JP2011521896A - 免疫関連障害に対する局部治療に使用するための局所lfa−1アンタゴニスト - Google Patents
免疫関連障害に対する局部治療に使用するための局所lfa−1アンタゴニスト Download PDFInfo
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- JP2011521896A JP2011521896A JP2011505028A JP2011505028A JP2011521896A JP 2011521896 A JP2011521896 A JP 2011521896A JP 2011505028 A JP2011505028 A JP 2011505028A JP 2011505028 A JP2011505028 A JP 2011505028A JP 2011521896 A JP2011521896 A JP 2011521896A
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2008年4月15日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/045,240号の利益を主張し、この米国仮特許出願は、本明細書中に参考として援用される。
同時係属中の2008年10月17日に出願された米国特許出願第12/288,330号;2009年4月15日に出願された代理人整理番号WSGR 32411−709.201;2009年4月15日に出願された代理人整理番号WSGR−32411−710.201;および2009年4月15日に出願された代理人整理番号WSGR 32411−712.201に対して相互参照がなされ、これらの特許出願は、それらの全体が本明細書中に参考として援用される。
Uは、存在しないか、−O−、−S(O)0〜2−、−SO2N(R1A)、−N(R1A)−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−O−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−N(R1B)−、−N(R1A)−SO2−、−C(=O)−、−C(=O)−O−、−O−C(=O)−、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、−C(=O)−N(R1A)−、−OC(=O)N(R1A)−、−C(=N−R1E)−、−C(=N−R1E)−O−、−C(=N−R1E)−N(R1A)−、−O−C(=N−R1E)−N(R1A)−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−O−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−N(R1B)−、−P(=O)(OR1A)−O−または−P(=O)(R1A)−O−であり;
Tは、存在しないか、脂肪族、ヘテロ脂肪族、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;
Qは、水素、ハロゲン、シアノ、イソシアネート、−OR1B;−SR1B;−N(R1B)2、−NHC(=O)OR1B、−NHC(=O)N(R1B)2、−NHC(=O)R1B、−NHSO2R1B、−NHSO2N(R1B)2、−NHSO2NHC(=O)OR1B、−NHC(=O)NHSO2R1B、−C(=O)NHC(=O)OR1B、C(=O)NHC(=O)R1B、−C(=O)NHC(=O)N(R1B)2、−C(=O)NHSO2R1B、−C(=O)NHSO2N(R1B)2、C(=S)N(R1B)2、−SO2R1B、−SO2OR1B、−SO2N(R1B)2、−SO2−NHC(=O)OR1B、−OC(=O)−N(R1B)2、−OC(=O)R1B、−OC(=O)NHC(=O)R1B、−OC(=O)NHSO2R1B、−OSO2R1Bまたは脂肪族ヘテロ脂肪族、アリールもしくはヘテロアリール部分であるか、またはR1およびR2は一緒になって、脂環式または複素環式部分であるか、または一緒に、
R1AおよびR1Bの各々の出現は独立に、水素、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、複素環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分、−C(=O)R1Cまたは−C(=O)NR1CR1Dであり;ここで、R1CおよびR1Dの各々の出現は独立に、水素、ヒドロキシルまたは脂肪族、ヘテロ脂肪族、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;R1Eは、水素、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、複素環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールもしくはアルキルヘテロアリール部分、−CN、−OR1C、−NR1CR1Dまたは−SO2R1Cであり;
R3は、−C(=O)OR3A、−C(=O)H、−CH2OR3A、−CH2OC(=O)−アルキル、−C(=O)NH(R3A)、−CH2X0であり;R3Aの各々の出現は独立に、水素、保護基、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、ヘテロアルキルアリール、ヘテロアルキルヘテロアリール部分または薬学的に許容される塩もしくはエステルであるか、またはR3Aは、R1およびR2と一緒になって、複素環式部分を形成し;ここで、X0は、F、BrまたはIから選択されるハロゲンであり;
R4AおよびR4Bは独立に、F、Cl、BrまたはIから選択されるハロゲンであり;RB1、RB2およびREは独立に、水素または置換低級アルキルもしくは非置換低級アルキルであり;
AR1は、単環式または多環式アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、脂環式または複素環式部分であり;
Lは、存在しないか、またはV−W−X−Y−Zであり、ここで、V、W、X、YおよびZの各々の出現は独立に、存在しないか、C=O、NRL1、−O−、−C(RL1)=、=C(RL1)−、−C(RL1)(RL2)、C(=N−ORL1)、C(=NRL1)、−N=、S(O)0〜2;置換もしくは非置換のC1〜6アルケニリデンまたはC2〜6アルケニリデン鎖であり、ここで、2個までの非隣接メチレン単位は独立に、場合により−C(=O)−、−CO2−、−C(=O)C(=O)−、−C(C=O)NRL3−、−OC(=O)−、−OC(=O)NRL3−、−NRL3NRL4−、−NRL3NRL4C(=O)−、−NRL3C(=O)−、−NRL3CO2−、NRL3C(=O)NRL4−、−S(=O)−、−SO2−、−NRL3SO2−、−SO2NRL3、−NRL3SO2NRL4、−O−、−S−または−NRL3−により置き換えられており;RL3およびRL4の各々の出現は独立に、水素、アルキル、ヘテロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリールもしくはアシル;または脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールもしくはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;RLIおよびRL2の各々の出現は独立に、水素、ヒドロキシル、保護ヒドロキシル、アミノ、保護アミノ、チオ、保護チオ、ハロゲン、シアノ、イソシアネート、カルボキシ、カルボキシアルキル、ホルミル、ホルミルオキシ、アジド、ニトロ、ウレイド、チオウレイド、チオシアナト、アルコキシ、アリールオキシ、メルカプト、スルホンアミド、ベンズアミド、トシルまたは脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であるか、またはRL1およびRL2の1つまたは複数の出現は、一緒になって、またはV、W、X、YまたはZの1つと一緒になって、脂環式または複素環式部分を形成し得るか、またはアリールまたはヘテロアリール部分を形成し得る]
を有する式IまたはIIの化合物および/または薬学的に許容されるその塩もしくはエステルを含む。
本明細書に述べられている刊行物および特許出願は全て、個々の刊行物または特許出願がそれぞれ特に、かつ個々に参照により援用されると示されているかのように同程度に、参照により本明細書に援用される。
本発明は、免疫関連障害を局部治療するための製剤を包含する。製剤は、被験体に対し局所送達するために適した組成物中にLFA−1アンタゴニストを含む。組成物には、ゲル剤、クリーム剤、ローション剤、液剤、懸濁液剤、乳剤、軟膏剤、散剤、結晶形態、噴霧剤、フォーム剤、軟膏剤、ペースト剤、硬膏剤、塗布剤、微粒子、ナノ粒子、生体接着剤などが包含され得る。製剤はさらに、活性化合物の送達を促進するか、治療効果を増強するか、二次的効果を有するか、または副作用を最小化するための成分などの追加的な成分を包含してもよい。本発明の製剤を、下記でより十分に記載する。
特異的LFA−1アンタゴニスト化合物が当分野では以前に記載されており、それらを本発明において使用することができる。例えば、LFA−1アンタゴニストは、その内容がそれぞれ、参照により本明細書に明らかに援用される米国特許第7,314,938号、米国特許出願公開第2006/0281739号、米国特許出願第12/288,330号および同時係属米国出願WSGRドケット番号第32411−712.201号、第32411−709.201号および32411−710.201号に記載されている。化合物は、これらの参考文献に記載されている通りに合成することができる。
Uは、存在しないか、−O−、−S(O)0〜2−、−SO2N(R1A)、−N(R1A)−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−O−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−N(R1B)−、−N(R1A)−SO2−、−C(=O)−、−C(=O)−O−、−O−C(=O)−、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、−C(=O)−N(R1A)−、−OC(=O)N(R1A)−、−C(=N−R1E)−、−C(=N−R1E)−O−、−C(=N−R1E)−N(R1A)−、−O−C(=N−R1E)−N(R1A)−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−O−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−N(R1B)−、−P(=O)(OR1A)−O−または−P(=O)(R1A)−O−であり;
Tは、存在しないか、脂肪族、ヘテロ脂肪族、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;
Qは、水素、ハロゲン、シアノ、イソシアネート、−OR1B;−SR1B;−N(R1B)2、−NHC(=O)OR1B、−NHC(=O)N(R1B)2、−NHC(=O)R1B、−NHSO2R1B、NHSO2N(R1B)2、−NHSO2NHC(=O)OR1B、−NHC(=O)NHSO2R1B、−C(=O)NHC(=O)OR1B、C(=O)NHC(=O)R1B、−C(=O)NHC(=O)N(R1B)2、−C(=O)NHSO2R1B、−C(=O)NHSO2N(R1B)2、C(=S)N(R1B)2、−SO2R1B、−SO2OR1B、−SO2N(R1B)2、−SO2−NHC(=O)OR1B、−OC(=O)−N(R1B)2、−OC(=O)R1B、−OC(=O)NHC(=O)R1B、−OC(=O)NHSO2R1B、−OSO2R1Bまたは脂肪族、ヘテロ脂肪族、アリールもしくはヘテロアリール部分であるか、またはR1およびR2は一緒になって、脂環式または複素環式部分であるか、または一緒に、
R1AおよびR1Bの各々の出現は独立に、水素、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、複素環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分、−C(=O)R1Cまたは−C(=O)NR1CR1Dであり;ここで、R1CおよびR1Dの各々の出現は独立に、水素、ヒドロキシル、または脂肪族、ヘテロ脂肪族、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;R1Eは、水素、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、複素環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールもしくはアルキルヘテロアリール部分、−CN、−OR1C、−NR1CR1Dまたは−SO2R1Cであり;
R3は、−C(=O)OR3A、−C(=O)H、−CH2OR3A、−CH2OC(=O)−アルキル、−C(=O)NH(R3A)、−CH2X0であり;R3Aの各々の出現は独立に、水素、保護基、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、ヘテロアルキルアリール ヘテロアルキルヘテロアリール部分、または薬学的に許容される塩もしくはエステルであるか、またはR3Aは、R1およびR2と一緒になって、複素環式部分を形成し;ここで、X0は、F、BrまたはIから選択されるハロゲンであり;
R4AおよびR4Bは独立に、F、Cl、BrまたはIから選択されるハロゲンであり;RB1、RB2およびREは独立に、水素または置換もしくは非置換低級アルキルであり;
AR1は、単環式または多環式アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、脂環式または複素環式部分であり;
Lは、存在しないか、またはV−W−X−Y−Zであり、ここで、V、W、X、YおよびZの各々の出現は独立に、存在しないか、C=O、NRL1、−O−、−C(RL1)=、=C(RL1)−、−C(RL1)(RL2)、C(=N−ORL1)、C(=NRL1)、−N=、S(O)0〜2;置換もしくは非置換C1〜6アルケニリデンまたはC2〜6アルケニリデン鎖であり、ここで、2個までの非隣接メチレン単位は独立に、場合により−C(=O)−、−CO2−、−C(=O)C(=O)−、−C(C=O)NRL3−、−OC(=O)−、−OC(O)NRL3−、−NRL3NRL4−、−NRL3NRL4C(=O)−、−NRL3C(=O)−、−NRL3CO2−、NRL3C(=O)NRL4−、−S(=O)−、−SO2−、−NRL3SO2−、−SO2NRL3、−NRL3SO2NRL4、−O−、−S−または−NRL3−により置き換えられており;RL3およびRL4の各々の出現は独立に、水素、アルキル、ヘテロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリールもしくはアシル;または脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールもしくはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;RL1およびRL2の各々の出現は独立に、水素、ヒドロキシル、保護ヒドロキシル、アミノ、保護アミノ、チオ、保護チオ、ハロゲン、シアノ、イソシアネート、カルボキシ、カルボキシアルキル、ホルミル、ホルミルオキシ、アジド、ニトロ、ウレイド、チオウレイド、チオシアナト、アルコキシ、アリールオキシ、メルカプト、スルホンアミド、ベンズアミド、トシルまたは脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であるか、またはRL1およびRL2の1つまたは複数の出現は、一緒になって、またはV、W、X、YまたはZの1つと一緒になって、脂環式または複素環式部分を形成しているか、またはアリールまたはヘテロアリール部分を形成している]。
本発明は、免疫関連障害の局部治療に適している。製剤は、被験体への局所送達に適した組成物中にLFA−1アンタゴニストを含有する。組成物には、ゲル剤、クリーム剤、ローション剤、液剤、懸濁液剤、乳剤、軟膏剤、散剤、結晶形態、噴霧剤、フォーム剤、軟膏剤、ペースト剤、硬膏剤、塗布剤、生体接着剤などが包含され得る。製剤はさらに、活性化合物の送達を促進するか、治療効果を増強するか、二次的効果を有するか、または副作用を最小化するための成分などの追加的な成分を包含してもよい。このような製剤は、これらに限定されないが、眼、皮膚、口、鼻、膣粘膜および肛門粘膜などの投与部位へのLFA−1アンタゴニストの有効な送達を可能にする。
医薬組成物は、1種または複数の不活性賦形剤を包含してよく、これには、水、緩衝水溶液、界面活性剤、揮発性液体、デンプン、ポリオール、造粒剤、微晶性セルロース、希釈剤、滑沢剤、酸、塩基、塩、油/水エマルションなどの乳剤、鉱油および植物油などの油、湿潤剤、キレート剤、抗酸化剤、滅菌溶液、錯化剤、崩壊剤などが包含される。その全体が参照により本明細書に援用されるCTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook、第7版、1997年および第8版、2000年は、本発明の組成物中で使用するのに適したスキンケア組成物で一般に使用される幅広い様々な化粧品用および薬学的成分を記載している。この参照文献中に開示されているこれらの機能群の例には:吸収剤、研磨剤、固化防止剤、消泡剤、抗菌剤、抗酸化剤、結合剤、生物学的添加物、緩衝剤、増量剤、キレート剤、化学的添加物、着色剤、化粧品用収斂剤、化粧品用殺生物剤、変性剤、薬物収斂剤、外用鎮痛剤、フィルム形成剤、香料成分、湿潤剤、乳白剤、pH調節剤、柔軟剤、保存剤、還元剤、皮膚用脱色剤、皮膚調節剤(軟化剤、湿潤剤、その他(miscellaneous)および閉塞剤(occlusive))、皮膚保護剤、溶媒、気泡増強剤、ヒドロトロープ、可溶化剤、ステロイド抗炎症剤、界面活性剤/乳化剤、懸濁化剤(非界面活性剤)、日焼け止め剤、局所鎮痛剤、紫外線吸収剤、SPF増強剤、増粘剤、防水剤および粘度増強剤(水性および非水性)が包含される。
皮膚への局所的な薬物の送達は、多くの利点をもたらす。患者にとって、これは快適、簡便および非侵襲性である。経口治療で遭遇する吸収速度および代謝速度の変動がおそらくは回避され得、他の固有の不便(例えば、胃腸刺激、一部の場合には食物と、他の場合には食物をとらずに投与する必要性)が除去される。このような局所治療により、高い全身薬物レベルを受けることおよび後に続き得る起こりえる有害反応(すなわち、他の生物学的プロセスにおけるLFA−1の阻害)が回避される。
一実施形態では、本発明の方法は、免疫関連障害を治療するための1種または複数の追加の薬物の投与を伴う。薬剤の組合せを用いて、LFA−1媒介障害を治療するためか、組合せの中の1種または複数の薬剤の副作用を調節することができる。一部の例では、この疾患状態での病的事象は、自己制御障害、アポトーシス、虚血、新生血管形成および炎症性刺激の組合せにより特徴付けられ、本発明のLFA−1アンタゴニストを相加的または相乗的に介入する他の治療剤と組み合わせて投与することが望ましいことがある。一部の実施形態では、第2の治療剤は、抗酸化剤、抗炎症剤、抗菌剤を包含する抗微生物剤、抗ヒスタミン剤、マスト細胞安定剤、抗ウイルス剤および抗真菌剤、抗脈管形成剤、抗アポトーシス剤、滑沢剤、および/または分泌促進剤である。本発明の一部の実施形態では、LFA−1との結合に直接的に競合する化合物の投与に加えて、アロステリックであるが、上記で論じたLFA−1の直接的競合アンタゴニストではなく、相乗的効力をもたらす可能性のある追加的な治療剤を投与することができる。このようなアロステリックアンタゴニストの例は、LFA−1のヒダントイン阻害剤の群である(例えば、Keatingら、Protein Science、15巻、290〜303頁(2006年)を参照されたい)。
製剤は、クリーム剤、ローション剤、液剤、ゲル剤、軟膏剤、ペースト剤、硬膏剤、塗布剤、生体接着剤などの体表面に適用するために適した任意の形態であってよく、および/またはリポソーム、ミセルおよび/またはマイクロスフェアを含有するように調製することができる。本発明の医薬組成物を局所使用するための製剤を、薬理学的に活性な成分が賦形剤と混合されて、半固体粘稠性を形成している局所組成物として提供することができる。このような局所医薬組成物の例には、これらに限定されないが、ゲル剤、クリーム剤、ローション剤、懸濁液剤、乳剤、軟膏剤、フォーム剤、ペースト剤などが包含される。別法では、本発明の局所医薬組成物を、半液体製剤で製剤化することができる。このような局所医薬組成物の例には、これらに限定されないが、局所液剤、噴霧剤、ミスト剤、ドロップ剤などが包含される。別法では、本発明の局所医薬組成物を、乾燥粉末形態で製剤化することができる。医薬組成物はまた、経皮パッチにより投与され得る。
本発明の化合物は、LFA−1活性により媒介される疾患または状態を治療するために治療的および/または予防的に有用である。したがって、一態様では、被験体における炎症性関連障害または免疫関連障害を治療する方法を提供し、これは、それを必要とする前記被験体に、LFA−1アンタゴニストまたは薬学的に許容されるその塩もしくはエステルと薬学的に許容される賦形剤とを含み、ここで、前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、被験体に投与された場合に約2mL/分/kgを超える全身クリアランス速度を有する製剤を局所投与することを含む。
本発明のLFA−1アンタゴニストは、様々な免疫関連障害を治療するために使用することができる。LFA−1は、いくつかの免疫関連障害に関与している。詳細には、本明細書に記載の方法は、白血球媒介炎症を治療するために有用である。白血球媒介炎症は、T細胞炎症応答などの選択疾患における炎症の開始および進行において役割を果たす。LFA−1アンタゴニストの局所投与は、抗LFA−1モノクローナル抗体の全身投与が有効と判明している疾患状態において特に有効であり得る(www.clinicaltrials.gov.のRaptiva clinical trialsを参照されたい。Rptivaは、乾癬、湿疹、腎臓および膵島細胞移植において有効であることが判明している。
薬学的に活性な組成物の送達方法は、様々であり得るが、本発明の製剤を、炎症性皮膚病に罹患している体表面のエリアに適用することを必ず伴う。本発明の方法では、製剤を、皮膚、眼、口、鼻、膣粘膜または肛門粘膜に局所適用する。クリーム剤、軟膏剤、ペースト剤、硬膏剤またはローション剤を皮膚の罹患エリアに塗布し、丁寧にすり込むことができる。同様に、ポリマー製剤または他の生体接着製剤を皮膚の罹患エリアに塗布するか、または軽く当てることができる。液剤も同様に適用することができるが、より典型的には、ドロッパー、スワブなどを用いて適用し、皮膚の罹患エリアに慎重に適用する。ワセリンを皮膚の罹患エリアの周囲の皮膚に塗布して、そこを、治療の間に起こり得る刺激から守ることができる。
一部の実施形態では、LFA−1アンタゴニスト(単独で、または他の薬物と組み合わせて)を複数回用量で投与する。投薬は、1日当たり約1回、2回、3回、4回、5回、6回、7回、8回、9回、10回または10回超であってよい。投薬は、ほぼ1年に1回、1年に2回、6ヶ月毎、4ヶ月毎、3ヶ月毎、60日毎、月1回、2週間毎に1回、1週間に1回または1日おきに1回であってよい。一実施形態では、薬物は、鎮痛薬である。他の実施形態では、LFA−1アンタゴニストおよび他の治療物質を一緒に、1日当たり約1回から1日当たり約10回投与する。他の実施形態では、追加の治療物質を、LFA−1アンタゴニストの投与と同時に、その前に、またはその後に投与する。他の実施形態では、LFF−1アンタゴニストおよび他の治療物質の投与を、約7日未満継続する。さらに他の実施形態では、同時投与を、約6、10、14、28日、2ヶ月、6ヶ月または1年より長く継続する。一部の場合には、同時投与される投薬を、例えば、慢性炎症での投薬では、必要なだけ長く継続する。
ヒトT−細胞接着アッセイ
ヒトTリンパ様細胞系HuT78(ATCC TIB−161)を使用して、T細胞接着アッセイを行った。ヤギ抗HuIgG(Fc)をPBS中で2μg/mlに希釈し、96ウェルプレートを、50μl/ウェル、37℃で1時間コーティングした。PBSでプレートを洗浄し、PBS中1%のBSAを用いて室温で1時間ブロックした。5ドメインICAM−IgをPBS中で100ng/mlに希釈し、50μl/ウェルをプレートに4℃で一晩加えた。HuT78細胞を100gで遠心分離し、細胞ペレットを5mMのEDTAで5%CO2インキュベーター中、37℃で約5分間処理した。細胞を0.14MのNaCl、0.02MのHepes、0.2%のグルコースおよび0.1mMのMnCl2(アッセイ緩衝液)で洗浄し、遠心分離した。細胞をアッセイ緩衝液中に3.0×106c/mlまで再懸濁させた。阻害剤をアッセイ緩衝液中、2×最終濃度まで希釈し、HuT78細胞と共に室温で30分間プレインキュベーションした。細胞100μl/ウェルおよび阻害剤をプレートに加え、室温で1時間インキュベーションした。PBS100μl/ウェルを加え、プレートを密閉し、100gで5分間逆に遠心分離した。未接着の細胞をプレートから除き(flicked out)、過剰のPBSをペーパータオルで吸い取った。p−ニトロフェニルn−アセチル−β−D−グルコサミニド60μl/ウェル(クエン酸緩衝液100mlに対して0.257g)をプレートに加え、37℃で1.5時間インキュベーションした。酵素反応を、50mMのグリシン/5mMのEDTA90μl/ウェルで停止させ、プレートリーダーで405nMで読み取った。Landegren,U.(1984年).J.Immunol.Methods 57巻、379〜388頁のp−ニトロフェニルn−アセチル−β−D−グルコサミニド法を使用して、5dICAM−IgへのHUT78細胞接着を測定した。結果を図1に示す。
前記形式のアッセイを使用してのLFA−1:ICAM−1受容体結合アッセイ
LFA−1:ICAM−1相互作用の競合阻害を、既知の量の阻害剤を加えることにより定量する。
ヒト末梢血単核球(PBMC)からのサイトカインの抗原刺激放出のin vitro阻害
式IのLFA−1アンタゴニストの1形態である、化合物12を、staphylococcal enterotoxin B(SEB)で刺激されたヒト単核細胞(PBMC)における炎症性サイトカインの放出を阻害するその能力に関して評価した。化合物12のストック溶液、レバミピド(粘膜保護剤)およびシクロスポリンA(CsA)を培地中で調製し、培地を加えることにより希釈物を調製して、所望の濃度を達成した。陰性対照をSEB刺激なしに調製した。ビヒクル(0.25%DMSO/培地)でのSEB刺激を、陽性対照として使用した。
LFA−1アンタゴニストの製剤
1種の式Iの化合物(化合物12)を、これらに限定されないが、局所投与、点眼経由の投与、エアゾール投与、経皮パッチ投与、インサート経由の投与または経口投与を包含する様々な経路により投与するためのゲル、ローション、軟膏および溶液として投与するための数種の組成物に製剤化した。
局所適用後の式Iの化合物のin vitro経皮吸収
Skellyら、Pharmaceutical Research、1987年、4巻(3号):265〜276頁、「FDA and AAPS Report of the Workshop on Principles and Practices of In−Vitro Percutaneous Penetration Studies: Relevance to Bioavailability and Bioequivalence」から適合した手順を使用するin vito経皮吸収試験法を使用して、in vivoでの局所適用後生物学的利用能を評価した。
2. パーセント変動係数
(実施例6)
乾性角結膜炎(KCS)を治療するための化合物12の薬理学的活性
次の基準に適合したイヌをこの研究に参加させた:1歳以上、1分当たり濡れ10mm未満のSchimer涙試験(STT)、両眼関与ならびに少なくとも1つの次の臨床徴候:眼瞼痙攣、結膜充血、曝露角膜症(不規則表面)、角膜色素沈着、角膜新生血管形成または粘着性(ropey)粘液膿分泌、先天性KCSがない、外傷性KCSがない、毒性KCSおよび顔面神経麻痺がない。イヌが局所CsAまたはタクロリムスで最近6カ月以内に治療されていたら、それらのイヌは参加させなかった。
T細胞増殖アッセイ:
このアッセイは、抗原提示細胞と相互作用して、T細胞受容体およびLFA−1の会合により誘発される活性化から生じるリンパ球増殖のin vitroモデルである(Springer、Nature346巻:425頁(1990年))。
in vitro混合リンパ球培養モデル
移植のin vitroモデルである混合リンパ球培養モデル(A.J.Cunningham、「Understanding Immunology、Transplantation Immunology」、157〜159頁(1978年)により、様々なLFA−1アンタゴニストの作用を、ヒト混合リンパ球応答の増殖アームおよびエフェクターアームの両方において検査する。
ジャーカット細胞を使用してのT細胞接着アッセイ
この研究の目的は、in vitro曝露後のジャーカット細胞とICAM−1との結合に対する化合物12の抗接着特性を評価することであった。
ネズミpseudomonis角膜炎
角膜は正常では、透明で、白血球不含である。細菌感染は、補体媒介白血球動員および角膜での炎症を誘発する。好中球角膜炎のマウスモデルが開発されており、これは、規定数のトブラマイシン死滅Pseudomonasを角膜中の外科切断内に挿入する。好中球流入および角膜の濁りを24時間目にスコアリングする。この系は、血管系への好中球接着および組織への移動の薬力学的モデルを提供する。この系は、Sun Y.およびPearlman E.(2009年)Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.50巻:1247〜54頁に記載されている。
前臨床および臨床安全性ならびに許容性:pkおよび全身および局所分布結果
A.ヒトでの作用
1.フェーズ1 臨床試験 化合物12
局所化合物12眼用溶液の用量増加のフェーズ1の1施設無作為化前向き二重盲検プラシーボコントロール研究を、4コホート(0.1%、0.3%、1%および5%の化合物12用量強度)で28人の健康な成人(コホート当たり7人の被験体、5人に化合物12眼用溶液を与え、2人にプラシーボ溶液を与えた)において行った。試験の目的は、安全性および許容性ならびに涙および血漿中での薬物動態を測定することであった。投薬スケジュール(OU:両眼(眼それぞれまたは両方の眼))を、3つの期間に分け、それぞれを、72時間洗浄間隔により分離した:1回/日×1日(一方の眼に薬物;他方の眼にプラシーボ)、2回/日×10日および3回/日×10日、14日観察。眼の細隙灯検査、BCVA(最大矯正視力)、STT(Schirmer涙試験)、TBUT(涙液層破壊時間)、IOP(眼圧)をスクリーニングで、各期間の開始および終了時に評価した。各コホートで、盲検(masked)安全性データを、安全性委員会が調査し、その後、次のコホートの用量増加を許可した。全部で2856用量(102滴/被験体)を1148全被験体研究日数(41研究日数/被験体)にわたって、56個の眼に投与した。全てのコホートの全ての被験体が研究を完了し、研究薬物用量の逸失はなかった。
血漿および涙試料を、ベースラインで、かつ化合物12眼用溶液の薬物動態(PK)を特徴付けるために、眼投与後に、各投薬期間のスケジュールされた間隔の間で得た。
血漿の化合物12を分析するための試料を、投薬前、投薬の5および30分後ならびに1、5、14、18および27日目の投薬の1、4、8、24時間後に得た。また、試料を、1、14および27日目の投薬の48時間後に得て、単一血液試料を、研究終了時の追跡訪問時に得た。血漿の化合物12の濃度を、0.500ng/mLのLLOQ(定量下限)を有する確認されたLC/MS/MS(液体クロマトグラフィータンデム質量分析法)方法を使用して決定した。
0.1%および0.3%化合物12の用量強度の単回および複数回用量の後の全ての時点で、および1%化合物12の用量強度を与えられた5人中3人の被験体で、化合物12の血漿濃度はBLOQ(定量限界未満のアッセイ、<0.500ng/mL)であった。化合物12の測定可能なレベルが、1%化合物12を投与された1人の被験体の血漿中で14日および27日の最初の時点(投与の5分後)に見られたが、後の時点では、BLOQであった。測定可能なレベルが、5%用量強度の投与後に試験を通してより頻繁に観察されたが、レベルはかなり低く(<3ng/mL)、通常、投与の1時間後には検出できなかった(図6)。2nMのIC50値が観察されているin vitro細胞アッセイ(細胞結合およびSEB IL−2放出)でのLFA−1レベルは、約0.1nMである。血中LFA−1レベルは、約10nMである。ヒト全血でのSEB刺激IL−2放出の化合物12阻害に関するIC50は、69nMである。白血球機能を阻害するためには、LFA−1レベルよりも高い化合物12レベルが必要である。したがって、全身白血球の著しい阻害は、化合物12眼用滴剤では予測されない。
化合物12の涙試料を両眼で、投薬前に、投薬の30分後に、フェーズ1研究の1、5、14、18および27日目の投薬の1、4、8および24時間後に、紙製Schirmer涙ストリップを使用して集めた。投薬の48時間後の試料を、1、14および27日後に得た。涙化合物12濃度を、0.500ng/mLのLLOQを有する確認されたLC/MS/MS方法を使用して決定した。
涙AUC(濃度時間曲線下の面積)値およびCmax(最大観察血漿濃度)値の用量関連増加が、投薬1日目に観察され、全般的に、試験を通しての評価時点で維持された。BID(1日2回)およびTID(1日3回)投薬は、単回投与に比べてより高いCmax値およびAUC値をもたらしたが、BIDおよびTID投与スケジュールの間では、曝露において有意差はなかった。予期された治療用量範囲での化合物12曝露の明確な証拠があり、複数回眼用量投与での蓄積の明らかな証拠はなかった。
1.前臨床毒物学製剤
hERGチャネル電流(IKrのサロゲート、迅速に活性化、遅延整流心臓カリウム電流)に対する化合物12の作用を評価するためのin vitro研究を、安定に形質移入された腎臓HEK293細胞で行った。化合物12の単回用量は、20μM、100μM、200μMおよび600μMであった。電流に対する化合物12作用は、弱く(478μMのIC50)、これは、局所眼投与の後に観察される低い全身曝露により、IKrチャネル阻害の最小の危険性を示している。
Amesアッセイにおいて、化合物12は、いずれの検定系統でも、ミクロソーム(S9)酵素の存在下または不在下で、プレート当たりの復帰変異体の平均数に上昇をもたらさなかった。したがって、化合物12は、変異誘発性ではないと判断された。
染色体異常を誘発する化合物12の能力を、培養チャイニーズハムスター卵巣(CHO)細胞において、外因代謝活性化を伴って、および伴わずに、同時インキュベーションの20時間後に評価した。代謝活性化を伴わない単回毒性用量の場合を除いて(3時間処理;3500μg/mL)、代謝活性化を伴っても、伴わなくても、CHO細胞における構造染色体異常の誘発に関して、化合物12は陰性であると考えられる。この応答の生物学的関連は、細胞傷害性のため疑わしい。
多染性赤血球(PCE)中の小核を検出することにより、有糸分裂装置のin vivo染色体異常誘発活性および/または分離を誘発する化合物12の繰り返しIV投与の能力を、CD−1(登録商標)(ICR)BRマウスで、その骨髄を評価することにより評価した。この研究結果に基づき、化合物12は、マウス骨髄小核アッセイにおいて、陰性であると考えられる。
化合物12の吸収、分布、代謝および排泄(ADME)を、ラット、ウサギおよびイヌにおいて行われた研究で、2つの投与経路;静脈内および局所眼投与、臨床投与経路を利用して特徴付けた。また、in vitro肝細胞研究も行った。
ラットおよびイヌでの単回IV投与後の時間経過にわたる化合物12の血漿濃度をそれぞれ図17および18に示す。両方の種で単回IVボーラス投与後に、予測された通りに指数的に、化合物12の血漿濃度が低下した。
化合物12眼溶液の0.1、1.0または3.0%用量強度の単回局所点眼(それぞれ0.105、0.35および1.05mg/眼)の後に、平均涙化合物12濃度は、用量に関連して上昇し、投与の30分以内に最高値を達成し、4時間までにベースラインに戻った。化合物12の涙CmaxおよびAUC0−nは通常、用量の上昇に伴って上昇した。図19は、化合物12の用量は、イヌでは涙中のPKに比例する(AUC)ことを示している。例えば、平均の涙Cmax値は、0.105、0.35および1.05mg/眼を投与されたウサギの右眼でそれぞれ34014ng/mL、21460ng/mLおよび313906ng/mLであった。平均の涙AUCは、同じ用量群において右眼でそれぞれ、18864hr×ng/mL、18931hr×ng/mLおよび182978hr×ng/mLであった。
イヌ−PKでの局所投与化合物12のパイロット眼許容性試験を行った。動物に、化合物12 35μLをTID(0、4、8時間)で投与した。1%溶液を1〜14日目に投与した;3%溶液を17〜21日目に投与し、10%溶液を24〜27日目に投与した。涙/眼周囲組織での化合物12トラフレベルは、T細胞結合/IL−2放出に関するIC50の1000倍を超えて高い。化合物12は安全であり、10%強度の3回投与/日まで十分に許容される。点眼後に、化合物12濃度での用量依存性上昇が涙(30分〜16時間)および血漿(30分)で検出された。化合物12の硝子体濃度は、1/1000より低かった。
1.化合物12の前臨床皮膚研究
化合物12は、水/グリコール/トランスクトール(transcutol)溶液中で2%(w/w)の溶解性およびエタノール/グリコール/トランスクトール溶液中で10%(w/w)の溶解性を示す。溶解性研究は、エマルション製剤を示唆している。原型は開発されていて、選択的手術からのミクロトーム処理されたヒト皮膚で1%(w/w)で試験されている。形態には、ゲル、軟膏またはローションが包含される。安定性および相容性が、全ての製剤で実証されている。LC/MS/MS分析で行われた皮膚輸送研究は、表皮および真皮での高い化合物12レベルおよびレシーバーでの低いレベルを示している。2〜4%用量浸透で、[14C]−化合物12を使用して決定すると、真皮には10マイクロモルよりも多い化合物12が存在し得る。パイロットラットおよびミニブタ研究により、低い全身曝露が実証され、これは、皮膚の血管新生レベル(即ち、真皮)への薬物浸透を示している。
モルモットでの皮膚感作研究:Buehler検査
無作為に繁殖させたアルビノモルモットの健康で若い成体(4から6週)(系統Crl:(Ha)BR)を使用するBuehler検査を使用して、化合物12が過敏症を誘発する可能性を決定する。食餌は、自由な認定モルモット用食餌(#5026、PMI Nutrition International LLC)からなる。水を自由に摂らせる。室温は、18から26℃であり、相対湿度は30から70%であり、12時間明/12時間暗サイクルを使用する。動物を少なくとも5日間順応させる。
連続して7日間、約6cm2、10mg/cm2でTIDを与えたラットで、原型皮膚製剤(1%ローション、軟膏およびゲル)の安全性および許容性を評価した。1%DMSOを、高い生物学的利用能対照として与えた。図23は、化合物12が血清中で検出可能であることを図示している。
化合物12の様々な製剤(1%でのDMSO、ゲル、軟膏、ローション)の許容性および全身曝露を、これらの製剤をミニブタに複数回皮膚用量TIDとして7日間、約50cm2、10mg/cm2で与えることにより、評価した。ブタ1匹/用量製剤を使用した。インライフPK分析を完了した。いずれの製剤でも毒性は報告されなかった。血漿PKにより、低いレベルの化合物12が全ての群で判明したが、0.5ng/mlのLLOQ未満であった。
フェーズ2試験のアレルギー性結膜炎
ネコの毛、ネコのふけ、イヌのふけ、イネ科の草、ブタクサ、樹木、チリダニおよび/またはゴキブリに対する眼アレルギーおよび陽性皮膚検査反応の陽性履歴を過去24カ月以内に有する被験体(陽性皮膚検査により証明される)を、眼のかゆみおよび結膜の充血を誘発するために結膜に投与されたアレルゲンで攻撃する。被験体を、化合物12眼用滴剤の保存剤添加および保存剤無添加製剤の両方で処置する。保存剤無添加薬物は、無菌単位用量として、PBS中で製剤化された化合物12を含有する1回使用ブロー成形充填シールコンテナ中で供給する。保存剤添加薬物は、保存剤を含有するPBS中で製剤化された化合物12を含有する無菌複数回使用用コンテナとして供給する。検査被験体の各群を、QD、BIDまたはTIDで、保存剤添加または保存剤無添加製剤中の化合物12の様々な用量強度で、またはプラシーボで処置する。各被験体が薬物を単一液滴としてそれぞれの眼に指示された通りに1日1回、2回または3回自己投与する。投与される用量強度は、プラシーボ(PBSビヒクル)、化合物12の0.1%、0.3%、1%および5%溶液を包含する。
フェーズ2 ドライアイに対する試験
中程度から重症のドライアイを有する被験体を、化合物12眼滴剤の保存剤添加および保存剤無添加製剤の両方で12週間(効力試験)および1年まで(安全性試験)治療する。保存剤無添加薬物を、無菌単位用量として、PBS中で製剤化された化合物12を含有する1回使用用ブロー成形充填シールコンテナ中で供給する。保存剤添加薬物は、保存剤を含有するPBS中で製剤化された化合物12を含有する無菌複数回使用用コンテナとして供給する。検査被験体の各群を、QDまたはBIDで、保存剤添加または保存剤無添加製剤中の化合物12の様々な用量強度で、またはプラシーボで処置する。各被験体が薬物を単一液滴としてそれぞれの眼に1日1回または2回自己投与する。投与される用量強度は、プラシーボ(PBSビヒクル)、化合物12の0.1%、0.3%、1%および5%溶液を包含する。
糖尿病性網膜症(DR)および糖尿病性黄斑浮腫(DME)
DRおよびDMEは、白血球媒介疾患である。白血球の毛細血管上皮細胞への接着は、虚血再灌流機構において重要であるようである。
I型またはII型糖尿病の被験体を化合物12で、3年間まで、化合物12眼用滴剤の保存剤添加および保存剤無添加製剤で治療する。保存剤無添加薬物は、無菌単位用量として、PBS中で製剤化された化合物12を含有する1回使用用ブロー成形充填シールコンテナ中で供給する。保存剤添加薬物は、保存剤を含有するPBS中で製剤化された化合物12を含有する無菌複数回使用用コンテナとして供給する。検査被験体の各群を、QD、BIDまたはTIDで、保存剤添加または保存剤無添加製剤中の化合物12眼用滴剤の様々な用量強度で、またはプラシーボで処置する。各被験体が薬物を単一液滴としてそれぞれの眼に1日1回、2回または3回自己投与する。投与される用量強度は、プラシーボ(PBSビヒクル)、化合物12の0.1%、0.3%、1%および5%溶液を包含する。患者の服薬遵守を高めるために、研究期間にわたって網膜に薬物を送達する緩速放出製剤として、化合物12を投与することができる。
抗ICAM抗体は、DMEのラットSTZモデルにおいて効力を示している。ラットにおける化合物12放射性同位元素標識分布研究は、網膜への送達を実証する。STZ(ストレプトゾシン)を使用して、I型糖尿病のための動物モデルを生じさせる。化合物12を用いる確定STZラット研究は、動物18匹を伴う5つの群を包含する。群1は、処置を受けない正常なSDラットである。群2は、ビヒクル滴剤をBID/2カ月で受けるSTZラットである。群3は、1%化合物12滴剤をBID/2カ月で受けるSTZラットである。群4は、5%化合物12滴剤をBID/2カ月で受けるSTZラットである。群5は、セレコキシブ陽性対照を受けるSTZラットである。研究のエンドポイントには:網膜FITC−デキストラン漏出、硝子体−血漿タンパク質比、ミエロペルオキシダーゼアッセイおよび網膜白血球うっ滞(leukostasis)が包含される。
加齢性黄斑変性(AMD)
湿性または乾性AMDの被験体を化合物12で、化合物12眼滴剤の保存剤添加および保存剤無添加製剤を用いて3年間まで治療する。保存剤無添加薬物は、無菌単位用量としてPBS中で製剤化された化合物12を含有する1回使用用ブロー成形充填シールコンテナ中で供給する。保存剤添加薬物は、保存剤を含有するPBS中で製剤化された化合物12を含有する無菌複数回使用用コンテナとして供給する。検査被験体の各群を、QD、BIDまたはTIDで、保存剤添加または保存剤無添加製剤中の化合物12眼用滴剤の様々な用量強度で、またはプラシーボで処置する。各被験体が薬物を単一液滴としてそれぞれの眼に1日1回、2回または3回自己投与する。投与される用量強度は、プラシーボ(PBSビヒクル)、化合物12の0.1%、0.3%、1%および5%溶液を包含する。患者の服薬遵守を高めるために、研究期間にわたって網膜に薬物を送達する緩速放出製剤として、化合物12を投与することができる。
フェーズ2 アトピー性皮膚炎
アトピー性皮膚炎の被験体を化合物12で、12カ月まで治療する。化合物12を含有する局所適用用の適切な皮膚用製剤(クリーム、ローション、ゲルまたは軟膏)として、薬物を供給する。検査被験体の各群を、QD、BIDまたはTIDで、製剤中の化合物12眼用滴剤の様々な用量強度で、またはプラシーボで処置する。各被験体が薬物を実施面積部分に丁寧にすり込むことにより自己投与する。投与される用量強度は、プラシーボ(ビヒクル)、化合物12の0.1%、0.3%、1%および2%製剤を包含する。作用を高めるために、処置面積を閉塞式包帯で覆ってもよい。患者の服薬遵守を改善するために、薬物を、緩速放出薬物含浸パッチとして投与することができる。
クローン病、潰瘍性大腸炎またはIBD
クローン病、潰瘍性大腸炎またはIBDを有する被験体を、化合物12で12カ月まで治療する。薬物は、化合物12を含有する適切な経口投与用製剤(溶液、ピルまたはカプセル)として供給する。典型的な経口液体剤形は、pH7に調節されたPBS中に溶解した化合物12を包含する。検査被験体の各群を、QD、BIDまたはTIDで、製剤中の様々な用量強度の化合物12で、またはプラシーボで処置する。各被験体が薬物を口に自己投与する。投与される用量強度は、プラシーボ(ビヒクル)、製剤中の化合物12の1投薬当たり1mg、1投薬当たり5mg、1投薬当たり10mgおよび1投薬当たり100mgまでを包含する。
Claims (43)
- 局所投与のために製剤化される、LFA−1アンタゴニストまたは薬学的に許容されるその塩もしくはエステルと賦形剤とを含み、前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、被験体に投与された場合に約2mL/分/kgを超える全身クリアランス速度を有する医薬製剤。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、被験体への投与後約4時間以内に、約1μMを超える局所組織濃度を達成する、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストの前記局所組織濃度が、被験体に投与された場合に少なくとも約8時間は約10nMを超える濃度で維持される、請求項2に記載の製剤。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、直接競合アンタゴニストである、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、下記の構造を有する式IまたはIIの化合物および/または薬学的に許容されるその塩もしくはエステルを含む、請求項1に記載の製剤:
Uは、存在しないか、−O−、−S(O)0〜2−、−SO2N(R1A)、−N(R1A)−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−O−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−N(R1B)−、−N(R1A)−SO2−、−C(=O)−、−C(=O)−O−、−O−C(=O)−、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、−C(=O)−N(R1A)−、−OC(=O)N(R1A)−、−C(=N−R1E)−、−C(=N−R1E)−O−、−C(=N−R1E)−N(R1A)−、−O−C(=N−R1E)−N(R1A)−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−O−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−N(R1B)−、−P(=O)(OR1A)−O−、または−P(=O)(R1A)−O−であり;
Tは、存在しないか、脂肪族、ヘテロ脂肪族、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;
Qは、水素、ハロゲン、シアノ、イソシアネート、−OR1B;−SR1B;−N(R1B)2、−NHC(=O)OR1B、−NHC(=O)N(R1B)2、−NHC(=O)R1B、−NHSO2R1B、−NHSO2N(R1B)2、−NHSO2NHC(=O)OR1B、−NHC(=O)NHSO2R1B、−C(=O)NHC(=O)OR1B、−C(=O)NHC(=O)R1B、−C(=O)NHC(=O)N(R1B)2、−C(=O)NHSO2R1B、−C(=O)NHSO2N(R1B)2、C(=S)N(R1B)2、−SO2R1B、−SO2OR1B、−SO2N(R1B)2、−SO2−NHC(=O)OR1B、−OC(=O)−N(R1B)2、−OC(=O)R1B、−OC(=O)NHC(=O)R1B、−OC(=O)NHSO2R1B、−OSO2R1B、または脂肪族 ヘテロ脂肪族、アリールもしくはヘテロアリール部分であるか、またはR1およびR2は一緒になって、脂環式または複素環式部分であるか、または一緒に、
R1AおよびR1Bの各々の出現は独立に、水素、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、複素環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分、−C(=O)R1C、または−C(=O)NR1CR1Dであり;ここで、R1CおよびR1Dの各々の出現は独立に、水素、ヒドロキシル、または脂肪族、ヘテロ脂肪族、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;R1Eは、水素、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、複素環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールもしくはアルキルヘテロアリール部分、−CN、−OR1C、−NR1CR1Dまたは−SO2R1Cであり;
R3は、−C(=O)OR3A、−C(=O)H、−CH2OR3A、−CH2OC(=O)−アルキル、−C(=O)NH(R3A)、−CH2X0であり;R3Aの各々の出現は独立に、水素、保護基、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、ヘテロアルキルアリール ヘテロアルキルヘテロアリール部分、または薬学的に許容される塩もしくはエステルであるか、またはR3Aは、R1およびR2と一緒になって、複素環式部分を形成し;ここで、X0は、F、BrまたはIから選択されるハロゲンであり;
R4AおよびR4Bは独立に、F、Cl、BrまたはIから選択されるハロゲンであり;RB1、RB2およびREは独立に、水素または置換もしくは非置換低級アルキルであり;
AR1は、単環式または多環式アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、脂環式または複素環式部分であり;
Lは、存在しないか、またはV−W−X−Y−Zであり、ここで、V、W、X、YおよびZの各々の出現は独立に、存在しないか、C=O、NRL1、−O−、−C(RL1)=、=C(RL1)−、−C(RL1)(RL2)、C(=N−ORL1)、C(=NRL1)、−N=、S(O)0〜2;置換もしくは非置換C1〜6アルケニリデンまたはC2〜6アルケニリデン(alkenylidine)鎖であり、ここで、2個までの非隣接メチレン単位は独立に、場合により−C(=O)−、−CO2−、−C(=O)C(=O)−、−C(C=O)NRL3−、−OC(=O)−、−OC(=O)NRL3−、−NRL3NRL4−、−NRL3NRL4C(=O)−、−NRL3C(=O)−、NRL3CO2−、NRL3C(=O)NRL4−、−S(=O)−、−SO2−、−NRL3SO2−、−SO2NRL3、−NRL3SO2NRL4、−O−、−S−、または−NRL3−により置き換えられており;RL3およびRL4の各々の出現は独立に、水素、アルキル、ヘテロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリールもしくはアシル;または脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールもしくはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;RLIおよびRL2の各々の出現は独立に、水素、ヒドロキシル、保護ヒドロキシル、アミノ、保護アミノ、チオ、保護チオ、ハロゲン、シアノ、イソシアネート、カルボキシ、カルボキシアルキル、ホルミル、ホルミルオキシ、アジド、ニトロ、ウレイド、チオウレイド、チオシアナト、アルコキシ、アリールオキシ、メルカプト、スルホンアミド、ベンズアミド、トシル、または脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であるか、またはRL1およびRL2の1つまたは複数の出現は、一緒になって、またはV、W、X、YまたはZの1つと一緒になって、脂環式または複素環式部分を形成しているか、またはアリールまたはヘテロアリール部分を形成している]。 - 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストがナトリウム塩、カリウム塩、リチウム塩、マグネシウム塩、亜鉛塩またはカルシウム塩である、請求項5または6に記載の製剤。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、T細胞のICAM−1への結合を、約100nMの濃度で約50%以上阻害する、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記製剤が、ゲル剤、クリーム剤、ローション剤、液剤、懸濁液剤、乳剤、軟膏剤、散剤、結晶形態、噴霧剤、フォーム剤、軟膏剤、ペースト剤、硬膏剤、塗布剤、緩速放出ナノ粒子、緩速放出微粒子または生体接着剤の形態である、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記賦形剤が、水、緩衝水溶液、界面活性剤、揮発性液体、デンプン、ポリオール、造粒剤、微晶性セルロース、希釈剤、潤滑剤、酸、塩基、塩、乳剤、油、湿潤剤、キレート剤、抗酸化剤、滅菌液、錯化剤または崩壊剤である、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記界面活性剤が、オレイン酸、塩化セチルピリジニウム、大豆レシチン、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノラウレート、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノステアレート、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノオレエート、ポリオキシエチレンステアリルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンオレイルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレン−ポリオキシプロピレン−エチレンジアミンブロックコポリマー、ポリオキシプロピレン−ポリオキシエチレンブロックコポリマーまたはヒマシ油エトキシレートである、請求項10に記載の製剤。
- 局所浸透増強剤をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記局所浸透増強剤が、スルホキシド、エーテル、界面活性剤、アルコール、脂肪酸、脂肪酸エステル、ポリオール、アミド、テルペン、アルカノンまたは有機酸である、請求項12に記載の製剤。
- 少なくとも1種の追加的な治療剤をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記追加的な治療剤が、抗酸化剤、抗炎症剤、抗菌剤、抗脈管形成剤、抗アポトーシス剤、血管内皮成長因子阻害剤、抗ウイルス剤、カルシニューリン阻害剤、コルチコステロイド、免疫調節剤または潤滑点眼剤である、請求項14に記載の製剤。
- 前記追加的な治療剤が、シクロスポリン、レバミピド、ジクアホソルまたは潤滑点眼剤である、請求項15に記載の製剤。
- 前記製剤が、LFA−1アンタゴニスト約1%W/V;ジメチルイソソルビド約15%W/Vまで;トランスクトール約25%W/Vまで;ヒドロキシエチルセルロース約1%W/Vまで;ヘキシレングリコール約12%W/Vまで、メチルパラベン約0.15%W/Vまで;プロピルパラベン約0.05%W/Vまで;および水を含むゲル剤である、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記製剤が、LFA−1アンタゴニスト約1%W/V、ジメチルイソソルビド約10%W/Vまで;ブチル化ヒドロキシトルエン約0.02%W/Vまで;Span80約2%W/Vまで;白ろう約10%W/Vまで;および白色ワセリンを含む軟膏剤である、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記製剤が、LFA−1アンタゴニスト約1%W/V、ジメチルイソソルビド約15%W/Vまで;トランスクトール約25%W/Vまで;ヘキシレングリコール約12%W/Vまで;プロピレングリコール約5%W/Vまで;およびpH6.0の25%トロラミンを含む水ベースのローション剤であり、ここで、前記ローション剤は、約4.0から約7.5のpHに緩衝化されている、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記製剤が、LFA−1アンタゴニスト約1%W/V、EDTA約0.1%W/Vまでならびに、場合によって、メチルパラベン約0.4%w/wまでおよびプロピルパラベン約0.02%w/wまでを含み、リン酸一ナトリウムで約6.0から約8.0のpHに緩衝化された水性液剤である、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、請求項21に記載の化合物の形態A、形態B、形態C、形態D、形態E、非晶質形態またはこれらの組合せのいずれかである、請求項21に記載の製剤。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、請求項21に記載の化合物の形態Aである、請求項22に記載の製剤。
- 被験体における炎症性関連障害または免疫関連障害を治療する方法であって、それを必要とする前記被験体に、LFA−1アンタゴニストまたは薬学的に許容されるその塩もしくはエステルと、薬学的に許容される賦形剤とを含み、前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、被験体に投与された場合に約2mL/分/kgを超える全身クリアランス速度を有する製剤を局所投与する工程を含む方法。
- 投与後に、投与後約4時間以内は、前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、前記製剤が適用される上皮表面の約1mm以内において治療有効濃度で存在し、血漿中では治療有効レベル未満で存在する、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 投与後に、投与後約4時間以内は、前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、前記製剤が適用される上皮表面の約1mm以内において治療有効濃度で存在し、血漿中では治療有効レベル未満で存在する、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、投与後約4時間以内は、約10nMより高い局所組織濃度を有する、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、投与後約4時間以内は、約1μMより高い局所組織濃度および血漿中で測定して約100nM未満の全身濃度を有する、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストの前記局所組織濃度が、投与後少なくとも約8時間は、約10nMより高くに維持される、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが直接競合アンタゴニストである、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、下記の構造を有する式(I)または(II)の化合物および/または薬学的に許容されるその塩またはエステルである、請求項24に記載の方法:
Uは、存在しないか、−O−、−S(O)0〜2−、−SO2N(R1A)、−N(R1A)−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−O−、−N(R1A)C(=O)−N(R1B)−、−N(R1A)−SO2−、−C(=O)−、−C(=O)−O−、−O−C(=O)−、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、−C(=O)−N(R1A)−、−OC(=O)N(R1A)−、−C(=N−R1E)−、−C(=N−R1E)−O−、−C(=N−R1E)−N(R1A)−、−O−C(=N−R1E)−N(R1A)−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−O−、−N(R1A)C(=N−R1E)−N(R1B)−、−P(=O)(OR1A)−O−または−P(=O)(R1A)−O−であり;
Tは、存在しないか、脂肪族、ヘテロ脂肪族、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;
Qは、水素、ハロゲン、シアノ、イソシアネート、−OR1B;−SR1B;−N(R1B)2、−NHC(=O)OR1B、−NHC(=O)N(R1B)2、−NHC(=O)R1B、−NHSO2R1B、NHSO2N(R1B)2、−NHSO2NHC(=O)OR1B、−NHC(=O)NHSO2R1B、−C(=O)NHC(=O)OR1B、C(=O)NHC(=O)R1B、−C(=O)NHC(=O)N(R1B)2、−C(=O)NHSO2R1B、−C(=O)NHSO2N(R1B)2、C(=S)N(R1B)2、−SO2R1B、−SO2OR1B、−SO2N(R1B)2、−SO2−NHC(=O)OR1B、−OC(=O)−N(R1B)2、−OC(=O)R1B、−OC(=O)NHC(=O)R1B、−OC(=O)NHSO2R1B、−OSO2R1B、または脂肪族 ヘテロ脂肪族、アリールもしくはヘテロアリール部分であるか、またはR1およびR2は一緒になって、脂環式または複素環式部分であるか、または一緒に、
R1AおよびR1Bの各々の出現は独立に、水素、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、複素環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分、−C(=O)R1C、または−C(=O)NR1CR1Dであり;ここで、R1CおよびR1Dの各々の出現は独立に、水素、ヒドロキシル、または脂肪族、ヘテロ脂肪族、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;R1Eは、水素、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、複素環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールもしくはアルキルヘテロアリール部分、−CN、−OR1C、−NR1CR1Dまたは−SO2R1Cであり;
R3は、−C(=O)OR3A、−C(=O)H、−CH2OR3A、−CH2OC(=O)−アルキル、−C(=O)NH(R3A)、−CH2X0であり;R3Aの各々の出現は独立に、水素、保護基、脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、ヘテロアルキルアリール ヘテロアルキルヘテロアリール部分、または薬学的に許容される塩もしくはエステルであるか、またはR3Aは、R1およびR2と一緒になって、複素環式部分を形成し;ここで、X0は、F、BrまたはIから選択されるハロゲンであり;
R4AおよびR4Bは独立に、F、Cl、BrまたはIから選択されるハロゲンであり;RB1、RB2およびREは独立に、水素または置換もしくは非置換低級アルキルであり;
AR1は、単環式または多環式アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリール、アルキルヘテロアリール、脂環式または複素環式部分であり;
Lは、存在しないか、またはV−W−X−Y−Zであり、ここで、V、W、X、YおよびZの各々の出現は独立に、存在しないか、C=O、NRL1、−O−、−C(RL1)=、=C(RL1)−、−C(RL1)(RL2)、C(=N−ORL1)、C(=NRL1)、−N=、S(O)0〜2;置換もしくは非置換C1〜6アルケニリデンまたはC2〜6アルケニリデン鎖であり、ここで、2個までの非隣接メチレン単位は独立に、場合により−C(=O)−、−CO2−、−C(=O)C(=O)−、−C(C=O)NRL3−、−OC(=O)−、−OC(=O)NRL3−、−NRL3NRL4−、−NRL3NRL4C(=O)−、−NRL3C(=O)−、NRL3CO2−、NRL3C(=O)NRL4−、−S(=O)−、−SO2−、−NRL3SO2−、−SO2NRL3、−NRL3SO2NRL4、−O−、−S−、または−NRL3−により置き換えられており;RL3およびRL4の出現はそれぞれ独立に、水素、アルキル、ヘテロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリールもしくはアシル;または脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールもしくはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であり;RLIおよびRL2の各々の出現は独立に、水素、ヒドロキシル、保護ヒドロキシル、アミノ、保護アミノ、チオ、保護チオ、ハロゲン、シアノ、イソシアネート、カルボキシ、カルボキシアルキル、ホルミル、ホルミルオキシ、アジド、ニトロ、ウレイド、チオウレイド、チオシアナト、アルコキシ、アリールオキシ、メルカプト、スルホンアミド、ベンズアミド、トシル、または脂肪族、脂環式、ヘテロ脂肪族、ヘテロ脂環式、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アルキルアリールまたはアルキルヘテロアリール部分であるか、またはRL1およびRL2の1つまたは複数の出現は、一緒になって、またはV、W、X、YまたはZの1つと一緒になって、脂環式または複素環式部分を形成しているか、またはアリールまたはヘテロアリール部分を形成している]。 - 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、請求項33に記載の化合物の形態A、形態B、形態C、形態D、形態E、非晶質形態、またはこれらの組合せである、請求項33に記載の方法。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが請求項33に記載の化合物の形態Aである、請求項34に記載の方法。
- 前記LFA−1アンタゴニストが、T細胞のICAM−1への結合を、約100nMの濃度で約50%以上阻害する、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記製剤を、皮膚、眼、口、鼻、膣粘膜または肛門粘膜に局所適用する、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記製剤が、ゲル剤、クリーム剤、ローション剤、液剤、懸濁液剤、乳剤、軟膏剤、散剤、結晶形態、噴霧剤、フォーム剤、軟膏剤、ペースト剤、硬膏剤、塗布剤、緩速放出ナノ粒子、緩速放出微粒子または生体接着剤の形態である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記製剤が少なくとも1種の追加的な治療剤をさらに含む、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記追加的な治療剤が、抗酸化剤、抗炎症剤、抗菌剤、抗脈管形成剤、抗アポトーシス剤、血管内皮成長因子阻害剤または抗ウイルス剤である、請求項39に記載の方法。
- 前記製剤を、約0.01から約5mgの用量で投与する、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記炎症性障害または免疫障害が、眼内炎症、眼周囲炎症、眼表面炎症、角結膜炎、乾性角結膜炎(KCS、別名ドライアイ)、シェーグレン症候群の患者でのKCS、加齢性黄斑変性(AMD)、アレルギー性結膜炎、ブドウ膜炎、コンタクトレンズの装着による眼の炎症、コンタクトレンズの装着による角膜の炎症、コンタクトレンズの装着による眼周囲組織の炎症、手術後の眼の炎症、眼内炎症、網膜炎、浮腫、網膜障害、角膜炎症、グレーブス病(バセドウ病)またはグレーブス眼症である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記炎症性障害または免疫障害が、乾癬、刺激性接触皮膚炎、湿疹性皮膚炎、脂漏性皮膚炎、免疫媒介障害の皮膚発現、脱毛症、円形脱毛症、成人呼吸窮迫症候群、肺線維症、水腫性硬化症(scleredoma)、瘢痕形成、慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)、アトピー性皮膚炎、腎臓移植による炎症、喘息、化膿性汗腺炎、関節リウマチ、乾癬性関節炎、シェーグレン症候群、ブドウ膜炎、移植片対宿主疾患(GVHD)、口腔扁平苔癬、関節痛または膵島細胞移植炎症である、請求項24に記載の方法。
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US20090258070A1 (en) | 2009-10-15 |
EP2265125A4 (en) | 2011-12-28 |
EP3632444A3 (en) | 2020-08-26 |
ES2763703T3 (es) | 2020-05-29 |
EP2265125A1 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
CN102056485A (zh) | 2011-05-11 |
EP3632444A2 (en) | 2020-04-08 |
WO2009128934A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
US20140051722A1 (en) | 2014-02-20 |
JP2014132032A (ja) | 2014-07-17 |
EP2265125B1 (en) | 2019-08-14 |
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