JP2011526922A - ApoEペプチドにより癌を治療する方法 - Google Patents
ApoEペプチドにより癌を治療する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2011526922A JP2011526922A JP2011516847A JP2011516847A JP2011526922A JP 2011526922 A JP2011526922 A JP 2011526922A JP 2011516847 A JP2011516847 A JP 2011516847A JP 2011516847 A JP2011516847 A JP 2011516847A JP 2011526922 A JP2011526922 A JP 2011526922A
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Abstract
【選択図】 図7
Description
[0001] 本出願は、2008年7月1日に出願され、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、米国仮出願第61/077,311号に基づく優先権を主張する。
[0002] 本発明は、アポリポタンパク質E(ApoE)に由来する少なくとも1つのペプチドを投与することにより癌を治療する方法に関する。ApoEペプチドの投与は、腫瘍細胞のアポトーシスを誘導し、腫瘍の形成、腫瘍の増殖、および腫瘍細胞の広がりを抑制する。特に、各種の白血病および乳癌を治療する方法が説明される。
COGペプチドはAkt/NFκB経路を調節する
[0046] 癌の多くの種類は、ホスファチジルイノシトール−3キナーゼ(PI-3K)/Akt経路の異常で構成的な活性化を特徴とし、この結果、転帰不良と相関する、癌細胞における抗アポトーシス環境の確立がもたらされる。インスリンなどの増殖因子が、細胞膜におけるP13キナーゼを活性化すると、ホスホイノシチドがリン酸化され、細胞膜へのAktの転位がもたらされ、そこで、Aktは、Thr308およびSer473におけるリン酸化により活性化される。活性化されると、Aktは、2つの機構を介して、細胞の生存にとって本質的なタンパク質を調節する(図1)。第1に、Aktは、キナーゼ媒介型の活性化または阻害を介してこれらの生存タンパク質の機能を制御することにより、生存タンパク質を調節しうる。活性化したAktは、カスパーゼ9およびBadを直接的にリン酸化し、これによりこれらを不活化することが示された。カスパーゼ9が、正常なアポトーシスカスケードの早期において活性化するプロテアーゼであるのに対し、Badは、Bcl−xLに結合し、その生存促進機能を阻害する、Bcl−2ファミリーのアポトーシス促進タンパク質である。AktによるBadのリン酸化は、そのアポトーシス促進活性を阻害し、細胞における増殖促進性の癌性状態を増大させる。活性化されたAktが細胞を抗アポトーシス状態へとシフトさせる第2の機構は、生存タンパク質の転写および生成を増大させるシグナル伝達を介する。例えば、Aktの活性化は、IκBキナーゼ(IκK)を活性化することによりMcl−1の発現を上昇させる。IκBキナーゼは、NFκBの内因性阻害剤であるIκBをリン酸化し、NFκBの放出および活性化をもたらす。NFκBにより調節される他の抗アポトーシス遺伝子には、Bcl−xLおよびA1のほか、誘導性一酸化窒素シンターゼ(iNOS)が含まれる。iNOSの上方調節は、乳癌患者における急速な進行、再発の頻度、および死亡率と相関することが示されている。
COG112はPP2Aを活性化する
[0053] マウスマクロファージRAW細胞を、2μM COG112(配列番号2)、10nMオカダ酸(PP2Aの阻害剤)、またはオカダ酸およびCOG112と共にインキュベートした。30分後において、細胞を溶解させ、PP2Aの触媒性Cサブユニットを標的とする抗体を添加することにより、PP2Aを免疫沈降させた。SDS−PAGEにより免疫沈降物の半分を分離し、ニトロセルロース上へとブロットし、抗PP2AC抗体によりプローブした。免疫沈降した酵素に、ホスホトレオニン基質のペプチドを含有するアッセイカクテル125μLを添加することにより、残りの部分の活性についてアッセイした。37℃で振とうしながらインキュベートした後、アリコート25μLを取り出し、遊離リン酸をキレート化し、キレートが形成されると変色する、モリブデン酸アンモニウム溶液(Upstate社製)に添加した。様々な時間間隔でアリコートを取り出し、リン酸標準曲線との比較により、ペプチドから放出される遊離リン酸量を決定した。リン酸放出速度は、時間経過データへの直線近似により決定し、相対PP2A濃度により標準化した。リン酸放出速度により測定されるPP2A活性が、COG112の存在下において上昇した(図3)ことは、ApoEペプチドが、ベースラインにおけるPP2A活性の阻害を緩和することを示唆する。予測される通り、オカダ酸のみの存在下では、PP2A活性が抑制された。しかし、オカダ酸の存在下においてCOG112がPP2A活性を上昇させたことは、細胞内における活性PP2Aと不活性PP2Aとの間に平衡が存在するが、COG112によりこの平衡をシフトさせ、活性PP2A酵素の量を調節しうることを示唆する(図3)。したがって、ApoEペプチドにより、細胞内における活性PP2Aのプールを調節することができる。
COG112はin vitroにおいてB−CLL細胞を死滅させる
[0054] 慢性リンパ性白血病(B-CLL)におけるB細胞の抗アポトーシス状態の遷延は、部分的に、Akt/NFκBシグナル伝達カスケードの過剰活性化に起因すると考えられている。PP2Aは、AktキナーゼおよびIκKキナーゼの脱リン酸化および不活化により、このシグナル伝達経路に拮抗することが知られている(Kuo et al.(2008)J Biol Chem., Vol. 283: 1882-1892; Kray et al.(2005)J Biol Chem., Vol. 280: 35974-82)。PP2Aはまた、カスパーゼの脱リン酸化および活性化によりアポトーシス経路も調節することが可能であり、これが、アポトーシスの誘導早期において役割を果たす。したがって、細胞においてPP2A活性が損なわれるなら、これは、抗アポトーシス状態を温存するAkt経路の構成的活性化に寄与するであろう。実際、PPP2R1B遺伝子の一部を包含する11q22〜q23における欠失は、B−CLLにおいて2番目に一般的な染色体異常を表わす。PPP2R1B遺伝子は、一般に腫瘍抑制因子として知られるPP2AのAβ定常調節サブユニットをコードする。これが欠失する結果、PPP2R1Bの発現が抑制され、これは、B−CLL細胞におけるPP2A活性の低下と関連する(Kalla et al.(2007)Eur J Cancer, Vol. 43: 1328-35)。これらの患者は、生存率の低下を特徴とし、CLLの腫瘍細胞は、生存率の上昇を示す。
COG112はヒトB−CLL細胞におけるシグナル伝達カスケードを調節する
[0058] 既に論じた通り、Akt/NFκB経路を介する異常なシグナル伝達は、CLL患者におけるB細胞の抗アポトーシス状態の遷延に寄与すると考えられる。CLL患者におけるPP2Aの下方調節は、Akt/NFκB経路の構成的活性化に寄与し、増殖状態の維持を促進する。そこで、本発明者らは、ヒトCLL患者に由来するB細胞内における各種のシグナル伝達カスケードに対するCOG112の効果を示し、これらのカスケードにCOG112が影響を及ぼす機構を解明するための実験をデザインした。
Eμ−TCL1トランスジェニックマウスにおけるCLLに対するCOG112の効果
[0063] COG112は、ヒト患者から単離されたCLL細胞に対して強力で選択的な細胞傷害活性を保有する(実施例3)。この例で概括される実験では、Eμ−TCL1トランスジェニックマウスにおけるCLLに対するCOG112の効果を評価して、COG112が、in vivoにおいても同様の有効性を示すかどうかを決定する。TCL1がCLL細胞では発現するが、正常な成熟B細胞では発現せず、また、TCL1が、Aktと相互作用してその活性を増強するという証拠に基づき、TCL1の発現を標的化することにより、著明なCLL病態を示すマウスモデルが開発されている。Eμ−TCL1トランスジェニックマウスモデルでは、TCL1遺伝子が、B細胞特異的なIgVHプロモーターおよびIgH−Eμエンハンサーの制御下に置かれる。これらのマウスは、成体へと正常に発育するが、後に、血中における高リンパ球カウントを伴う、脾臓、肝臓、およびリンパ節の肥大を発生させる。マウスは最終的に、進行性リンパ節腫脹の発生と共に白血球が蓄積されるため、若齢で死亡する。重要なことに、これらのトランスジェニックTCL1マウスにおける蓄積されたB細胞は、G0〜1期が停止され、ヒトCLL細胞とまったく同様に、CD19+/CD5+/IgM+ CLL細胞を発現する(Bichi et al.(2002)Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, Vol. 99: 6955-6960)。TCL1トランスジェニックマウスにおけるCLL症状が、臨床的に用いられる抗CLL治療剤であるフルダラビンの投与後において改善されることは、これらのEμ−TCL1トランスジェニックマウスが、ヒトCLLの有効なモデルとして有効であることをさらに検証する。フルダラビン治療は、生理食塩液を注射された非治療対照と比べ、マウスの生存を改善し、治療された動物における白血球カウントを低下させ、脾臓サイズを減少させた(Johnson et al.(2006)Blood, Vol. 108: 1334-1338)。CLLのEμ−TCL1トランスジェニックマウスモデルにおけるCLL細胞の生成および余命に対するCOG112の効果を評価する。
乳癌細胞株に対するCOGペプチドの効果
[0067] 実施例3に示した通り、ApoEペプチドは、癌性B細胞に対して細胞傷害性である。そこで、本発明者らは、COGペプチドが、乳癌など、異常な細胞シグナル伝達と関連する他の種類の癌において有効であることを示すための実験をデザインした。3つの異なる乳癌細胞におけるPI−3K/Aktシグナル伝達経路、および細胞増殖に対するCOGペプチドの効果を評価する。
乳癌による腫瘍増殖に対するApoEペプチドの効果
[0071] 乳癌の各細胞株(MDA-MB-231、MCF-7、またはBT-474)についての異種移植モデルを用いて、in vivoにおけるCOGペプチドによる腫瘍の治療効果を決定する。1腫瘍種類当たりの非近交系雌ヌードマウス(BT474細胞株の場合、NIHIII)180〜240匹の右腋窩上部に腫瘍断片(30〜70mg)を移植する。数日後、マウスのトリアージを定め、平均腫瘍負荷が約125mgの場合、各群が、初期腫瘍負荷の総平均の10%以内にあるように、治療群に分ける。媒体対照、陰性対照ペプチド(COG056)、陽性対照(パクリタキセル、ゲムシタビン、またはラパチニブ)、または3つの用量(0.25、1.0、または4.0mg/kg)のApoEペプチド(例えば、COG112、COG133、COG1410、およびCOG345)の1つによる腹腔内注射を介してマウス(n=20)を毎日治療した。MCF7細胞株に由来する細胞を移植したマウスには、エストラジオールペレットを毎週植え込む。体重および腫瘍サイズを毎週2回記録し、臨床徴候を毎日モニタリングする。腫瘍負荷が、腫瘍増殖遅延評価項目の1g、また、完全寛解/部分寛解/腫瘍のない生存の決定に達するまで動物を治療する。ApoEペプチド(例えば、COGペプチド)による治療は、媒体または陰性対照ペプチドによる治療と比較して、腫瘍増殖を著明に遅延させることが予測される。
COG112はK562 CML細胞の増殖を阻害する
[0072] 慢性骨髄性白血病(CML)は、無痛性の慢性期(CP)から、急性白血病と生物学的に類似する、骨髄またはリンパ球による侵襲性の芽球期(BP)への進行を特徴とする(Faderl et al.(1999)N. Engl. J. Med., Vol. 341: 164-172)。発生および維持は、BCR/ABL癌タンパク質の抑制されないキナーゼ活性に依存する(Van Etten et al.(1989)Cell, Vol. 58: 669-678; McLaughlin et al.(1987)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 84: 6558-6562)。これらの癌タンパク質のこうした構成的活性により、PI−3K/Akt経路など、発癌性シグナルを伝達する複数の経路が動員および活性化され、造血性前駆細胞の生存延長、増殖増強、および分化停止がもたらされる(図1A;Elefanty et al.(1990)EMBO J, Vol. 9:1069-1078を参照されたい)。
COG112はJurkat T細胞白血病細胞の増殖を阻害する
[0075] ApoEペプチドが、T細胞白血病に対して治療的でありうるかどうかを決定するため、ヒト急性T細胞白血病細胞株であるJurkat T細胞の増殖速度に対するCOG112の効果を評価した。Jurkat T細胞の播種時に添加する1μM COG112の不在下または存在下にある培地2mL中において、該細胞(6ウェルプレート内において、1ウェル当たりの細胞2×104個)を増殖させた。カウント用に毎日少量のアリコートを取り出した後で、血球計を用いて細胞増殖を測定した。図9に示す通り、COG112が、T細胞の増殖を著明に阻害したことは、ApoEペプチドがまた、B細胞白血病のほか、T細胞白血病にも治療的でありうることを示唆する。
Claims (22)
- それを必要とする対象における癌を治療する方法であって、有効量の、少なくとも1つのApoEペプチドを前記対象に投与する工程を含む方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドの投与が、前記対象における少なくとも1つの癌の症状を軽減する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドの投与が、前記対象の癌細胞におけるPP2A活性を上昇させる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドの投与が、前記対象の癌細胞におけるAktキナーゼ、IκKキナーゼ、またはNFκBの活性を低下させる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドが、17以上のアミノ酸を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドが、20以上のアミノ酸を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドが、30以上のアミノ酸を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドが、40以上のアミノ酸を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドが、配列番号1で表される配列を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドを、タンパク質形質導入ドメインにコンジュゲートされている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記タンパク質形質導入ドメインが、アンテナペディア、TAT、SynB1、SynB3、SynB5、およびポリアルギニンに由来するペプチドからなる群から選択される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドが、配列番号2で表される配列を含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記癌が白血病である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記白血病が、慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドの投与が、対象におけるCD5+ B細胞の数を減少させる、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記白血病が、慢性骨髄性白血病(CML)である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記ApoEペプチドの投与が、対象におけるBCR/ABL+細胞の増殖を低下させる、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記BCR/ABL+細胞が、イマチニブまたはダサチニブに対して耐性である、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記白血病が、急性リンパ性白血病(ALL)である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記癌が乳癌である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記乳癌が、Her2の発現を特徴とする、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記乳癌が、エストロゲン受容体の発現を特徴とする、請求項20に記載の方法。
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