的rIPost方式の悪影響についても、有益な効果についても慎重に評価を行わなければならない。
要約すると、1回の遠隔パーコンディショニング処置と比較して、遠隔虚血ポストコンディショニングを慢性的に施すことにより、病理学的心室リモデリングに対するさらなる保護が得られ(これは梗塞サイズに対する効果とは無関係である)、MI後の生存を向上させることを示してきた。得られるこのような用量依存的保護は、酸化ストレス、炎症反応、ならびに、肥大化および線維化シグナル伝達の調節の改善と関連している。
前述の明細書は、当業者が本発明を実施することを可能にするのに十分であると考えられる。実施例は本発明の1つ以上の態様の例示に過ぎないため、本発明の範囲は記載した実施例に限定されるものではない。他の機能的に同等の実施形態も本発明の範囲に入ると考えられる。前述の説明から当業者には、本明細書に図示し記載するものの他に本発明の様々な変更形態が明らかとなるであろう。本発明の限定のそれぞれは、本発明の様々な実施形態を包含することができる。従って、いずれか1つの要素または要素の組み合わせを含む本発明の限定のそれぞれを本発明の各態様に含むことができることが予想される。本発明の適用は、前述した、または図面に示した構成要素の構成および配置の詳細に限定されるものではない。本発明は、他の実施形態、および様々な方法で実施または実行することが可能である。
Claims (28)
- 心筋梗塞後の対象に反復遠隔虚血コンディショニング療法(反復RIC療法)を行うこと、
を含む方法。 - 前記反復RIC療法が、前記心筋梗塞の1週間以内または1ヶ月以内に開始される、
請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記対象が、前記心筋梗塞の前に、先行する虚血コンディショニングを受けていない、
請求項1または2に記載の方法。 - 前記対象が、前記心筋梗塞中に、先行する虚血コンディショニングを受けていない、
請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記先行する虚血コンディショニングが、遠隔または局所虚血コンディショニングである、
請求項3または4に記載の方法。 - 前記対象が、先行する虚血コンディショニングを受けたことがある、
請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記先行する虚血コンディショニングが心筋梗塞の前に行われる、
請求項6に記載の方法。 - 心筋梗塞後の対象に反復遠隔虚血コンディショニング療法(反復RIC療法)を行うこと、
を含む方法であって、前記対象が前記心筋梗塞中に遠隔または局所で虚血コンディショニングを受けたことがある方法。 - 心機能不全および心不全の少なくとも一方の発生率を低減する、発症を遅延させる、および/または重症度を低減する方法であって、
心筋梗塞中または心筋梗塞後の対象に反復遠隔虚血コンディショニング療法(反復RIC療法)を行うことを含む方法。 - 心筋梗塞を有する対象に反復遠隔虚血コンディショニング療法(反復RIC療法)を行うこと、
を含む方法であって、最初のRIC療法が前記心筋梗塞中に行われ、後続するRIC療法が前記最初のRIC療法の後、少なくとも2日おきに行われる方法。 - 心筋梗塞を有する対象に反復遠隔虚血コンディショニング療法(反復RIC療法)を行うこと、
を含む方法であって、最初のRIC療法が前記心筋梗塞中に行われ、後続するRIC療法が前記最初のRIC療法の後、毎日行われる方法。 - 後続するRIC療法が、最初のRIC療法の後、1日おきに行われる、
請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記反復RIC療法が、2日おき、1日おき、または毎日行われる、
請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 後続するRIC療法が、前記心筋梗塞の後1ヶ月以内に行われる、
請求項1〜13のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 反復RIC療法が、前記心筋梗塞の後1ヶ月以内に行われる、
請求項1〜14のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記反復RIC療法が、1日2回以上のRIC療法を1日以上で行うことを含む、
請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記対象が、バルーン血管形成術もステント留置術も受けていない、
請求項1〜16のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記対象がヒトである、
請求項1〜17のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 最初のRIC療法が、心筋梗塞に伴う虚血中に行われる、
請求項1〜18のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 最初のRIC療法が、心筋梗塞に伴う虚血後の再灌流中に行われる、
請求項1〜19のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記反復RIC療法の少なくとも1回のRIC療法が少なくとも4サイクルを含み、各サイクルが超収縮期血圧と再灌流とを含む、
請求項1〜20のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記反復RIC療法の少なくとも1回のRIC療法が、5分間の超収縮期血圧と5分間の再灌流とを含むサイクルを2サイクル以上含む、
請求項1〜21のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記超収縮期血圧が、収縮期血圧より少なくとも15mmHg高い圧力または200mmHgの圧力である、
請求項21または22に記載の方法。 - 前記反復RIC療法の各RIC療法が、同じ部位で行われる、
請求項1〜23のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記反復RIC療法が上肢で行われる、
請求項1〜24のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記対象にアンジオテンシン変換酵素(ACE)阻害剤を投与することをさらに含む、
請求項1〜25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記対象にアンジオテンシンII受容体遮断薬を投与することをさらに含む、
請求項1〜26のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記対象に抗血小板療法を施すことをさらに含む、
請求項1〜27のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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KR20190000368A (ko) | 2019-01-02 |
WO2011121402A9 (en) | 2012-01-05 |
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IL222284A0 (en) | 2012-12-31 |
CA2795053A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
CN102939054A (zh) | 2013-02-20 |
US20190269410A1 (en) | 2019-09-05 |
EP2552331A4 (en) | 2015-10-21 |
SG10201908570RA (en) | 2019-11-28 |
EP2552331A2 (en) | 2013-02-06 |
SG10201502031XA (en) | 2015-05-28 |
KR20130040851A (ko) | 2013-04-24 |
JP6326400B2 (ja) | 2018-05-16 |
JP2016052600A (ja) | 2016-04-14 |
WO2011121402A2 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
US20110240043A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
AU2011234189A1 (en) | 2012-11-01 |
AU2011234189A9 (en) | 2015-12-03 |
RU2012146353A (ru) | 2014-05-10 |
US20160038147A1 (en) | 2016-02-11 |
EP2552331B1 (en) | 2020-01-08 |
SG184353A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
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