JP2009513660A - 肺動脈性高血圧の治療用併用療法におけるファスジル - Google Patents
肺動脈性高血圧の治療用併用療法におけるファスジル Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009513660A JP2009513660A JP2008537949A JP2008537949A JP2009513660A JP 2009513660 A JP2009513660 A JP 2009513660A JP 2008537949 A JP2008537949 A JP 2008537949A JP 2008537949 A JP2008537949 A JP 2008537949A JP 2009513660 A JP2009513660 A JP 2009513660A
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- fasudil
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Abstract
Description
Rhoキナーゼは、阻害剤Y−27632を用いて明らかにされたように、腫瘍侵襲、細胞接着、平滑筋収縮、フォーカルアドヒージョン線維の形成などの過程に関与している。別のRhoキナーゼ阻害剤、1−(5−イソキノリンスルホニル)ホモピペラジン(HA−1077またはファスジル)は、脳血管痙攣の治療に現在使用されており、その関連ナノモル阻害剤H−1152Pは、選択性および効力が改善されている。RhoA/Rhoキナーゼシグナル伝達は、低酸素性肺高血圧のマウスモデルにおける血管収縮、血管再構築の双方に関与しており(Fagan L.A. et al. 2004 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 287:L656-L664)、Rhoキナーゼ媒介血管収縮は、低酸素性肺高血圧のラットモデルにおける肺血管抵抗の持続的上昇を実質的に助長する(Nagaoka et al., 2004 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 287:L665-L672)ことが、最近判明した。後者の研究では、慢性酸素欠乏ラットにおける、選択的Rhoキナーゼ阻害剤であるY−27632の静脈内投与の急性作用は、顕著であった(即ち、上昇した肺動脈圧がほぼ正常値になった)。しかし、静脈内Y−27632は、肺血管選択性を示さず、全身性の血管拡張も起こした。Uehata等(1997, Nature 389:990-994)は、Y−27632の経口投与が、全身性高血圧のラットモデルにおいて効力のある降圧作用を示すが、正常圧ラットにおいては、より弱い一過性作用を示すと報告した。Nagaoka等(2005 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171:494-499)は、Y−27632の5分間吸入が、全身動脈圧平均値を低下させずに、肺動脈圧平均値を低下させると報告した。低酸素性肺高血圧に対する吸入Y−27632の降圧作用は、吸入一酸化窒素の降圧作用より大きく、その作用は少なくとも5時間継続した。ファスジル(旭化成ファーマ社、東京、日本)もRhoキナーゼ阻害剤であり、インビボでの経口投与後に、肝臓中で特異性のより高いRhoキナーゼ阻害剤のヒドロキシファスジルに代謝される(Shimokawa H. et al. 1999 Cardiovasc. Res. 43:1029-1039)。ファスジルの吸入は、慢性酸素欠乏ラットだけでなく、ラットのモノクロタリン誘発肺高血圧および自然発症PHにおいても、肺動脈圧平均値の選択的低下を起こした。重度の肺高血圧症患者において、静脈内投与をしたファスジルは、副作用なしに肺血管抵抗を有意に低下させた(Fukumoto Y. et al. 2005 Heart 91:391-392)。
プロスタサイクリン(Flolan(登録商標)、GlaxoSmithKline)の連続注入は、重度の肺高血圧症患者に対する対照試験において、致死率を低下させることが示された最初の療法であった。しかし、その使用には幾つもの重大な欠点が伴う(Barst R.J. et al. 1996 N Engl J Med 334:296-301; Badesch D.B. et al. 2000 Ann Intern Med 132:425-434)。肺選択性の欠如は全身性副作用を起こし、耐容性は用量の累進的増加を招き、更に静脈カテーテルの感染を再発する恐れがある。代替薬として、吸入一酸化窒素は肺選択性を保持するが、肺血管系においてプロスタサイクリンほどの効力がない。その上、一酸化窒素の連続吸入を中断すると、肺高血圧症の反跳を起こす恐れがある。プロスタサイクリンの有益作用を吸入投与の有益作用と組み合わせるように設計した場合、エアロゾール化プロスタサイクリンは、急性呼吸器不全の患者における効力ある肺血管拡張剤であり、換気の良い肺領域で選択的に血管拡張を起こすことが判明した(Walmrath D. et al. 1993 Lancet 342:961-962; Walmrath D. et al. 1995 Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:724-730; Walmrath D. et al. 1996 Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:991-996; Zwissler B. et al. 1996 Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154:1671-1677)。同様な結果は、肺線維症および重度の肺高血圧症を罹っている自発呼吸患者においても得られた(Olschewski H. et al. 1999 Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:600-607)。
イロプロスト(例えば、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる米国特許第4692464号を参照されたい)は、血管拡張期間の延長と関連する安定なプロスタサイクリン類縁体である(Fitscha P. et al. 1987 Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 17:450-454)。肺高血圧症患者にエアロゾール化によって投与した場合、その肺血管拡張効力はプロスタサイクリンと同程度であったが、その作用は、プロスタサイクリンの僅か15分と比較して、30〜90分持続した(Hoeper M.M. et al. 2000 J Am Coll Cardiol 35:176-182; Olschewski H. et al. 1999 Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:600-607; Olschewski H. et al. 1996 Ann Intern Med 124:820-824; Gessler T. et al. 2001 Eur Respir J 17:14-19; Wensel R. et al. 2000 Circulation 101:2388-2392)。重度の肺高血圧症患者に関する幾つかの非盲検・非対照試験によれば、エアロゾール化イロプロストの長期使用は、実質的な臨床的改善を生じることが示唆された(Olschewski H. et al. 1999 Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:600-607; Olschewski H. et al. 1996 Ann Intern Med 124:820-824; Hoeper M.M. et al. 2000 N Engl J Med 342:1866-1870; Olschewski H. et al. 1998 Intensive Care Med 24:631-634; Stricker H. et al. 1999 Schweiz Med Wochenschr 129:923-927; Olschewski H. et al. 2000 Ann Intern Med 132:435-443; Beghetti M. et al. 2001 Heart 86:E10-E10)。重度PAH患者に関する多施設でのランダム化プラシーボ対照試験によって、プラシーボ受容患者に比してイロプロスト受容患者において運動能力の改善が実証された(Olschewski H. et a 2002 NEJM 345:322-9)。
サルポグレラート((φ−アミノアルコキシ)フェニルエチルエチルベンゼン)は、セロトニン遮断薬であり、より特定すれば、選択的な5−ヒドロキシトリプタミン受容体サブタイプ2A(5−HT2A)のアンタゴニストである。これはラセミ体M−1に代謝され、M−1の両対掌体も、5−HT2A受容体のアンタゴニストである。サルポグレラートは、血小板凝集、血管収縮、血管平滑筋増殖などの、5−HT2A受容体が媒介する5−HTに対する応答を阻害する。サルポグレラートは、血栓症、冠動脈痙攣、アテローム性動脈硬化、再狭窄、末梢血管疾患、肺高血圧症、虚血性心疾患、心筋梗塞、糖尿病および腎疾患の動物モデルにおいて有効である(Doggrell S.A. 2004 Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 13:7865-874)。ラットにおけるモノクロタリンで誘発される肺高血圧症の汎用モデルにおいて、小肺動脈と、右心室/左心室および中隔部との中膜厚さで判定した肺高血圧症の重度が、サルポグレラートによる治療で減少した(Myata M. et al. 2000 Lung 178:63-73)。サルポグレラートは、肺胞壁の肥厚および炎症細胞の間質性浸潤も低下させた。増殖性細胞核抗原陽性の細胞数も、サルポグレラートにより減少した(Myata M. et al. 2000 Lung 178:63-73)。
エンドセリン1は、肺動脈性肺高血圧症が発病する上で役割を有しており、エンドセリン受容体の遮断は有益となり得るという証拠が、増加している。エンドセリン1は、肺動脈性肺高血圧症患者の血漿および肺組織で過剰発現される、効力ある内因性血管収縮剤であり、平滑筋マイトジェンである。エンドセリン受容体には2種類、エンドセリンA、ET−A受容体およびエンドセリンB、ET−B受容体があって、血管径の調節に相当に異なった役割を演じている。平滑筋細胞上にあるET−A受容体にエンドセリンが結合すると、血管収縮が起こるのに対し、血管内皮上にあるET−B受容体にエンドセリンが結合すると、一酸化窒素の産生を介して血管拡張が起こる。この後者のET−B受容体活性は、逆調節性であると考えられており、過度の血管収縮から防護している。
第一世代のETRAは、非選択的であり、ET−A、ET−B双方の受容体を遮断する。ボセンタン(Tracleer(商標))は、最初のFDA認可ETRAである(その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、米国特許第5292740号を参照されたい)。ボセンタン(エンドセリン受容体AおよびBアンタゴニスト)の2つのプラシーボ対照試験が、これまで行われた(Channick R.N. et al. 2001 Lancet 358:1119-1123; Rubin L.J. et al. 2002 N Engl J Med 346:896-903)。6分間歩行試験は一群全体で改善したが、使用する薬物の用量を上げると、改善が増加した。しかし、その増加用量で肝毒性が発生した。
第二世代のETRAは、ET−B受容体に優先してET−A受容体に結合する。現在、2種の選択的ETRA、シタキセンタンおよびアンブリセンタン(BSF208075)が臨床試験中である。純粋なエンドセリンAアンタゴニストのシタキセンタンは、公開の予備試験で使用されてきた。これは、6分間歩行試験の改善、および肺血管抵抗性の30%減少を示した(Barst R.J. et al. 2000 Circulation 102:II-427)。
内皮の一酸化窒素産生が、肺高血圧症と共に減退すると、この欠乏を好転させる試みが、有効ではあるが投与し難い一酸化窒素の連続的吸入、または一酸化窒素用基質のL−アルギニンの増加によって促される(Nagaya N. et al. 2001 Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:887-891)。L−アルギニン補助試験は、現在進行中である。
一酸化窒素供給量の増加以外に、平滑筋細胞中の環状ヌクレオチド第二メッセンジャーを直接増量する試みが、なされてきた。勃起機能不全に使用されるシルデナフィルは、陰茎海綿体および更に肺にも存在するホスホジエステラーゼ5型酵素を遮断する。このために、ホスホジエステラーゼ阻害剤、好ましくはシルデナフィルなどのPDE5型阻害剤は、相対的に選択的な肺血管拡張剤になり得るという可能性が高まる。本発明者が併用療法の標的化合物としてPDE阻害剤を選択したことを支持する、実験的証拠が存在する(例えば、その開示内容の全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、Michelakis E. et al. 2002 Circulation 105:2398-2403; Ghofrani H. et al. 2002 Lancet 360:895-900を参照されたい)。
本発明の一実施形態に従えば、Rhoキナーゼ阻害剤、好ましくはファスジルは、カルシウムチャンネル遮断剤である第2の作用剤と組み合わせて投与される。カルシウムチャンネルの遮断剤またはアンタゴニストは、心臓収縮が減少し、動脈が拡張するように、心臓および動脈の筋細胞中にカルシウムが進入するのを阻止することにより、作用する。動脈の拡張と共に、動脈圧が低下することにより、心臓の血液送出が容易になる。これにより、心臓の酸素必要量も減少する。カルシウムチャンネル遮断剤は、PPHの治療に有用である。血圧降下作用のために、カルシウムチャンネル遮断剤は、高血圧の治療にも有用である。心拍数を低下させるため、カルシウムチャンネル遮断剤は、心房細動などの迅速な心律動の治療に使用してもよい。カルシウムチャンネル遮断剤は、心臓発作後の患者にも投与され、また動脈硬化の治療を助長し得る。
最近、進行性の肺動脈性高血圧症の十分に確立された実験モデル2種において、グリベック(イマチニブ)が、使用して好結果をもたらすことが示された。この治療は、肺血管再構築、肺高血圧症および右心室肥大のほぼ完全な好転をもたらすことが判明した。
小さな(第4または第5分枝)肺動脈(SPA、200〜300μmのID)を、3〜4週間長期の低酸素状態(約10%酸素)に曝したラットから分離した。手短に言えば、ペントバルビタールナトリウム(ipで30mg)で麻酔し、ヘパリン処理(100IU)した後、心臓および肺を塊として取り出し、解剖顕微鏡下でSPAを分離した。内皮を損傷しないように注意した。SPA環は、力変換器に取り付けた鋼線上に配置し、生理食塩水(PSS)10mlを含有する水浴中に37℃で浮遊させた。静止受動力を予め決定した最適張力に調節した(80mM KClに対する上限反応で決定した値:正常血圧肺(NL)のSPAに対して400mg、および低酸素症高血圧肺(HL)のSPAに対して750mg)。各環を21%O2−5%CO2−74%N2でガス処理し、60分間平衡化させた。次いで、その動脈環をエンドセリン1(ET−1)(3nM)+トロンボキサン類縁体U46619(30nM)+5−HT(3μM)の組合せで収縮させた。肺動脈環の血管収縮剤誘発収縮が水平域に到達した後、各種血管拡張剤(イロプロスト、ボセンタン、シルデナフィル(Viagra(商標))またはファスジル)をその筋肉浴へ個別に添加することにより、計算済み濃度を実現した。最初の薬物濃度に対する血管拡張剤への反応が水平域に到達したとき、追加の血管拡張剤をその浴へ添加することにより、より高い次の濃度を実現し、同じ操作を、使用する最高濃度に達し、各化合物個別の用量反応曲線が得られるまで、繰り返した。次いで、イロプロスト、ボセンタンおよびシルデナフィルの各最高濃度を試験した後、その同じ浴へファスジルを、その濃度を増加させながら順次添加することにより、該試験化合物存在下でのファスジルの用量反応曲線を得た。図1〜3は、得られた用量反応曲線を示す。
本質的に上記のように実験を行うが、その各環は各血管収縮剤で個別に収縮させる。イロプロストとファスジルの両剤の使用、ボセンタンとファスジルの両剤の使用、シルデナフィルとファスジルの両剤の使用の用量反応曲線は、PA環の弛緩に対する相乗作用を示す。
CO2、NH3およびH2Oの蓄積防止のために室内空気で継続的にフラッシュ洗浄したチャンバー中、低圧低酸素状態(気圧410mmHg、吸入O2分圧76mmHg)に3〜4週間曝した慢性低酸素症の肺高血圧ラット一群を用いて実験を行う。低圧曝露は24時間/日であったが、例外は、ラットを取り出すか、ケージを浄化し、更に食料および水を補給するために、隔日に10〜15分間チャンバーを開放したときである。全ラットを明所−暗所12時間ずつのサイクルに曝し、標準的なラット食料および水には自由に接することができるようにする。
肺高血圧ラットを低圧チャンバーから取り出し、ペントバルビタールナトリウム(i.p.で30mg)で麻酔した後、肺を分離し、血管反応性試験のために潅流する。肺の分離、換気および潅流の技法は、他所で詳細に記載された(Morio Y. & McMurtry I.F. 2002 J Appl Physiol 92:527-534)。潅流液はPSS20mlである。フィコール(4g/100ml、タイプ70、Sigma)をコロイドとして含ませ、3.1μMメクロフェナメート(Sigma)の添加により、血管拡張剤のプロスタグランディンの合成を抑制する。潅流速度は、0.04ml/g体重/分である。PSSで潅流した低酸素症高血圧肺(HL)は、8%O2−5%CO2−87%N2で換気中に37℃、20分間平衡化する。平衡化の後、低酸素血管反応性を誘発するために、10分の正常酸素換気で隔てた0%O2−5%CO2−95%N2および3%O2−5%CO2−92%N2で10分換気することにより、2つの低酸素性昇圧反応を引き出す。当該薬物を潅流液貯留槽に添加することにより、循環濃度計算値を実現する。血管収縮は、NOシンターゼ(NOS)阻害剤のノメガ−ニトロ−L−アルギニン(L−NNA)により実現される。L−NNA誘発血管収縮の発現後、イロプロスト、ボセンタン、シルデナフィルもしくはファスジルを単独で、またはイロプロスト、ボセンタン、シルデナフィル各々をファスジルと組み合わせて、個別の肺の潅流液に10分間隔で累積的に添加する。基準潅流圧は、血管拡張剤の前後に測定する。試験した薬物の組合せは、基準潅流圧の低下に対して相乗作用を示した。
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Claims (23)
- Rhoキナーゼ阻害剤の有効量と、プロスタサイクリン、エンドセリン受容体アンタゴニスト、PDE阻害剤、カルシウムチャンネル遮断剤、5−HT2Aアンタゴニスト、選択的セロトニン再取込阻害剤、スタチンおよび血管再構築調節剤からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の追加化合物とを含む、治療用組合せ。
- Rhoキナーゼ阻害剤が、ファスジル、H−1152PおよびY−27632からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- プロスタサイクリンが、イロプロスト、トレプロスチニルおよびベラプロストからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- エンドセリン受容体アンタゴニストが、ボセンタン、シタキセンタンおよびアンブリセンタンからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- PDE阻害剤が、エノキシモン、ミルリノン、アムリノン、シルデナフィル、タダラフィルおよびバルデナフィルからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- カルシウムチャンネル遮断剤が、アムロジピン、ジルチアゼム、イスラジピン、ニカルジピン、ニフェジピン、ニモジピン、ニソルジピン、ニトレンジピンおよびベラパミルからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- 5−HT2Aアンタゴニストがサルポグレラートである、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- 選択的セロトニン再取込阻害剤が、フルオキセチン、セルツルレイン、パロキセチンおよびベンラファキシンからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- スタチンが、フルバスタチン、ピタバスタチン、プラバスタチンおよびアトルバスタチンからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- 血管再構築調節剤がグリベックである、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- Rhoキナーゼ阻害剤および少なくとも1種の追加化合物が、一緒にまたは個別に処方し得る、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- Rhoキナーゼ阻害剤がファスジルである、請求項1に記載の治療用組合せ。
- ファスジルが、吸入を介した投与のために処方される、請求項12に記載の治療用組合せ。
- ファスジルが、乾燥粉末またはエアロゾール性溶液中に処方される、請求項13に記載の治療用組合せ。
- ファスジルおよびイロプロストまたはそれらの塩を含み、ファスジルおよびイロプロストまたはそれらの塩が、PAHに付随する少なくとも1つの症状の治療および/または予防のために、合わせれば十分な量で提供される、治療用組合せ。
- ファスジルおよびイロプロストの少なくとも一方が、吸入による投与のために処方される、請求項15に記載の治療用組合せ。
- ファスジルおよびイロプロストの両方が、吸入による投与のために処方される、請求項15に記載の治療用組合せ。
- ファスジルおよびサルポグレラートまたはそれらの塩を含み、ファスジルおよびサルポグレラートまたはそれらの塩が、PAHおよび/または安定狭心症に付随する少なくとも1つの症状の治療および/または予防のために、合わせれば十分な量で提供される、治療用組合せ。
- ファスジルおよびサルポグレラートの少なくとも一方が、吸入による投与のために処方される、請求項18に記載の治療用組合せ。
- ファスジルおよびサルポグレラートの両方が、吸入による投与のために処方される、請求項18に記載の治療用組合せ。
- エンドセリン受容体アンタゴニスト、PDE阻害剤、カルシウムチャンネル遮断剤、選択的セロトニン再取込阻害剤、スタチンおよび血管再構築調節剤からなる群から選択される、少なくとも1種の追加化合物を更に含む、請求項15または18に記載の治療用組合せ。
- 請求項1、15または18に記載の治療用組合せのいずれかの有効量を投与することを含む、PAHおよび/または安定狭心症を治療および/または予防する方法。
- PAHおよび/または安定狭心症を治療および/または予防するための薬剤の調製における、請求項1、15または18に記載の治療用組合せの使用。
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US73027305P | 2005-10-26 | 2005-10-26 | |
PCT/US2006/041830 WO2007050783A2 (en) | 2005-10-26 | 2006-10-25 | Fasudil in combination therapies for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension |
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US (3) | US7893050B2 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP2111863B1 (ja) |
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AT (1) | ATE551059T1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007050783A2 (ja) |
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2011
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2013501032A (ja) * | 2009-08-07 | 2013-01-10 | サイファーム ソシエテ ア レスポンサビリテ リミテ | 嚢胞性線維症の治療のための組成物 |
WO2011149012A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-27 | 2011-12-01 | 参天製薬株式会社 | イソキノリンスルホニル誘導体を有効成分として含有する網脈絡膜変性疾患の予防または治療剤、網脈絡膜変性疾患の予防または治療方法、イソキノリンスルホニル誘導体またはその医薬的に許容される塩、ならびにその使用 |
JP2014505082A (ja) * | 2011-02-07 | 2014-02-27 | サイファーム ソシエテ ア レスポンサビリテ リミテ | 嚢胞性線維症の処置のための新規組成物 |
WO2017170981A1 (ja) * | 2016-04-01 | 2017-10-05 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | Fgfr3病の予防または治療剤 |
JP2020513028A (ja) * | 2017-04-11 | 2020-04-30 | セバ・サンテ・アニマル | 哺乳動物における心疾患の処置方法 |
JP7148545B2 (ja) | 2017-04-11 | 2022-10-05 | セバ・サンテ・アニマル | 哺乳動物における心疾患の処置方法 |
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US20110171139A1 (en) | 2011-07-14 |
ATE551059T1 (de) | 2012-04-15 |
WO2007050783A3 (en) | 2007-12-21 |
US7893050B2 (en) | 2011-02-22 |
EP1951253A2 (en) | 2008-08-06 |
EP2111863B1 (en) | 2012-03-28 |
US20130005711A1 (en) | 2013-01-03 |
US8476259B2 (en) | 2013-07-02 |
WO2007050783A2 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
US20070111983A1 (en) | 2007-05-17 |
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