JP2008263896A - High zinc-containing wheat - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide wheat containing zinc in brown cereals at high concentration, and to provide a method for producing the wheat. <P>SOLUTION: Wheat mature grains contain ≥4.0 mg/100g of zinc in brown cereals. The method for producing the wheat which contains ≥4.0 mg/100g of zinc in brown cereals comprises scattering a liquid which has a zinc concentration of 0.01-2 wt.%, on a leaf surface, or a leaf surface and a spicule from a wheat spicule differentiation period. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a wheat containing a high concentration of zinc in brown cereal and useful as a food or food material, and a method for producing the same.

  In order to maintain human life, iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), selenium (Se), chromium It is necessary to ingest trace metal elements such as (Cr), nickel (Ni), iodine (I), silicon (Si), fluorine (F), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) from outside the body. Is called an essential element (Non-patent Document 1). Among them, zinc (Zn) is abundantly contained in the human body after iron as a trace metal element, and is contained in important enzymes such as carboxypeptidase, carbonic acid dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase, It is known to play an important role. In addition, lack of zinc is known to cause problems such as growth failure, decreased sexual function, skin and hair damage, and abnormal taste. Furthermore, while the zinc requirement for adults is 12-15 mg per day, the average Japanese food is said to be able to ingest only about 9 mg of zinc per day. Non-patent document 2). Therefore, in 2002, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare added zinc as a nutrient functional food ingredient, and in 2004, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology set a target value for the zinc content during school meals. Has been taken.

  As described above, since zinc (Zn) is important for the human body to carry out life activities, it is desired to take an appropriate amount by daily eating. However, foods rich in these elements are relatively limited. For example, zinc (Zn) is contained at a high concentration of 13.2 mg / 100 g in oysters (oysters) and 3.8 mg / 100 g in beef liver (Non-patent Document 3). However, it is not common to take these ingredients every day in the current Japanese dietary habits. Wheat, on the other hand, can be said to be a daily food that is processed into noodles such as bread, udon and spaghetti. From this point of view, it would be useful if the content of these trace metal elements could be increased in wheat, but in the technical field related to wheat cultivation methods, research on trace metal elements such as the minimum required fertilization method was conducted. However, it was not satisfactory for the technology to be actively incorporated into the edible part.

  Although not wheat, recently a technique has been developed to overexpress the zinc transporter gene from Arabidopsis thaliana by genetic recombination in order to increase the zinc content in rye grains. However, even when fertilized with this genetically modified product, the rate of zinc absorption did not increase (Non-Patent Document 4). About this cause, even if the zinc transporter gene is expressed, if zinc is present, the zinc transporter protein disappears due to post-translational regulation, as seen in other metal transporter proteins (Non-patent Document 5). It is considered that. In this way, it is difficult to incorporate trace metal elements such as zinc into the edible part of crops even using genetically modified technology, which is the most advanced technology at present.

In addition, a foliar spray method has been put to practical use as one of the conventional fertilization techniques. In this method, the fertilizer component can be taken into the cells that are directly in contact with the spray solution, so that the leaf element deficiency symptoms can be prevented or improved. However, there has been no technique for accumulating metal element content at a high concentration in seeds that are not directly contacted by the spray solution by translocation from the leaves into the seeds, that is, by transferring between cells. It was. In particular, zinc is not an easily commutable element such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, etc. (Non-patent Document 6), and therefore it has been difficult to accumulate high concentrations in seeds by the conventional foliar application method.
Sakurai and Tanaka (edited) 1993. Bioinorganic chemistry. Yodogawa Shoten Iwata 1998. Energetic minerals The secret of zinc power. Air publication Kagawa (Director) 2003. "Fiveth Food Analysis Table 2003"Women's Nutrition University Press Ramesh et al. 2004. Plant Mol. Biol. Connolly et al. 2002. Plant Cell Marschner 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (2nd ed.) Academic Press

  An object of the present invention is to provide a edible part of wheat, that is, a wheat containing a high concentration of zinc in a grain and a method for producing the same.

  Therefore, as a result of various studies to incorporate zinc in wheat grains at a high concentration, the present inventor unexpectedly applied a zinc-containing liquid to the leaves and spikelets when applied to the soil. The present inventors completed the present invention by discovering that wheat having a higher concentration than in the prior art can be obtained, and that the zinc concentration in the seed is higher than that in the prior art.

  That is, this invention provides the mature wheat grain which contains 4.0 mg / 100g or more of zinc in a brown grain.

  In addition, the present invention provides a solution containing 0.01 to 2% by weight of zinc as a zinc concentration in the ripe grain seed cereal, which is sprayed on the leaf surface or leaf surface and spikelet from the spikelet differentiation stage of wheat. The present invention provides a method for producing wheat containing 4.0 mg / 100 g or more of zinc.

  The present invention also relates to a wheat leaf or spikelet spraying solution containing 0.01 to 2% by weight of zinc as a zinc concentration, wherein the wheat grains contain 4.0 mg / 100 g or more of zinc in ripe grain brown grains. It provides materials for use.

The wheat grain of the present invention contains a high concentration of zinc that could not be produced by conventional genetic recombination techniques, and is useful as a food and food material with high nutritional value.
In addition, since the method for producing wheat of the present invention is not applied to the soil but is applied to the leaves, etc., it is said that it occurs when fertilizing a large amount of zinc in the soil. The problem of so-called “heavy metal-induced chlorosis” (Kumazawa and Nishizawa 1976. Absorption of plant nutrients. The University of Tokyo Press) does not occur. In addition, when applied to soil in large quantities, runoff into rivers becomes a problem for environmental conservation. For example, in Japan, the zinc concentration standard in rivers and seawater is set to 10 to 30 μg / L or less by the amendment of the Basic Environment Law in 2003. However, according to the method of the present invention, such a problem does not occur.

  The mature wheat grain of the present invention contains 4.0 mg / 100 g or more of zinc in the cereal. Normally, the concentration of zinc in fully ripened wheat cereal is 2.0 to 3.2 mg / 100 g, and no fully ripened wheat grain containing a high concentration of zinc as in the present invention is known. The more preferable zinc concentration in ripe wheat unpolished is 4.0 to 12.0 mg / 100 g, particularly preferably 4.5 to 8.0 mg / 100 g. Here, the zinc concentration can be measured by atomic absorption method, ICP emission spectrometry, and ICP mass spectrometry, and this concentration is the zinc content (mg) in 100 g of the dried product.

The wheat in the present invention, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), durum wheat (Triticum durum), club wheat (Triticum compactum), Enmakomugi (Triticum dicoccum), Poland wheat (Triticum polonicum), United Kingdom wheat (Triticum turgidum), spelled ( Triticum spelta ), human wheat ( Triticum monococcum ), and hybrids thereof are exemplified , among which bread wheat, durum wheat and club wheat are preferable, and bread wheat is particularly preferable. Here, bread wheat includes autumn wheat and spring wheat.

Wheat containing high-concentration zinc in the seeds of the present invention is produced by spraying a solution containing 0.01 to 2% by weight of zinc on the leaf surface or leaf surface and spikelet from the spikelet differentiation stage. it can.
According to the study by the present inventors, it was found that foliar or spikelet spraying is preferable instead of soil treatment in order to absorb zinc in wheat grains at a high concentration. Therefore, 0.01 to 2% by weight zinc concentration is included, and the wheat leaf surface or leaf surface and spikelet spraying solution contains 4.0 to 12.0 mg / 100 g or more of zinc in the grain brown grain. Useful as manufacturing material.

The liquid used for spraying (hereinafter sometimes referred to as foliar spray material) is preferably a liquid containing 0.01 to 2% by weight of zinc. Zinc used for preparing the liquid is not particularly limited as long as it has water solubility, and examples thereof include zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, zinc formate, zinc acetate, and chelate zinc such as EDTA zinc. Of these, zinc sulfate is particularly preferred from the viewpoint of zinc migration to the grain.
The zinc concentration in the foliar spray material is preferably 0.02 to 1% by weight, particularly 0.1 to 0.5% by weight as zinc.

Moreover, the foliar spray material used by this invention improves the zinc transfer rate to a wheat grain by containing a seaweed extract. As the seaweed, brown algae are preferable, and in particular, the order of the order is Laminariales. Furthermore, the Algaceae family is preferable. Most preferred is Alaria praelonga . These seaweeds as raw materials may contain moisture or may be dried, but a dried product is more preferable in consideration of ease of treatment.

  The content in the leaf spray material of the seaweed extract is preferably 0.1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 1 to 10% by weight, and particularly preferably 3 to 5% by weight in terms of dry matter.

  The seaweed extract can be prepared, for example, as follows. Seaweed as a material is hydrolyzed by adding an acid such as dilute sulfuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid and heating to 60 ° C. or higher. In this case, the type of acid used is preferably sulfuric acid, and the concentration is preferably 0.5 to 2N. About the temperature to heat, it is preferable to boil from the speed of a decomposition rate. After adjusting the pH of the obtained hydrolyzate by adding an alkali as appropriate, the solid content is removed by centrifugation or filtration to obtain a seaweed extract. In order to obtain a preferable foliar spray material, zinc may be appropriately added to the seaweed extract itself or a diluted solution.

  In order to increase the adhesion to the foliage and spikelets, it is preferable to add a spreading agent and a surfactant that are usually used in agriculture to the foliar spray material. The spreading agent and surfactant used are not particularly limited, and any of nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants can be used as the surfactant. For example, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl aryl ether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, oxyethylene polymer, oxypropylene polymer, polyoxyethylene alkyl phosphate ester , Fatty acid salt, alkyl sulfate ester salt, alkyl sulfonate salt, alkyl aryl sulfonate salt, alkyl phosphate salt, alkyl phosphate ester salt, polyoxyethylene alkyl sulfate ester, quaternary ammonium salt, oxyalkylamine, lecithin, Such as saponin. If necessary, gelatin, casein, starch, agar, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate and the like can be used as auxiliary agents.

  When foliar spraying material is sprayed, it may be mixed with a foliar fertilizer usually used in agriculture. In this case, although there is no restriction | limiting in particular as a fertilizer component, since the thing which shows alkalinity after melt | dissolution causes zinc to precipitate as a salt, it is not preferable. Examples of preferable fertilizer components when mixing include urea, ammonium phosphate, ammonium hydrochloride, ammonium sulfate, phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, and the like. Among them, the use of urea is preferable because it may increase the amount of zinc absorbed (Mortvedt and Gilkes 1993. Zinc fertilizer. “Zinc in soils and plants” Kluwer academic publishers).

  The basic fertilizer and topdressing applied to the soil when cultivating the wheat of the present invention may be based on the fertilizing amount and fertilizing method performed in the region. However, it goes without saying that if the soil is treated with zinc, the zinc content in the grain can be further increased.

  The planting density when cultivating the wheat of the present invention may be the density recommended in the region, but when the zinc concentration in the foliar spray material is 0.1% by weight or more, the purpose of reducing the decrease in sales It is preferable to increase the planting density (seeding amount per unit area) by 1.2 to 2 times than usual.

  As a method for spraying the foliar spraying material, it is desirable that the foliar spraying material spreads to the spikelets and the back of the leaves. When using a boom sprayer, the amount of sprayed liquid should be 1000 liters or more per hectare, preferably 1000 to 3000 liters, more preferably 1200 to 2000 liters. In that case, it is preferable to set the pressurization of the sprayer as high as 2 to 3 MPa. Needless to say, it is better to use an apparatus that reduces the particle diameter of the sprayed liquid, such as reducing the nozzle hole. It is also desirable to use a so-called electrostatic sprayer or an electrostatic spray nozzle port that promotes adhesion of the spray liquid to the plant body by utilizing static electricity.

  The application time of the foliar application material is preferably from the spikelet differentiation stage to the time when the spikelets turn yellow, and particularly preferably from the booting stage to just before yellowing. The interval between the foliar spraying materials is preferably once a day to once every two weeks. Further, it is more preferable to spray once every one to two weeks. Further, the total number of spraying during the crop growing period is preferably 2 to 8 times.

  EXAMPLES Next, although an Example is shown and this invention is demonstrated further in detail, this invention is not limited to a following example.

Production Example 1
Preparation of seaweed extract Ainu sea turtle ( Alaria praelonga ), chigaiso ( Alaria crassifola ), macombu ( Laminaria japonica ), sujime ( Costraia costata ) dried products were each cut into 5 cm squares with scissors. 2,550 mL of 1N sulfuric acid was added to 450 g of these shredded products and boiled with stirring for 2 hours. The obtained liquid was cooled by putting the container in crushed ice, and then centrifuged at 8,000 G × 60 minutes by a centrifuge. 1 L of water was added to 1.5 L of the resulting supernatant for dilution, and 2.5 kg of zinc sulfate heptahydrate was added to dissolve. Potassium hydroxide was added to this solution to adjust to pH 2.0. Among these, what uses Ainu-wakame as a raw material is hereinafter referred to as zinc-containing Ainu-wakame extract. In addition, since the zinc content in the actual Ainu turtle is 2.34 mg / kg, the zinc derived from the Ainu turtle itself in the zinc-containing Ainu turtle extract is only 0.11 mg / kg and can be substantially ignored.

Example 1
A wheat cultivar "Hokushin" was cultivated in a field in Shimizu-cho, Kamikawa-gun, Hokkaido. The basic fertilization was carried out in accordance with the autumn fermented wheat fertilizer standards of the “Hokkaido Fertilizer Guide” (Hokkaido Agricultural Administration Division 2002, Hokkaido Agricultural Improvement Promotion Association) (standard fertilization zone), but zinc sulfate (ZnSO ₄ ) With zinc content of 5.7 and 11.4 kg / ha, and zinc oxide soil application with zinc oxide (ZnO) of 20.6 and 41.2 kg / ha. . Sowing was performed by drill sowing on September 15, and the sowing rate was 100 kg / ha. Plants growing in the standard fertilization zone were subjected to 0.5% and 1% aqueous solutions of zinc sulfate heptahydrate 6 times every 2 weeks from May 19 during the spikelet differentiation stage (Zinc concentration was 0) .11% and 0.22%), and 1% and 2% aqueous solutions of zinc-containing Ainu Wakame extract shown in Production Example 1 (the zinc concentration is also 0.11% and 0.22%). 150 mL / m ^{2 of} foliar spray was added with 0.1% oxyethylene hexitan fatty acid ester-containing spreading agent Approach BI (manufactured by Kao Corporation). The test was repeated twice for each treatment. Sampling was carried out on August 5th, the harvest season, and the plants were air-dried and the cereals were separated with a threshing machine. The obtained unpolished grains were weighed and then dried at 90 ° C. for 3 days in a dryer. The dry weight of the grains after drying was immediately measured, and the dry matter rate was calculated. The dried product was pulverized with an ultracentrifugal mill MRK-RETSCH (Mitamura Riken Kogyo Co., Ltd.), 0.5 g was weighed, 5 mL of nitric acid for precision analysis (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added, and Teflon (registered trademark) sealed. Decomposed in a pressure decomposition vessel. The decomposition solution was made up to a constant volume, and the zinc content of the solution was measured using an ICP emission spectroscopic analyzer SPS4000 (manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.). The zinc content in the actual product was calculated by calculating back the quantitative value using the dry matter rate.

  The results are shown in Table 1. Compared with the area where zinc sulfate was applied to the soil and the foliar application was not performed, the highest zinc content in the cereal was 11.4 kg / ha, and the zinc content in the cereal was 2.81 mg / It was 6% higher than the no application area at 100 g. Compared to the plots where zinc oxide was applied to the soil and no foliar application was performed, the highest zinc content in the grain was 41.2 kg / ha, but the zinc content in the grain was 2 It was limited to .68 mg / 100 g (as a cause of the effect of zinc sulfate being higher than that of zinc oxide, it is considered that the water solubility of zinc sulfate is extremely higher than that of zinc oxide).

  On the other hand, the zinc content in the wheat grain obtained in the area where zinc was not applied to the soil and the aqueous solution of zinc sulfate heptahydrate was applied to the leaves was 4.18 to 5.42 mg / 100 g. It was higher than the ward. Furthermore, it was revealed that the zinc-containing Ainu wakame extract spraying area shown in Production Example 1 has a high zinc content in the brown grain even when the zinc concentration in the spraying liquid is the same. From the above results, when trying to incorporate zinc into the wheat grain, the foliar spraying method from the spikelet differentiation stage is more effective than soil application, which is a general fertilizer application method. Furthermore, it was clarified that the effect was further enhanced by adding a seaweed extract to the foliar spray.

Example 2
A wheat cultivar "Spring Yo Koi" was cultivated in a field in Shimizu-cho, Kamikawa-gun, Hokkaido. The basic fertilization was carried out in accordance with the fertilizer standards for spring wheat in the “Hokkaido Fertilizer Guide” (Hokkaido Agricultural Administration Division 2002, Hokkaido Agricultural Improvement Promotion Association). Sowing was carried out by drill sowing on April 22, and the sowing rate was 80 kg / ha. During cultivation, 4 times every 2 weeks from June 16, which is the spikelet differentiation stage, zinc sulfate heptahydrate as in Example 1, and polyoxyethylene in the zinc-containing Ainu Wakame extract shown in Production Example 1 150 mL / m ² foliar was sprayed with 0.1% of a hexitan fatty acid ester-containing spreading agent approach BI (manufactured by Kao Corporation). The test was repeated twice for each treatment. Sampling was carried out on August 22 during the harvest period, and after the plants were air-dried, the cereals were separated with a threshing machine. The zinc content in the obtained brown cereal was measured in the same manner as in Example 1.

  The results are shown in Table 2. The zinc content in the brown grain is 4.33 mg / 100 g in the area sprayed with zinc sulfate heptahydrate aqueous solution compared to 2.53 mg / 100 g in the non-sprayed area, and clearly the zinc uptake in the brown grain Was growing. Furthermore, it was revealed that the zinc-containing Ainu seaweed extract sprayed area shown in Production Example 1 has a high zinc content in the brown grain even if the zinc concentration in the spray liquid is the same. From the above results, the continuous foliar application method of zinc from the spikelet differentiation stage is effective even when trying to incorporate zinc into the brown wheat grains of spring sowing. It became clear that the effect was heightened more by adding an extract.

Claims (12)

  A mature wheat grain containing 4.0 mg / 100 g or more of zinc in the cereal.   The fully-ripened wheat grain according to claim 1, wherein the content of zinc in the brown cereal is 4.0-12.0 mg / 100 g. Wheat, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), durum wheat (Triticum durum), club wheat (Triticum compactum), Enmakomugi (Triticum dicoccum), Poland wheat (Triticum polonicum), United Kingdom wheat (Triticum turgidum), spelled (Triticum spelta) A fully mature wheat grain according to claim 1 or 2, selected from the group consisting of Triticum monococcum and hybrids thereof.   A solution containing 0.01 to 2% by weight of zinc as a zinc concentration is sprayed onto the leaf surface or leaf surface and spikelet from the spikelet differentiation stage of wheat, and 4.0 mg / 100 g of zinc in the ripe unpolished grain. The manufacturing method of the wheat grain which contains the above.   The process according to claim 4, wherein the zinc-containing liquid further contains a seaweed extract.   The production method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the amount of zinc-containing liquid sprayed is 1000 liters or more per hectare.   The method according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the zinc-containing solution is sprayed every 1 to 2 weeks from the spikelet differentiation stage.   The production method according to any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein the content of zinc in the ripe brown grain is 4.0 to 12.0 mg / 100 g. Wheat, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), durum wheat (Triticum durum), club wheat (Triticum compactum), Enmakomugi (Triticum dicoccum), Poland wheat (Triticum polonicum), United Kingdom wheat (Triticum turgidum), spelled (Triticum spelta) The production method according to any one of claims 4 to 8, which is selected from the group consisting of Triticum monococcum and hybrids thereof.   A wheat leaf or spikelet application liquid containing 0.01 to 2% by weight of zinc as a zinc concentration, wherein the mature ripe brown grains contain 4.0 mg / 100 g or more of zinc.   Furthermore, the material of Claim 10 containing a seaweed extract. Wheat, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), durum wheat (Triticum durum), club wheat (Triticum compactum), Enmakomugi (Triticum dicoccum), Poland wheat (Triticum polonicum), United Kingdom wheat (Triticum turgidum), spelled (Triticum spelta) The material according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the material is selected from human wheat wheat ( Triticum monococcum ) and hybrids thereof.