JP2013517297A - ナノ粒子を介するがん細胞標的化送達のための方法および組成物 - Google Patents
ナノ粒子を介するがん細胞標的化送達のための方法および組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、その全内容が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる2010年1月18日出願の米国特許仮出願第61/295,898号の米国特許法第119条第(e)項に基づく利益を主張する。
本発明は、ナノ粒子を介して活性薬剤をがん細胞に選択的に送達するための組成物および方法に関する。
A)a)ポリカチオン/ポリアルキレングリコール/グルコース接合体と、
b)活性薬剤と
を含むナノ粒子、
B)a)活性薬剤を含むコアと、
b)(a)のコアを取り囲むグルコース/ポリアルキレングリコール接合体と
を含むナノ粒子、
C)a)ポリカチオンおよび活性薬剤を含むコアと、
b)(a)のコアを取り囲むグルコース/ポリアルキレングリコール接合体と
を含むナノ粒子、
D)a)ポリカチオン/アルギネート/グルコース接合体と、
b)活性薬剤と
を含むナノ粒子、
E)a)活性薬剤を含むコアと、
b)(a)のコアを取り囲むグルコース/アルギネート接合体と
を含むナノ粒子、
F)a)ポリカチオンおよび活性薬剤を含むコアと、
b)(a)を取り囲むグルコース/アルギネート接合体と
を含むナノ粒子、ならびに
G)a)上記(A)〜(F)のナノ粒子の任意の組合せ
からなる群から選択されるナノ粒子を提供する。
本発明では、ワールブルグ効果、すなわち、がん細胞が健常細胞に比べてより多くのグルコースを取り込む現象を利用することによって、がん細胞を標的とする以前には記載されていない部類のナノ粒子を開発した。具体的には、グルコースに接合されたPEGに連結されたポリエチレンイミン(PEI)接合体(GLU−PEG−PEI)を合成した。細胞培養研究において、このシステムを使用してEGFPまたはβ−ガラクトシダーゼ(β−Gal)発現プラスミドを送達すると、非がん細胞株であるRWPEまたはMCF−10A細胞と比較して、がん細胞株であるPC3またはMDA−MB−231において相当により大きな送達効率が達成された。送達の特異性は、過剰量のグルコースの添加がEGFPまたはβ−Galの発現を著しく抑制することの発見によって立証されるように、グルコース輸送体に特有のものである。さらなる分析は、GLU−PEG−PEI/DNA複合体が、ナノ粒子/グルコース輸送体複合体のエンドサイトーシス介在性内部移行により細胞に入ることを示した。まとめると、これらの結果は、がん療法における該送達システムの可能性に関する原理証明を提供する。
組織への分布を研究するため、GLU−PEG−PEIを含むナノ粒子を使用して、β−ガラクトシダーゼ発現プラスミドをマウスに送達する。無胸腺の雄性および雌性ヌードマウス(Balb/c nu/nu、4〜6週齢)は、Harlan laboratoriesから購入する。マウスを、病原体のない条件下に収容し、食物および水を制約なしに供給して、12時間/12時間の明暗サイクルで維持する。0.1mLのPBS中の5×106個の腫瘍細胞(例えば、肺癌細胞、乳がん細胞、前立腺がん細胞、白血病細胞、リンパ腫細胞など)の接種物をマトリゲル(Matrigel)と4℃で混合し、次いでマウス脇腹の皮下(s.c.)区域に注入する。腫瘍の大きさが1cmに達したら、GLU−PEG−PEI/β−Gal(50μLのPBS中50μg/DNA)を尾部静脈注入により投与するか、あるいは0.5mLのGLU−PEG−PEI/β−gal/ヒドロゲル(20wt%Pluronic F127ゲル)混合物を、腫瘍をもつマウスに皮下で投与する。24または48時間後に、マウスを頸部断頭によって屠殺する。肝臓、肺、脾臓、腎臓、心臓、および腫瘍を含め、種々の組織を集める。β−Gal染色のため凍結組織切片を調製する。腫瘍細胞へのプラスミドの選択的送達を確実にするため、相対的遺伝子移動効率(腫瘍組織対正常組織中でのβ−Galの発現)を評価し、最適化した。
ポリヌクレオチドを含む本発明のナノ粒子を、ナノ粒子の組成および治療すべき個々の障害に応じて、本明細書に記載のような投与量で(例えば、経口および/または静脈内および/または皮下で)ヒト対象に送達する。治療の有効性を、当技術分野で周知のように、腫瘍の大きさおよび/または腫瘍増殖率の変化を測定すること、腫瘍細胞のアポトーシスおよび/または老化を測定すること、ナノ粒子によって運ばれる核酸でコードされる産生物の産生を分析すること、がん抗原(例えば、CEA、PSA)のレベルを測定すること、対象のがんに付随する兆候または症状の調節を評価することなどによって監視する。
図4Bは、対照ベクター、腫瘍抑制因子PYMをコードする20μgのベクター、または腫瘍抑制因子PTENをコードする40μgのベクターのどれかを与えられたマウスから単離された腫瘍の画像である。腫瘍の大きさの用量依存性縮小に一致して、Ki67染色も、腫瘍抑制因子の遺伝子の用量依存的方式での発現による細胞増殖の阻害を示した(図4A)。
腫瘍細胞は、ゲノムの不安定性および発がん遺伝子の活性化のせいで、持続性のp53活性化シグナルを内部に含み、p53機能の回復をがん療法の魅力的な取組みとする。突然変異p53をその野生型相当物で置き換えるために、種々の方法が試みられてきた。しかし、腫瘍細胞中の高度に豊富な突然変異p53タンパク質のドミナントネガティブな活性のため、野生型p53は、機能性であるためには、正常組織に対して厳しい毒性をもたらす可能性のある極端に高いレベルで発現されなければならない。本発明では、p73のオリゴマー化ドメイン(OD)を含むp53キメラ(p53/p73OD)が、提供される。p53ODとp73ODとの間の相互作用の欠如のため、p53/p73ODは、突然変異p53と会合せず、それゆえ突然変異p53の高いレベルにもかかわらず、p53の機能を効果的に回復する能力がある。重要なことであるが、p53/p73ODの発現は、MDM2の発現誘導による突然変異p53タンパク質レベルの著しい低下と関連している。結果として、このキメラの相当に低い発現レベルは、がん細胞の増殖を十分に抑制する。特定の実施形態において、本発明は、また、p53/p73ODをがん細胞に優先的に送達するための、グルコースに接合されたPEI−ナノ粒子系を提供する。予備的データは、がん細胞に特異的な送達に関する原理証明を提供している。したがって、本発明では、臨床環境中への迅速な移行の目的で、p53をベースにした効果的な抗がん療法の開発のために、この新規な送達システムを利用することが考えられる。この取組みは、p53をベースにしたがん療法を革命的に変える潜在能力を有するのみならず、がん療法において広範な用途を有する、がん細胞に特異的な送達システムを提供する。
マウス腫瘍モデルを用いた研究は、p53の発現を回復することが腫瘍の退縮をもたらすことを示し、確立された腫瘍がp53に弱いことを示した[26、27]。しかし、過半数のヒトがんは、野生型p53をODの介在する会合により効果的に不活性化する高レベルの突然変異p53タンパク質を発現し、腫瘍細胞におけるp53機能の回復を極めて困難にする。本発明は、p53/p73キメラを利用して、突然変異p53によるこのOD介在性不活性化を回避する。一連のp53/p73キメラタンパク質を、p53およびp73の対応するドメインを交換することによって作出した[28]。これらのキメラタンパク質の研究は、p53/p73ODがp53に結合せず、むしろそれはp73と会合し、p53およびp73は、オリゴマー化ドメイン(OD)を介して互いに会合しないことを示した。結晶構造の研究は、この観察を裏付けた[29]。機能的特徴づけは、p53/p73ODが、試験されたp53の機能をすべて保存していることを示した[28]。MDA−MB−231細胞(高レベルの突然変異p53を発現する乳がん細胞株)中で発現される場合、p53/p73ODは、野生型p53ではないが、細胞増殖を効果的に阻害した(図5A)。p53/p73は、また、おそらくはMDM2発現の誘導に由来するのであろう、突然変異p53タンパク質レベルの有意な低下を誘導した(図5B、レーン3)。発癌機能の主な原因である突然変異p53のドミナントネガティブ型および機能獲得型活性を考慮すると、このことはとりわけ重要である。結果は、野生型p53と異なり、p53/p73ODが、高レベルの突然変異p53の存在下で効率的な増殖抑制を誘導できることを立証しており、このキメラの発現が、突然変異p53を発現する腫瘍細胞中でp53の機能を回復するための効果的な取組みとして役立つことができることを示している。
本明細書に記載の研究は、インビトロおよびインビボモデルの双方を使用する。細胞モデルとしては、NC160ヒトがん細胞株、および例えば、American Type Culture Collection(ATCC)を通して得られるその他の非形質転換細胞株またはがん細胞株が挙げられる。ヌードマウスを使用して、腫瘍異種移植片モデルを創出する。ヒトがんの遺伝子操作されたマウスモデルも使用される。
p53/p73ODの増殖阻害活性をより広範な基盤上で検証するため、肺、結腸、乳腺および前立腺などの一般的なヒト腫瘍から得られたNCI60ヒトがん細胞株について研究を実施する。がん細胞株中のp53/p73ODの活性を、1)生化学的レベル−キメラタンパク質およびp53標的遺伝子の発現で、および2)細胞レベル−AlamarBlue(登録商標)およびコロニー生き残りアッセイによるがん細胞増殖で評価する。p53は、細胞型に応じて細胞の老化またはアポトーシスのどちらかの誘導によって細胞増殖を阻害することが確認されている。これらの2種の細胞応答は、p53/p73OD介在性増殖阻害の根底にある機構を判定するための対応するマーカーを使用することによって調べられる。mycタグを付けた野生型p53、p53/p73OD、またはp53(R175H)/p73ODをコードするレトロウイルスベクター(pBABE)を調製し、使用する。Mycタグは、再導入されるタンパク質を外来性突然変異p53タンパク質から容易に区別することを可能にする。並行して野生型p53を試験して、がん細胞中の突然変異p53のドミナントネガティブ活性を評価する。最近の研究は、アポトーシスの誘導におけるp53のための転写非依存的役割を示唆している[1、2]。このような可能性は、転写欠損型突然変異p53(R175H)/p73ODを含めることによって調べられる。
放射線および化学療法薬は、p53を極めて強力に活性化するDNA損傷の誘導を主として介してがん細胞を死滅させる。予備研究からの結果は、p53/p73ODは、MDA−MB−231細胞およびMCF−10A細胞の双方において、放射線によって活性化されたが、それに続く細胞効果はまったく異なったことを示している。p53/p73ODの活性化が主として細胞死をもたらしたMDA−MB−231細胞と対照的に、MCF−10A細胞において放射線で誘導されるp53/p73ODの活性化は、G1細胞周期の停止と主に関連していた。形質転換細胞と非形質転換細胞との間のこのような異なる応答は、がん細胞を区別して標的とする機会を提供することができる。このことは、p53/p73ODの放射線および/または化学療法薬との併用を調べることによって検証される。低から中位の線量の放射線または用量の化学療法薬での前処置は、正常細胞において細胞周期の停止を誘導すると予想されるが、一方、がん細胞は、細胞周期のチェックポイントの欠落のため、増殖し続ける。結果として、増殖を停止した細胞は、後に続く処置によって誘導される損傷に対してより抵抗性であるのが通常なので、正常細胞は保護される。一方、がん細胞は、固有の発癌シグナルおよび外来性DNA損傷シグナルによるp53/p73ODの相乗的活性化のため、増感される。このことは、細胞をベースにしたモデルおよび動物モデルの双方を使用して検証される。
抗がん治療の有効性は、健常組織を損傷することなしにがん細胞を縮小および除去する能力によって判定される。したがって、がん細胞を優先的に標的とする戦略は、がん療法の成功において必須である。本発明は、ワールブルグ効果、すなわち、がん細胞が健常細胞に比べてより多くのグルコースを取り込むことを利用することよってがん細胞を標的とするナノ粒子をベースにした送達システムの新規な形態を提供する。予備研究は、GLU−PEG−PEIが、それぞれRWPEまたはMCF−10A細胞中と比べてPC3またはMDA−MB−231中で相当により大きな効率でのlacZ発現プラスミドの送達を可能にすることを示した。マウス腫瘍モデルを使用して、GLU−PEG−PEIのインビボでの有用性を試験する。
Claims (30)
- A)a)ポリカチオン/ポリアルキレングリコール/グルコース接合体と、
b)活性薬剤と
を含むナノ粒子、
B)a)活性薬剤を含むコアと、
b)(a)のコアを取り囲むグルコース/ポリアルキレングリコール接合体と
を含むナノ粒子、
C)a)ポリカチオンおよび活性薬剤を含むコアと、
b)(a)のコアを取り囲むグルコース/ポリアルキレングリコール接合体と
を含むナノ粒子、
D)a)ポリカチオン/アルギネート/グルコース接合体と、
b)活性薬剤と
を含むナノ粒子、
E)a)活性薬剤を含むコアと、
b)(a)のコアを取り囲むグルコース/アルギネート接合体と
を含むナノ粒子、
F)a)ポリカチオンおよび活性薬剤を含むコアと、
b)(a)を取り囲むグルコース/アルギネート接合体と
を含むナノ粒子、ならびに
G)a)上記(A)〜(F)のナノ粒子の任意の組合せ
からなる群から選択されるナノ粒子。 - ポリアルキレングリコールがポリエチレングリコール(PEG)である、請求項1に記載のナノ粒子。
- ポリカチオンがポリエチレンイミン(PEI)である、請求項1または2に記載のナノ粒子。
- 活性薬剤が、ポリヌクレオチド、オリゴヌクレオチド、干渉RNA、タンパク質、ペプチド、化学療法薬、細胞障害性薬剤、放射性核種、検出可能なマーカー、造影剤、およびこれらの任意の組合せからなる群から選択される、請求項1から3までのいずれかに記載のナノ粒子。
- ポリヌクレオチドが、p73ODを含むp53キメラをコードするプラスミドである、請求項4に記載のナノ粒子。
- a)PEIおよびp53をコードするポリヌクレオチドを含むコアと、
b)(a)のコアを取り囲むグルコース/PEG接合体と
を含むナノ粒子。 - a)PEIおよびp73ODを含むp53キメラをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含むコアと、
b)(a)のコアを取り囲むグルコース/PEG接合体と
を含むナノ粒子。 - ナノ粒子を細胞に送達する方法であって、細胞を請求項1から7までのいずれかに記載のナノ粒子と、該ナノ粒子が細胞表面のグルコース輸送体に結合し細胞によって内部移行される条件下で接触させることを含む方法。
- 細胞がインビボである、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 細胞がインビトロである、請求項8に記載の方法。
- それを必要とする対象において活性薬剤を腫瘍細胞に送達する方法であって、請求項1から7までのいずれかに記載のナノ粒子を対象に送達し、それによってナノ粒子が腫瘍細胞表面のグルコース輸送体に結合し、腫瘍細胞によって内部移行され、それによって活性薬剤を腫瘍細胞に送達することを含む方法。
- それを必要とする対象における腫瘍の大きさを縮小する方法であって、有効量の請求項1から7までのいずれかに記載のナノ粒子を対象に送達し、それによってナノ粒子が腫瘍細胞表面のグルコース輸送体に結合し、内部移行され、それによって対象における腫瘍の大きさを縮小することを含む方法。
- それを必要とする対象におけるがんを治療する方法であって、有効量の請求項1から7までのいずれかに記載のナノ粒子を対象に送達し、それによって対象におけるがんを治療することを含む方法。
- 対象に化学療法剤、血管新生抑制剤、サイトカイン、ホルモン、放射線処置、外科処置、またはこれらの任意の組合せを施すステップをさらに含む、請求項11から13までのいずれかに記載の方法。
- さらなるステップが、対象へのナノ粒子の送達の前、後、および/または送達と同時に実施される、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 薬学的に許容される担体中に請求項1から7までのいずれかに記載のナノ粒子を含む組成物。
- 請求項1から7までのいずれかに記載のナノ粒子または請求項16に記載の組成物を含むキット。
- 対象におけるがんをインビトロで診断する方法であって、
a)検出可能なマーカーを含む、請求項1から7までのいずれかに記載のナノ粒子を対象からの細胞と接触させるステップと、
b)対象の細胞中へのナノ粒子の内部移行の割合および/または量および/または特異性を測定するステップと、
c)対象の細胞中へのナノ粒子の内部移行の割合および/または量および/または特異性を、対照対象の細胞および/または診断されている対象からの対照細胞中へのナノ粒子の内部移行の割合および/または量および/または特異性と比較するステップと
を含み、それによって対照対象の細胞および/または対照細胞と比較した場合の対象の細胞中へのナノ粒子の内部移行の量および/または割合および/または特異性の増加が、対象におけるがんの診断指標となる、方法。 - 対象におけるがんをインビボで診断する方法であって、
a)造影剤を含む、請求項1から7までのいずれかに記載のナノ粒子を対象に送達するステップと、
b)対象において造影剤からのシグナルを検出するステップと、
c)対象において造影剤からのシグナルを、対照対象および/または診断されている対象の対照組織/細胞における同一造影剤からのシグナルと比較するステップと
を含み、それによって対照対象および/または対照組織/細胞からのシグナルと比較した場合の対象からのシグナルの変化が、対象におけるがんの診断指標となる、方法。 - 薬学的に許容される担体中にp73オリゴマー化ドメイン(OD)を含むp53キメラを含む組成物。
- p73ODを含むp53キメラを細胞に送達する方法であって、細胞をp53キメラと、p53キメラが細胞によって内部移行される条件下で接触させることを含む方法。
- 細胞がインビボである、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 細胞がインビトロである、請求項21に記載の方法。
- それを必要とする対象における腫瘍の大きさを縮小する方法であって、p73ODを含む有効量のp53キメラを対象の腫瘍細胞中に導入し、それによって対象における腫瘍の大きさを縮小することを含む方法。
- それを必要とする対象におけるがんを治療する方法であって、p73ODを含む有効量のp53キメラを対象に送達し、それによって対象におけるがんを治療することを含む方法。
- それを必要とする対象における腫瘍退縮を誘導する方法であって、p73ODを含む有効量のp53キメラを対象に送達し、それによって対象における腫瘍退縮を誘導することを含む方法。
- 対象にプロテインキナーゼ阻害剤、ヒストンデアセチラーゼ(HDAC)阻害剤、メチルトランスフェラーゼ阻害剤、およびこれらの任意の組合せを投与するステップをさらに含む、請求項21から26までのいずれかに記載の方法。
- 対象に化学療法剤、血管新生抑制剤、サイトカイン、ホルモン、放射線処置、および外科処置、またはこれらの任意の組合せを施すステップをさらに含む、請求項21から27までのいずれかに記載の方法。
- さらなるステップが、対象へのp53キメラの送達の前、後、および/または送達と同時に実施される、請求項27または28に記載の方法。
- 請求項20に記載の組成物を含むキット。
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JP2002506441A (ja) * | 1997-06-20 | 2002-02-26 | ベーリンガー インゲルハイム インターナショナル ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | 核酸を高等真核生物細胞に輸送するための複合体 |
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US20050053590A1 (en) * | 2003-09-05 | 2005-03-10 | The Texas A&M University System | Endothelium-targeting nanoparticle for reversing endothelial dysfunction |
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KR100825519B1 (ko) * | 2007-01-05 | 2008-04-25 | 주식회사 바이오폴리메드 | 키토산 기재 고분자 접합체 및 그 제조방법 |
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CN101524548A (zh) * | 2009-04-21 | 2009-09-09 | 中山大学 | 一种纳米载体组合物及其在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用 |
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2011
- 2011-01-18 CN CN2011800145857A patent/CN102811746A/zh active Pending
- 2011-01-18 EP EP11733532.3A patent/EP2525835A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-01-18 US US13/522,907 patent/US20130011333A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2011-01-18 AU AU2011205629A patent/AU2011205629B2/en not_active Ceased
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JP5607810B1 (ja) * | 2013-11-25 | 2014-10-15 | 隆彌 渡邊 | 癌に対する温熱治療増強のための方法及びインテレジェント材料医薬 |
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WO2011088456A3 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
WO2011088456A2 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
CA2787260A1 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
CN102811746A (zh) | 2012-12-05 |
AU2011205629A1 (en) | 2012-08-23 |
US20130011333A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
AU2011205629B2 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
EP2525835A2 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
EP2525835A4 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
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