JP2008513339A - 水蒸気改質のための反応器および方法 - Google Patents

水蒸気改質のための反応器および方法 Download PDF

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JP2008513339A
JP2008513339A JP2007532541A JP2007532541A JP2008513339A JP 2008513339 A JP2008513339 A JP 2008513339A JP 2007532541 A JP2007532541 A JP 2007532541A JP 2007532541 A JP2007532541 A JP 2007532541A JP 2008513339 A JP2008513339 A JP 2008513339A
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hydrogen
reactor
membrane
tube
gas
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JP2008513339A5 (enExample
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ウェリントン，スコット，リー
マツァコス，アンドレアス，ニコラス
マルディロビッチ，アイバン，ペトロビッチ
マー，イー，フア
エングウォール，エリック，エドウィン
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ウスター ポリテクニック インスティチュート
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
    • B01D69/108—Inorganic support material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0069—Inorganic membrane manufacture by deposition from the liquid phase, e.g. electrochemical deposition
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0088—Physical treatment with compounds, e.g. swelling, coating or impregnation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B01D69/1216—Three or more layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/022—Metals
    • B01D71/0223—Group 8, 9 or 10 metals
    • B01D71/02231—Palladium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/022—Metals
    • B01D71/0223—Group 8, 9 or 10 metals
    • B01D71/02232—Nickel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
    • B01J19/2475—Membrane reactors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/008—Details of the reactor or of the particulate material; Processes to increase or to retard the rate of reaction
    • B01J8/009—Membranes, e.g. feeding or removing reactants or products to or from the catalyst bed through a membrane
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
    • C01B3/384—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts with external heating of the catalyst
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
    • C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
    • C01B3/501—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion
    • C01B3/503—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion characterised by membranes
    • C01B3/505—Membranes containing palladium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/04—Characteristic thickness
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0405—Purification by membrane separation
    • C01B2203/041—In-situ membrane purification during hydrogen production
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
    • C01B2203/047—Composition of the impurity the impurity being carbon monoxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
    • C01B2203/0475—Composition of the impurity the impurity being carbon dioxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
    • C01B2203/048—Composition of the impurity the impurity being an organic compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
    • C01B2203/0495—Composition of the impurity the impurity being water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/80—Aspect of integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas not covered by groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/1695
    • C01B2203/86—Carbon dioxide sequestration
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
JP2007532541A 2004-09-21 2005-09-19 水蒸気改質のための反応器および方法 Pending JP2008513339A (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US61168204P 2004-09-21 2004-09-21
PCT/US2005/033295 WO2006034103A1 (en) 2004-09-21 2005-09-19 Reactor and process for steam reforming

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2008513339A true JP2008513339A (ja) 2008-05-01
JP2008513339A5 JP2008513339A5 (enExample) 2008-10-30

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JP2007532541A Pending JP2008513339A (ja) 2004-09-21 2005-09-19 水蒸気改質のための反応器および方法

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1791631A1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP2008513339A (enExample)
AU (1) AU2005286955B2 (enExample)
CA (1) CA2580279A1 (enExample)
NO (1) NO20071531L (enExample)
TW (1) TW200624376A (enExample)
WO (1) WO2006034103A1 (enExample)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012073783A1 (ja) * 2010-12-01 2012-06-07 Jx日鉱日石金属株式会社 Ｐｄ又はＰｄを主成分とする合金の表面処理剤、及び銅表面の表面皮膜層構造
JP2012218964A (ja) * 2011-04-07 2012-11-12 Aienji:Kk Ｃｏｇ水素回収装置
JP2013523423A (ja) * 2010-03-26 2013-06-17 シエル・インターナシヨナル・リサーチ・マートスハツペイ・ベー・ヴエー 担持ガス分離膜を形成する方法および装置
JP2013176712A (ja) * 2012-02-28 2013-09-09 Ricoh Co Ltd 流体浄化装置
JP2021505516A (ja) * 2017-12-08 2021-02-18 ハルドール・トプサー・アクチエゼルスカベット 合成ガス製造のための系および方法
JP2023530357A (ja) * 2020-06-18 2023-07-14 サウジ アラビアン オイル カンパニー 膜改質器を用いた水素製造
JP2023530358A (ja) * 2020-06-18 2023-07-14 サウジ アラビアン オイル カンパニー 膜反応器による水素製造
WO2023162352A1 (ja) * 2022-02-28 2023-08-31 日本碍子株式会社 リアクタモジュール及び分離膜モジュール

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ITPG20060028A1 (it) * 2006-04-18 2006-07-18 Leonardo Valentini Apparecchiatura per la scissione termofisica catalitica dell'ammoniaca liquida nei costituenti azoto ed idrogeno allo stato gassoso
JP4805736B2 (ja) * 2006-06-29 2011-11-02 Ｊｘ日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 間接内部改質型固体酸化物形燃料電池
JP4805735B2 (ja) * 2006-06-29 2011-11-02 Ｊｘ日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 間接内部改質型固体酸化物形燃料電池
US8048199B2 (en) 2007-02-20 2011-11-01 Shell Oil Company Method of making a leak stable gas separation membrane system
CA2678274A1 (en) * 2007-02-20 2008-10-02 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. A gas separation membrane system and a method of preparing or reconditioning and the use thereof
FR2914395B1 (fr) * 2007-03-30 2009-11-20 Inst Francais Du Petrole Nouveau reacteur echangeur compact utilisant un bruleur poreux
EP2142288A1 (en) 2007-04-05 2010-01-13 Worcester Polytechnic Institute Composite structures with porous anodic oxide layers and methods of fabrication
EP2103586A1 (en) 2008-03-20 2009-09-23 Bp Oil International Limited Process for converting methane into ethane in a membrane reactor
WO2011075845A1 (en) * 2009-12-22 2011-06-30 Airscience Technologies System and process for the production of hydrogen from raw gas using a nanoparticle ceria based catalyst
US8652239B2 (en) 2010-05-03 2014-02-18 Worcester Polytechnic Institute High permeance sulfur tolerant Pd/Cu alloy membranes
DE102012016561B4 (de) * 2012-08-22 2019-05-16 Airbus Defence and Space GmbH Luftfahrzeug-Brennstoffzellensystem sowie Verwendung desselben
WO2016113610A1 (en) * 2015-01-14 2016-07-21 Thermax Limited System for improved hydrogen distribution in a metal hydride reactor
WO2017146589A1 (en) * 2016-02-25 2017-08-31 Hydrogen Mem-Tech As Hydrogen production from natural gas in combination with injection of co2 for enhanced oil recovery
US11492255B2 (en) 2020-04-03 2022-11-08 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Steam methane reforming with steam regeneration
US11322766B2 (en) 2020-05-28 2022-05-03 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Direct hydrocarbon metal supported solid oxide fuel cell
US11639290B2 (en) 2020-06-04 2023-05-02 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Dry reforming of methane with carbon dioxide at elevated pressure
US11583824B2 (en) 2020-06-18 2023-02-21 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Hydrogen production with membrane reformer
US12220666B2 (en) 2021-01-12 2025-02-11 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Ultrathin membrane fabrication
US12258272B2 (en) 2021-08-12 2025-03-25 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Dry reforming of methane using a nickel-based bi-metallic catalyst
US11787759B2 (en) 2021-08-12 2023-10-17 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Dimethyl ether production via dry reforming and dimethyl ether synthesis in a vessel
US11578016B1 (en) 2021-08-12 2023-02-14 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Olefin production via dry reforming and olefin synthesis in a vessel
US11718575B2 (en) 2021-08-12 2023-08-08 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Methanol production via dry reforming and methanol synthesis in a vessel
US11617981B1 (en) 2022-01-03 2023-04-04 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Method for capturing CO2 with assisted vapor compression

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JPH04227035A (ja) * 1990-08-10 1992-08-17 Bend Res Inc 水素透過性複合金属膜
JPH04346824A (ja) * 1991-05-21 1992-12-02 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 水素分離膜
JPH0585702A (ja) * 1991-09-30 1993-04-06 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 水素分離膜の製造方法
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JP2002219341A (ja) * 2001-01-30 2002-08-06 Kobe Steel Ltd 水素選択透過膜支持用基材および水素選択透過部材
WO2003011433A1 (de) * 2001-07-25 2003-02-13 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Metallische lösungs-diffusions-membran sowie verfahren zur herstellung
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JP2006525119A (ja) * 2003-05-02 2006-11-09 ウスター ポリテクニック インスティチュート 高タンマン温度中間層を有する複合ガス分離モジュール

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US5498278A (en) * 1990-08-10 1996-03-12 Bend Research, Inc. Composite hydrogen separation element and module
FR2820988B1 (fr) * 2001-02-19 2003-04-25 Cie D Etudes Des Technologies Structures composites de membranes selectivement permeables a l'hydrogene et processeurs de gaz combustibles en faisant usage
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH04227035A (ja) * 1990-08-10 1992-08-17 Bend Res Inc 水素透過性複合金属膜
US5217506A (en) * 1990-08-10 1993-06-08 Bend Research, Inc. Hydrogen-permeable composite metal membrane and uses thereof
JPH04346824A (ja) * 1991-05-21 1992-12-02 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 水素分離膜
JPH0585702A (ja) * 1991-09-30 1993-04-06 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 水素分離膜の製造方法
JPH05285357A (ja) * 1992-04-09 1993-11-02 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 水素分離膜
JPH1028850A (ja) * 1996-07-12 1998-02-03 Toyota Motor Corp 水素分離構造体
WO1999030806A1 (en) * 1997-12-15 1999-06-24 Worcester Polytechnic Institute Hydrogen gas-extraction module
JP2001286742A (ja) * 2000-04-10 2001-10-16 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 水素分離膜
JP2002219341A (ja) * 2001-01-30 2002-08-06 Kobe Steel Ltd 水素選択透過膜支持用基材および水素選択透過部材
WO2003011433A1 (de) * 2001-07-25 2003-02-13 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Metallische lösungs-diffusions-membran sowie verfahren zur herstellung
JP2006520686A (ja) * 2003-03-21 2006-09-14 ウスター ポリテクニック インスティチュート 中間金属層を有する複合ガス分離モジュール
JP2006525119A (ja) * 2003-05-02 2006-11-09 ウスター ポリテクニック インスティチュート 高タンマン温度中間層を有する複合ガス分離モジュール

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2013523423A (ja) * 2010-03-26 2013-06-17 シエル・インターナシヨナル・リサーチ・マートスハツペイ・ベー・ヴエー 担持ガス分離膜を形成する方法および装置
US9394611B2 (en) 2010-03-26 2016-07-19 Shell Oil Company Supported gas separation membrane and method
WO2012073783A1 (ja) * 2010-12-01 2012-06-07 Jx日鉱日石金属株式会社 Ｐｄ又はＰｄを主成分とする合金の表面処理剤、及び銅表面の表面皮膜層構造
KR101418194B1 (ko) * 2010-12-01 2014-07-31 제이엑스 닛코 닛세키 킨조쿠 가부시키가이샤 Ｐｄ 또는 Ｐｄ를 주성분으로 하는 합금의 표면처리제, 및 구리표면의 표면 피막층 구조
JP5649139B2 (ja) * 2010-12-01 2015-01-07 Jx日鉱日石金属株式会社 銅表面の表面皮膜層構造
JP2012218964A (ja) * 2011-04-07 2012-11-12 Aienji:Kk Ｃｏｇ水素回収装置
JP2013176712A (ja) * 2012-02-28 2013-09-09 Ricoh Co Ltd 流体浄化装置
JP7261235B2 (ja) 2017-12-08 2023-04-19 トプソー・アクチエゼルスカベット 合成ガス製造のための系および方法
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WO2006034103A1 (en) 2006-03-30
TW200624376A (en) 2006-07-16

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