JP2010520922A - 血管新生促進および抗血管新生剤としてのvegfスプライシング調節剤 - Google Patents
血管新生促進および抗血管新生剤としてのvegfスプライシング調節剤 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
スプライシング因子である薬剤の機能的に活性な類縁体および機能的に活性なフラグメントは、例えば、タンパク質結合ドメイン、RNA結合ドメインまたはこれらのドメインの双方を含むことができる。そのような類縁体またはフラグメントは、必要に応じて1以上の他の活性分子(例えば、スプライシングアップレギュレータまたはダウンレギュレータ、あるいはDSSとPSSとの間で一方向または双方向にスプライシングを指示する分子)に共役していてもよい。そのような分子は、例えば、他のスプライシング因子またはRNA分解分子(RNA degrading molecule)を含むことができる。
本発明に係る活性物質は、活性物質および適当な追加成分を含む組成物として投与することができる。組成物は、例えば、非経口投与(例えば、注射、埋込または注入)に適した医薬組成物(薬剤:medicament)であってもよい。あるいは、組成物は、例えば、食品、サプリメント食品、飲料またはサプリメント飲料であってもよい。
本発明は、遺伝子療法を使用して実施することもできる。遺伝子療法は当技術分野において知られており、本発明はそのような公知の方法で好適に実施することができる。以下に概要を説明する。
異なる生体利用性および活性を有する12種類のVEGFのスプライス変異体がこれまでに同定されているが(図1)、VEGFのmRNAスプライシングのメカニズムについてはほどんど研究が行われていない。
研究では、ヒト網膜色素性上皮細胞(RPE細胞)およびヒト増殖型条件的不死化有足細胞(proliferating conditionally immortalized podocytes(PCIP))を使用した。これらの細胞は、構成的にVEGFxxxおよびVEGFxxxbアイソフォームを形成することが知られている(11)。
(網膜色素性上皮(RPE)細胞の培養)
{調製}
ヒトのドナーの眼を死後10〜30時間以内にブリストルアイバンク(ブリストル、イギリス)から入手した。眼球から切除した脈絡膜RPEを少量のダルベッコ変性イーグル培地中で断片化した(ハムF12混合物(DMEM:F12)(1:1)+GlutaMAX(登録商標)(ギブコ)およびRPE細胞を0.3mg/mlコラゲナーゼ(ギブコ)による消化(37℃、15分間)によって単離)。RPE細胞は最初に2.5%v/v胎児ウシ血清(FBS)(ギブコ)の存在下で5日間培養して線維芽細胞の増殖を防止し、細胞培養液を得た。細胞培養液をDMEM:F12(1:1)内で保持し、10%v/v FBSおよび抗生物質/抗真菌性溶液(シグマ)を添加した。細胞は均質であり、抗サイトケラチンモノクローナル抗体(シグマ)を使用した免疫組織化学測定によればRPEのみを含んでいた。RPEの培養液をトリプシン処理(トリプシン/EDTA、シグマ)によって二次培養した。3〜4回目のRPE細胞をペトリ皿(12.5cm2)(ヌンク)に入れ、70〜80%の密集度に達するまで放置した。
アゴニストの作用を調べるために、アゴニストの刺激前に、FBSの非存在下でRPE細胞を新たに取り替えた培地内で24時間培養した。IGF−1(シグマ)およびTNF−α(シグマ)を無血清培地内で調製し、2mlを様々な濃度で添加した(以下の説明を参照)。刺激後の細胞の視覚化時には細胞形態の変化は見られなかった。24時間後、全ての実験処理における馴化培地を回収し、スピンダウンして砕片を除去し、ELISA(enzyme−linked immuno−sorbent assay)法を行うまで−80℃とした。RPE細胞は氷冷PBSによって3回洗浄し、ウェスタンブロッティング法のためにLaemmliバッファに溶解させた。
{調製}
不死化SV40(Simian Virus 40) T抗原の温度感受性突然変異体を用いて正常ヒト有足細胞から条件的に形質転換した細胞株から増殖型条件的不死化有足細胞(PCIP)を得た。33℃の許容温度においてSV40 T抗原は活性であり、細胞は急速に増殖することができる(46)。T75フラスコ(Greiner)内において、RPMI−1640(登録商標)培地(シグマ)(10%FBS(胎児ウシ血清)、1%ITS(インスリン−トランスフェリン−セレン)(シグマ)、0.5%PSS(ペニシリンストレプトマイシン溶液)(シグマ))でPCIPを培養し、95%の密集度まで成長させた。細胞を6ウェルプレートに分け(1×104細胞/ウェル)、95%の密集度まで成長させた。
また、インシュリン様成長因子−1(IGF−1)、形質転換成長因子−β1(TGF−β1)、および血小板由来成長因子(PDGF)が培養したPCIPからのVEGFアイソフォームの産生に与える時間・用量依存的な作用について調べた。処理の24時間前に、培地を1%ITS(シグマ)および0.5%PSS(シグマ)を含む無血清RPMI−1654培地(シグマ)と交換した。次に、培地を、1%(シグマ)および0.5%PSS(シグマ)を含み、IGF−1(シグマ)またはTGF−β1(シグマ)または40ng/mL PDGF(シグマ)の濃度を増加させた無血清RPMI−1654新鮮培地(シグマ)と交換した。馴化培地を、刺激(IGF−1、TGF−β1)から24または48時間後および48時間後(PDGF)に回収した。
RPE細胞を6ウェルプレート(3×105細胞/ウェル)内で成長させ、リポフェクトアミン(インビトロジェン)を使用して、発現ベクターpcDNA3−SRp40、pcDNA3−ASF/SF2、pcDNA3−SRp55、pcDNA3−9G8または空の発現ベクター、pcDNA3を使用してトランスフェクトした。37℃で48時間培養後、馴化培地を回収し、20mM Tris、pH7.4、1.5%w/v Triton X−100、150mM NaCl、10%w/vグリセリン、プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル(シグマ)を含むバッファに細胞を溶解した。細胞溶解物内においてVEGFアイソフォームを測定するか、馴化培地をELISA法を使用して測定し、ウェスタンブロッティング法によってタンパク質生成を評価した。
RPE馴化培地における総VEGF濃度は、DuoSet VEGF ELISA(R&D)を使用してメーカーの指示にしたがって測定した。VEGFxxxbは、組替えヒトVEGF165b(R&D)を用いたこのアッセイ系構築のための標準曲線を使用して、VEGF165bの9個の末端アミノ酸に対するモノクローナルビオチン化マウス抗ヒト抗体(R&D Systems、カタログ番号:MVRL56/1)を捕捉するために使用する同様のサンドイッチELISAで測定した。MVRL56/1抗体は、市販されているアフィニティー精製したマウスモノクローナルIgG1抗体であり、特性分析されている(42、54)。MVRL56/1抗体は組換えVEGF165bに結合し、VEGF165b、VEGF189b、VEGF121b VEGF183b、VEGF145b(VEGFxxxb)の発現を示すが、VEGF165の発現は示さない。ウェスタンブロッティング法により、この抗体によって認識された全てのタンパク質がVEGF165に対する市販の抗体によって認識されることが示されており、この抗体はVEGFxxxbに特異的であることを示している(54)。
タンパク質試料をLaemmliバッファに溶解し、3〜4分間沸騰させ、20,000gで2分間遠心分離して不溶性物質を除去した。1レーン当たり15μgのタンパク質を硫酸ドデシルナトリウムポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(SDS/PAGE)(12%)によって分離し、0.2μmのニトロセルロース膜に移した。膜は、panVEGF(R&D、MAB293、1:500)、VEGFxxxb(インハウスクローン、56/1;1:250)、β−チューブリン(シグマ、1:2000)に対する抗体を使用して一晩(4℃)プローブした。次に、膜を西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ(HRP)共役抗体でインキュベートし、免疫反応バンドを促進化学ルミネッセンス(ECL)試薬(Pierce)を使用して視覚化した。panVEGFおよびVEGFxxxbに対応する免疫反応バンドを画像分析によって定量化し、β−チューブリンの免疫反応バンドに正規化した。
フリードマン試験(ダネット検定(Dunnet post−test))を使用して生データに対して統計分析を行い、0.5未満のp値が統計的に有意であるとみなした。値は±SE(標準誤差)として表す。全てのデータにおいて、nは異なるドナーに由来する個別のRPE細胞集団の数を表す。
{IGF−1およびTNF−αによる抗血管新生VEGFアイソフォームから血管新生促進VEGFアイソフォームへのスプライシング切り替え}
IGF−1、TNF−α、TGF−β1等の成長因子はVEGFの発現を増加させることが示されているが、末端エクソンスプライス部位選択に対するそれらの作用は知られていなかった(16、18、31、34)。試験を行った両方の上皮細胞(RPE細胞および有足細胞)において、IGF−1による処理によって総VEGF発現が大きくアップレギュレートされたが、アップレギュレーションは血管新生促進VEGFxxxアイソフォームに限られていた(図2)。RPE細胞では、100nM IGF−1において総タンパク質含有量VEGFtotalが、217±112pg/mgタンパク質から1656±448pg/mgタンパク質に用量に依存して増加した(N=6、p<0.05 ANOVA、p<0.01直線傾向の試験、図2A)。このような増加は、138±117pg/mgタンパク質から1592pg/mgタンパク質へのVEGFxxxのアップレギュレーションおよび78±12pgmgタンパク質から64±14pg/mgタンパク質へのVEGFxxxbのダウンレギュレーションによるものである。そのため、VEGFの80±32%をVEGFxxxbとして生成していた細胞が、IGF−1処理後にはVEGFの5±20%のみをVEGFxxxbとして生成するように、IGFが発現切り替えを引き起こした。
TGF−β1は、他の遺伝子のスプライシングの調節に関与することが分かっている(例えば、テネイシン(56)、プロコラーゲンII型(50))。したがって、TGF−β1がVEGF mRNAのスプライシングに影響を与えるか否かを調べた。
TGF−β1は、スプライシングの調節に関与するp38−MAPK経路(21)を活性化することが分かっている(例えば51および32)。この経路がTGF−βによるスプライシングの調節に関与するか否かを決定するために、有足細胞をp38−MAPK阻害剤SB203580と共に培養した。SB203580による処理によって、VEGF165bの発現が850±50pg/mgタンパク質から450±80pg/mgまで大きくダウンレギュレートされたが(図5A)、VEGFxxxアイソフォームの発現は増加せず、この実験では未処理細胞またはSB203820処理細胞において検出限界未満だった。また、TGF−βは、SB203820処理細胞の存在下においてVEGFxxxbアイソフォームまたはVEGFxxxアイソフォームの発現を増加させなかった(図5B)。ウェスタンブロッティング法により、TGF−β1でアップレギュレートされた主要なアイソフォームがVEGF165bであり、SB203820によって阻害されたことが示された(図5C)。
Clk/Styは、3つのスプライシング因子(選択的スプライシング因子/スプライシング因子2(ASF/SF2)、SRp55、SRp40)のリン酸化を引き起こすことが示されている。ESE Finderから生成されたVEGF遺伝子のC末端における、これらのスプライシング因子の既知のESEコンセンサス配列の分布を図7に示す。遠位スプライス部位の遠位におけるSRp55結合部位の強いクラスターおよび近位スプライス部位に近接したASF/SF2およびSRp40部位の強いクラスターが見られる。これらのスプライシング因子がVEGF末端エクソンスプライス部位選択を調節することができるか否かを決定するために、pcDNA3ベクターにおいてスプライシング因子cDNAを用いて網膜色素性上皮(retinal pigmented epithelial:RPE)細胞をトランスフェクトさせ、総タンパク質含有量および回収した馴化培地をウェスタンブロッティング法(自動濃度測定、図8A)およびELISA法(図8B、図8C、図8D)によって分析した。ASF/SF2は細胞溶解物内のVEGF165bの量を有意に増加させなかったが、VEGFtotalを増加させた(平均±SEM、n=3、41.4%±6.9% p<0.05、図8A)。SRタンパク質9G8は、細胞溶解物におけるVEGFxxxbレベル(78.6%±4.7%、p<0.01)およびVEGFtotalレベル(13.7%±2.9%、p<0.05)を大きく増加させた(図8A)。SRp55はVEGFxxxbの量を増加させたが(104.5%±18.0%、p<0.01)、VEGFtotal(例えば、図8A)は増加させなかった。SRp40は、VEGFtotalまたはVEGFxxxbタンパク質を変化させなかった(図8A)。分泌VEGFレべルが同様に変化したか否かを決定するために、細胞上清をELISA法によって分析した。未処理のRPE細胞ASF/SF2と比較して、SRp55およびSRp40は、培地内で検出されたVEGFtotalタンパク質をそれぞれ12.8%±4.8%、70.9%±3.6%、34.1%±4.6%減少させた(図8B)。9G8はVEGFtotalのレべルに影響を与えなかった(図8B)。一方、SRp55の過剰発現によって培地中のVEGFxxxb濃度は有意に上昇した。総合的な相対発現レベルに与えるこれらの変化の影響を決定するために、培地中のVEGFtotalに対するVEGFxxxbの濃度を計算した(図8D)。SRp55により、抗血管新生VEGFアイソフォームへのスプライシングの有意な切り替えが生じた。これらの結果は、ASF/SF2、9G8、特にSRp55等のスプライシング因子がVEGF遺伝子のC’末端選択的スプライシングを調節することを示している(図9および図10)。
Claims (8)
- 哺乳類の患者に対して血管新生促進または抗血管新生治療を選択的に行う方法であって、
VEGF遺伝子のC末端エクソン8から転写されたVEGF mRNA前駆体のプロセッシング時に、スプライシング制御剤を使用して選択的スプライシングを部位選択的に制御することを含み、前記プロセッシングにおいて近位スプライス部位(PSS)スプライシングに有利に作用する1以上の制御剤を前記血管新生促進治療において使用し、前記プロセッシングにおいて遠位スプライス部位(DSS)スプライシングに有利に作用する1以上の制御剤を前記抗血管新生治療において使用する、方法。 - 哺乳類の患者の抗血管新生治療方法において使用される、VEGF−エクソン−8−DSSエンハンサー、VEGF−エクソン−8−PSS阻害剤、それらの生体内活性剤、アップレギュレータ、増強剤、一次活性またはその作用の制御に有用な二次機能を有する上記物質の修飾体、上記物質を生体内において発現させるための発現ベクターまたはそれらの組み合わせ。
- 哺乳類の患者の抗血管新生治療方法において使用される組成物であって、
VEGF−エクソン−8−DSSエンハンサー、VEGF−エクソン−8−PSS阻害剤、それらの生体内活性剤、アップレギュレータ、増強剤、一次活性またはその作用の制御に有用な二次機能を有する上記物質の修飾体、上記物質を生体内において発現させるための発現ベクターまたはそれらの組み合わせを、生理学的に許容される担体、希釈剤または賦形剤と共にまたは混合物として含む、組成物。 - VEGF−エクソン−8−DSSエンハンサー、VEGF−エクソン−8−PSS阻害剤、それらの生体内活性剤、アップレギュレータ、増強剤、一次活性またはその作用の制御に有用な二次機能を有する上記物質の修飾体、上記物質を生体内において発現させるための発現ベクターまたはそれらの組み合わせの、哺乳類の患者の抗血管新生治療用薬剤の製造における使用。
- 哺乳類の患者の血管新生促進治療方法において使用される、VEGF−エクソン−8−PSSエンハンサー、VEGF−エクソン−8−DSS阻害剤、それらの生体内活性剤、アップレギュレータ、増強物質、一次活性またはその作用の制御に有用な二次機能を有する上記物質の修飾体、上記物質を生体内において発現させるための発現ベクターまたはそれらの組み合わせ。
- 哺乳類の患者、限定されないが特にヒトの患者の血管新生促進治療方法において使用される組成物であって、
VEGF−エクソン−8−PSSエンハンサー、VEGF−エクソン−8−DSS阻害剤、それらの生体内活性剤、アップレギュレータ、増強剤、一次活性またはその作用の制御に有用な二次機能を有する上記物質の修飾体、上記物質を生体内において発現させるための発現ベクターまたはそれらの組み合わせを、生理学的に許容される担体、希釈剤または賦形剤と共にまたは混合物として含む、組成物。 - VEGF−エクソン−8−PSSエンハンサー、VEGF−エクソン−8−DSS阻害剤、それらの生体内活性剤、アップレギュレータ、増強剤、一次活性またはその作用の制御に有用な二次機能を有する上記物質の修飾体、上記物質を生体内において発現させるための発現ベクターまたはそれらの組み合わせの、哺乳類の患者の血管新生促進治療用薬剤の製造における使用。
- 哺乳類の患者、限定されないが特にヒトの患者における血管形成に関連する症状または障害の診断または予後を容易化する方法であって、
患者の身体組織または体液から標本を得る工程、および
前記標本に対して試験を行うことにより、VEGF遺伝子のC末端エクソン8から転写されたVEGF mRNA前駆体のプロセッシング時においてSSスプライシングに有利に作用する制御剤およびVEGF遺伝子のC末端エクソン8から転写されたVEGF mRNA前駆体のプロセッシング時においてDSSスプライシングに有利に作用する制御剤の標本において、相対的な有無または相対的な有無の可能性を決定する工程を含み、
前記決定する工程において、前記標本における制御物質の有無を質的または量的に決定する、方法。
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WO2017204244A1 (ja) * | 2016-05-26 | 2017-11-30 | 国立大学法人名古屋大学 | 血管新生療法を実施した重症虚血肢患者の治療効果の評価方法及びモニタリング方法、治療効果の評価試薬、並びに、治療効果の評価装置及びコンピュータプログラム |
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