JP2011023344A - 光電気素子 - Google Patents
光電気素子 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2011023344A JP2011023344A JP2010137686A JP2010137686A JP2011023344A JP 2011023344 A JP2011023344 A JP 2011023344A JP 2010137686 A JP2010137686 A JP 2010137686A JP 2010137686 A JP2010137686 A JP 2010137686A JP 2011023344 A JP2011023344 A JP 2011023344A
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- transport layer
- electron transport
- organic compound
- sensitizing dye
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 39
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 22
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 130
- -1 polyphenylene vinylene Polymers 0.000 description 76
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 75
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 30
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 16
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 12
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 7
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- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
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- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 4
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- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 3
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical class C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QYTDEUPAUMOIOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N TEMPO Chemical group CC1(C)CCCC(C)(C)N1[O] QYTDEUPAUMOIOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000000018 nitroso group Chemical group N(=O)* 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000004059 quinone derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000004053 quinones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 3
- HRLDHROCDBYHAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-[(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one Chemical group C1=C(C(C)(C)C)C(=O)C(C(C)(C)C)=CC1=CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 HRLDHROCDBYHAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCLJOFJIQIJXHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[2-(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOCCOCCOCCOC(=O)C=C HCLJOFJIQIJXHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229930194542 Keto Natural products 0.000 description 2
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- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000001989 1,3-phenylene group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([*:1])=C([H])C([*:2])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】光電気素子は、一対の電極2,5間に電子輸送層3と正孔輸送層4を挟んで形成される。電子輸送層3は、繰り返し酸化還元が可能な酸化還元部を有する有機化合物を備えて形成される。有機化合物は酸化還元部の還元状態を安定化させる電解質溶液を含んでゲル層6として形成され,増感色素がゲル層6内に存在している。このため、電子輸送層3の有機化合物と電解質溶液がゲル層6を形成すると共に増感色素がゲル層6内に存在することで、有機化合物の反応界面が大きくなり、変換効率が向上すると共に、増感色素から電子輸送層3の有機化合物への電子の受け渡し効率が向上して電子の輸送効率が向上する。
【選択図】図1
Description
(B/A)×100≧10
(Xi)nはゲル部位を示し、Xiはゲル部位を形成する化合物のモノマーを示すものであり、ポリマー骨格で形成することができる。モノマーの重合度nは、n=1〜10万の範囲が好ましい。Yは(Xi)nに結合している酸化還元部を示すものである。またj,kはそれぞれ1分子中に含まれる(Xi)n、Yの数を表す任意の整数であり、いずれも1〜100の範囲が好ましい。酸化還元部Yはゲル部位(Xi)nをなすポリマー骨格のいかなる部位に結合していてもよい。また酸化還元部Yは種類の異なる材料を含んでいてもよく、この場合は電子交換反応の観点から酸化還元電位が近い材料が好ましい。
本実施形態の増感色素としては、公知の材料を用いることができるものであり、例えば、9−フェニルキサンテン系色素、クマリン系色素、アクリジン系色素、トリフェニルメタン系色素、テトラフェニルメタン系色素、キノン系色素、アゾ系色素、インジゴ系色素、シアニン系色素、メロシアニン系色素、キサンテン系色素などが挙げられる。または、RuL2(H2O)2タイプのルテニウム−シス−ジアクア−ビピリジル錯体(ここで、Lは、4,4’−ジカルボキシル−2,2’−ビピリジンを示す。)、または、ルテニウム−トリス(RuL3)、ルテニウム−ビス(RuL2)、オスニウム−トリス(OsL3)、オスニウム−ビス(OsL2)などのタイプの遷移金属錯体、または亜鉛−テトラ(4−カルボキシフェニル)ポルフィリン、鉄−ヘキサシアニド錯体、フタロシアニンなどが挙げられる。また、例えば、「FPD・DSSC・光メモリーと機能性色素の最新技術と材料開発」(株式会社エヌ・ティー・エス)のDSSCの章にあるような色素を適用することができる。中でも会合性を有する色素は、光電変換時の電荷分離を促進する観点から好ましい。会合体を形成して効果のある色素としては、例えば[化10]の構造式で示される色素が好ましい。
また、増感色素と有機化合物とを結合させるタイミングは、有機化合物がモノマー状態にあるとき、有機化合物がポリマー化するとき、有機化合物がポリマー化した後、有機化合物がゲル化するとき、有機化合物がゲル化した後の、いずれでもよい。具体的な手法の例としては、有機化合物で形成された電子輸送層3を増感色素を含有する浴に浸漬する方法、有機化合物と増感色素を含有する塗布液を電極2に塗布成膜することで電子輸送層3を形成する方法などが挙げられ、また複数の方法を組み合わせてもよい。
(B/A)×100≧10
これは、本実施形態では電子輸送層3に保持された電子の、メディエータ(正孔輸送層4を形成する正孔輸送材料)への移動が抑制されるためであると推察される。このような蓄電性の高い光電気素子が電源として用いられると、光の照射の有無によって電力の供給が不安定化するようなことが抑制される。
(ガルビモノマーの合成)
反応容器内に、4−ブロモ−2,6−ジ−tert−ブチルフェノール(135.8g;0.476mol)と、アセトニトリル(270ml)とを入れ、さらに不活性雰囲気下で、N,O−ビス(トリメチルシリル)アセトアミド(BSA)(106.3g;129.6ml)を加え、70℃で終夜撹拌し、完全に結晶が析出するまで反応した。析出した白色結晶を濾過し、真空乾燥した後、エタノールで再結晶して精製することによって、[化23]において符号「1」で示す、(4−ブロモ−2,6−ジ−tert−ブチルフェノキシ)トリメチルシラン(150.0g;0.420mol)の白色板状結晶を得た。
上記ガルビモノマーの合成で得られたガルビモノマー(p−ヒドロガルビノキシルスチレン)1gと、テトラエチレングリコールジアクリレート57.7mgと、アゾビスイソブチロニトリル15.1mgを、テトラヒドロフラン2mlに溶解した後、窒素置換し、一晩還流することで、ガルビモノマーを重合させ、[化23]において符号「4」で示すガルビポリマーを得た。
電極2が設けられた基材1として、厚み0.7mm、シート抵抗100Ω/□の導電性ガラス基板を用意した。この導電性ガラス基板はガラス基板と、このガラス基板の一面に積層された、フッ素ドープされたSnO2からなるコーティング膜とから構成され、前記ガラス基板が基材1、コーティング膜が電極2となる。
上記電子輸送層3の形成における導電性ガラス基板と同じ構成を有する導電性ガラス基板を用意した。
実施例1において、電子輸送層3を形成する際、0.2gのガルビポリマーと0.01gの増感色素(D131)を10mlクロロベンゼンに溶解し塗布溶液を調製した。この溶液を、導電性ガラス基板の電極2上に、2000rpmでスピンコートし、60℃、0.01MPa下で1時間乾燥することで、厚み60nmの電子輸送層3を形成した。この電子輸送層3の、増感色素のアセトニトリル飽和溶液中への浸漬はおこなわなかった。
実施例1において、電子輸送層3を形成した後、この電子輸送層3を濃度0.1Mのテトラブチルアンモニウム水溶液に15分間浸漬することで、電子輸送層3を構成するガルビポリマーをアニオン化した。この電子輸送層3を水洗した後、濃度0.1Mのポリデシルビオロゲン水溶液(pH10)に15分間浸漬することで、アニオン化したガルビポリマーにポリデシルビオロゲンを静電的に結合した。
実施例1において、電子輸送層3を形成した後、この電子輸送層3の表面に増感色素(D131)のアセトニトリル飽和溶液をスピンコートすることで、電子輸送層3に増感色素を付着させた。この電子輸送層3の、増感色素のアセトニトリル飽和溶液中への浸漬はおこなわなかった。
各実施例及び比較例で得られた光電気素子の平面視面積1cm2の領域に200ルックスの光を照射しながら、Keithley 2400 source meter(ケースレイ社製の2400型汎用ソースメータ)を用いたIV測定により各光電気素子の開放電圧および短絡電流値を測定した。光源には蛍光灯(ラピッド蛍光灯FLR20S・W/M、パナソニック株式会社製)を使用し、25℃環境下での測定を行った。また、光電変換部1cm2が受光する条件において光電気素子の評価を行った。その結果を下記表1に示す。
実施例1及び比較例1で得られた光電気素子の蓄電特性を評価した。
2 電極
3 電子輸送層
4 正孔輸送層
5 電極
6 ゲル層
Claims (3)
- 一対の電極間に電子輸送層と正孔輸送層を挟んで形成される光電気素子であって、前記電子輸送層は、繰り返し酸化還元が可能な酸化還元部を有する有機化合物を備えて形成され、前記有機化合物は前記酸化還元部の還元状態を安定化させる電解質溶液を含んでゲル層として形成され、増感色素が前記ゲル層内に存在していることを特徴とする光電気素子。
- 前記増感色素が、前記ゲル層を構成する前記有機化合物との間の物理的または化学的作用により、前記ゲル層内に固定化されていることを特徴とする光電気素子。
- 200ルックスの光が5分間照射された時点での開放電圧A(V)と、この時点で光が遮蔽されてから5分間経過した時点での開放電圧B(V)とが、次の関係式を満たす請求項1又は2に記載の光電気素子。
(B/A)×100≧10
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