JP2006509124A - Modular building unit and assembly method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a modular building unit comprising a shell formed from side wall lattice frameworks connected together by cross-beams at floor and ceiling height and end wall lattice frameworks secured to the ends of the resulting structure. The wall lattice frameworks are constructed at a first site where each is formed from an array of mutually parallel spaced structural uprights made from cold-formed structural steel sections, secured together by horizontal or diagonal cross-braces also made from cold-formed structural steel sections. The wall lattice frameworks are build up into the shell at a second site where each of the cross-beams, made from a cold-formed structural steel C-section, is connected to the wall lattice frameworks by being sleeved into or around lateral spur members extending from the wall lattice frameworks prior to being welded thereto.

Description

  The present invention relates to modularized building units used in the construction of large prefabricated offices, hotels and condominium blocks, and buildings having similar general characteristics. This type of modular building unit is a box-type structure that is manufactured and installed elsewhere, then transferred to the building site and finally assembled to form the interior room of the building.

  In particular, in the construction of hotels, apartment houses, student dormitories, etc., skeleton shells made of welded lightweight structural steel to form a box-like structure and backed by plasterboard, plywood or directional strand board (OSB) It is known to build buildings using lightweight building modules consisting of Each building module is first made as a shell lined in the factory, given the desired standard interior, and then transferred to the final building site and incorporated into the building.

  GB-A-2334045 discloses one method for assembling this type of building module. A plurality of rectangular or other identically shaped frame members are formed, aligned in spaced parallel relation as ribs of the final skeleton shell, and a plurality of cross-cans located inside the resulting shell. brace). The wall panel is fixed to the side stick. Floor and ceiling panels are added as end panels to complete the module to its final interior decoration standard.

  One essential feature of the GB-A-2334045 module is that the entire module is built and installed in a single factory. It is made into a skeletal steel box structure in the first production stage where pre-formed rectangular frame members are arranged in rows and connected to each other with horizontal horizontal canes. When the skeleton is welded as its final box or shell, a trailer or low loader is required to remove each skeleton shell from the factory, and the transfer of the shell is expensive. Therefore, the shell is lined and equipped at the same place at a reasonable distance from the place where the target building is built. Fully equipped modules are transported, typically using roads, to construction sites where hotels and apartments are built, requiring significant transport costs.

  Another feature of the GB-A-2334045 module is that a direct heat flow path from the inner panel to the frame member is formed through the lateral cane. Therefore, the heat flow path until the rib or the frame member, which is the structural upright pillar of the final building, is deformed by a fire in the completed building is relatively short. This is a serious problem because the steel of the frame member and the side cane is lightweight steel and easily deforms when exposed to an excessive heat load. The highest floors of buildings built with modules according to GB-A-2334045 are therefore relatively low from the fourth to the fifth floor.

  The present invention relates to a building module that reduces costs and improves the fire resistance of a building as compared with the case where a material of the same grade as that used in a conventionally known modular building method is used, and a building using the building module It was made for the purpose of providing construction methods. The present invention allows the construction of higher-rise buildings using the building module of the present invention by improving the fire resistance of each module.

  The present invention provides a modular building unit as specified in claims 1 to 11 and a method for producing a modular building unit as specified in claim 12.

  The building module of this invention is a patent application no. Stacked in horizontal and vertical alignment using the end positioning means described and claimed in W068005. Connected horizontally and vertically as described and claimed in W068006 to form a 20-story or higher building. If desired, the outside of the building can be reinforced with a lateral cane that uses diagonal structural members made from lightweight cold-formed steel members. This type of lateral cane is known to date, but may not be necessary if the lateral cane is arranged diagonally rather than horizontally.

  The lightweight structural steel used as a structural upright pillar in the modular building unit of this invention has excellent tensile strength, but relatively low compression resistance. However, the tensile strength can be further increased by providing rods, tubes and cables in the selected structural upright columns. When using a rod or tube, it preferably extends over the entire height of the wall lattice frame, which is the height of the first floor of the building, and preferably in the vertical direction at the end of the rod or tube. Means are provided for coupling to adjacent floor rods or tubes. Thereby, the continuous floor of a completed building is tied together effectively in the vertical direction. If desired, adjacent rods, tubes or cable reinforcement members can be extended horizontally through the wall grid frame or transverse beam from end to end or from side to side in a horizontal plane. It can also be connected with.

  In particular, when building a high-rise building having 20 floors or more, or when building a building that is susceptible to a transverse shear force due to a crosswind, the outer wall of the building is preferably a wall of a rectangular frame unit that is pre-shaped. Reinforced by columns of high compression resistance that are placed inside or fixed to the outside of each module or stacked module.

  A preferred form of the compression resistance column is a hollow tubular steel member filled with concrete, preferably concrete reinforced with steel bars. This steel member can be made from a hot-formed, for example, a tubular member of rectangular or circular cross-section, or the same lightweight cold-formed steel as the steel used for the rest of the building module. Individual compression resistance columns can be as high as a single modular building unit or as high as several floors. In the former case, a compression resistance column can be provided in each wall grid framework. Alternatively, it can be mounted outside the assembled building module or outside the assembled building. If desired, the compression resistance column should be a pre-cast, selectively reinforced concrete column that is received in a cavity formed between two or more spaced apart parallel structural upright columns. It is also possible that a wall grid framework is formed around these columns.

  The present invention also provides a manufacturing method as specified in claim 17, wherein the modular building unit of the present invention is manufactured in a cost-effective manner between two manufacturing locations. The side and end wall grid frameworks are fabricated and assembled at the first location. Also, it is generally convenient to manufacture all other cold formed metal parts, including transverse beams and other formed metal workpieces used in the final assembly process, at this first location. This means that all the equipment necessary for cold forming structural members from lightweight steel can be provided at this first location. In addition, the assembly of the wall grid frame, which is a skill operation requiring high accuracy, is appropriately performed at this first place. The assembly of the wall grid frame is generally performed by arranging individual structural forming steel members in a jig and welding them by spot welding, seam welding, plug welding or the like. The final product at this first production site is therefore a series of basics such as a series of basically flat wall grid frames and, optionally, a transverse beam that can be laid flat on a truck or wagon. It is a structural member that is linear in nature, and allows parts for a plurality of modular building units to be mounted on a single truck. From this first location, these parts are transferred to a second production location. The second production place is generally selected from a number of assembly modules that are relatively close to the place where the building is built. At this second location, the wall grid framework is assembled with transverse beams and formed into shells, which are lined and equipped. Moving the shell from this second location requires a single truck or low loader to transport each individual building module to the final building site, but by strategically using local assembly sites , The entire unit is transported from a single manufacturing and assembly location where the assembled unit is assembled and equipment non-precision work and all precision work is performed than in the GB-A-23334045 assembly method. Can be much more economical.

  Preferably, both the structural upright column and the transverse beam have a C cross section. As is known, this type of cross section has a back surface, two side surfaces, and two front surfaces. One or more of the back, side, and front surfaces can be swaged to increase strength, and the strength can be further increased by providing a flange portion bent inward on one or both of the front surfaces. be able to. The two C-sections can be combined in a longitudinal direction by placing two C-sections facing each other and facing the two C-sections of one swaged C-section and the other non-swaged C-section. The strength can be further increased by creating a box structure with one or more continuous box-shaped channels running in the direction.

  The spar members extending from the wall lattice framework can be T-shaped in plan view, each having one leg seated inside the C cross section of the upright column for the mating structure, and as a spar Extending in the direction, it has two legs, the other leg that receives the end of the related transverse beam that is attached to its spar before being welded.

  However, structural upright pillars, transverse beams, and transverse canes are also preferably applied. A cold-formed structural building element with a cross-section as described and claimed in W068007 and as specified in claim 9. This type of cross-section is generally based on a C cross-sectional profile, but makes the best use of large diameter curves instead of conventional flat surfaces. These cross sections are referred to herein as compound curve C cross-sectional profiles. W0680007 also discloses a connector for connecting a building element of this type of compound curve C cross-sectional profile to the grid framework used in the present invention. In a typical grid framework that uses only structural upright columns, crossbeams, and side canes with a compound curve C cross-sectional profile, the side cane bridges only the gaps between adjacent structural upright columns. And it is connected to the upright pillar for structure with the T-shaped connector or W-shaped connector of W0680007. Alternatively, the horizontal cane can be made wider than the structural upright column, and the structural upright column can be completely passed through an elliptical hole opened in the horizontal cane during processing. It will require welding to secure the connection and make the grid framework rigid.

  The cold-formed steel elastic bar connecting the wall panel to the transverse cane is preferably of a Z-section profile with an obtuse angle. One longitudinal end of this Z-step surface is a flange that is securely fixed to the lateral cane, preferably along an intermediate vertical fixation line between adjacent structural upright columns. The inner covering wall panel is secured to the longitudinal end, also formed as an end flange, opposite the Z-step surface. As a means for fixing the wall panel to the elastic bar, a conventional attachment method such as a self-tapping screw can be used. The two obtuse angles of this preferred Z cross section provide springiness for the attachment of the inner covering to the inside of the shell, which sufficiently reduces the transmission of sound between the wall panel and the shell. Since the wall panel is completely held by the elastic bar, it does not touch any of the structural upright column or the side stick. Therefore, there is no direct transmission of sound from the wall panel to the structural upright column, and more importantly, heat is first transferred to the horizontal cane through the elastic bar, and then the horizontal cane is installed in the structural upright column. This means that the heat transfer path between the wall panel and the structural upright pillar can be lengthened because it is transmitted in the longitudinal direction of the lateral cane before being connected to the frame. This long heat transfer path provides excellent thermal protection for structural upright columns in the event of a fire in a modular building unit. Preferably, the wall panel used as an inner covering on the shell can further enhance soundproofing and heat insulation effects as a two-piece plaster board.

  Moreover, the inner coating provided inside the shell has a floor and a ceiling panel. Preferably, an additional outer panel of floor panel thickness and strength is attached to the top of the shell. In this way, when assembling the modular building unit into the building, these additional outer panels attached to the top of the shell can support the weight of the building assembly employee, thus eliminating the need for scaffolding or walkway boards.

  Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the modular building unit of the present invention first comprises two side wall grid frameworks as shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b and two end walls as shown in FIGS. 2c and 2d. Created by building a lattice framework. Each lattice frame is composed of an array of upright structural pillars 20 that are spaced apart from each other in parallel and fixed to each other by a horizontal lateral cane 22. The structural upright column 20 is a cold-formed C-section lightweight structural steel with an arbitrary general profile as shown in FIGS. 18a to 18j. 18a to 18h show a C-shaped cross section that is not swaged (FIG. 18a) and has one or more swage 23 formed on the rear surface 20a, side surface 20b or front surface 20c of the cross section. . 18e, 18f, 18g and 18h show a C-shaped cross section in which a flange 24 bent inward is provided on each front face 20c of the cross section. FIGS. 18i and 18j show that additional C-shaped sections can be inserted to form a closed box-shaped section to further strengthen the C-shaped section.

  The lateral cane 22 for the structural upright column shown in FIGS. 18a to 18j is of a top hat cross section as shown in FIG. 19, and as seen in FIGS. 2a to 2d, Spot welded or plug welded behind. In order to increase rigidity, a short spacer portion 26 having the same cross section may be disposed between adjacent structural upright columns 20 and spot welded to the lateral cane 22.

  FIGS. 18k to 18n show that the structural upright column can be a structural upright column with a C-curve profile consisting of double curves as described and claimed in W0680007, in which case a side cane And the transverse beam can be any of a similar general profile.

  A cold-formed steel elastic bar 28 having an obtuse Z-shaped cross section as shown in FIG. 20 extends in the vertical direction of each side surface and end wall lattice structure, and is a lateral cane directly or via a spacer member 26. 22 is fixed.

  As shown in FIGS. 8 and 7, a pair of spar members 30 and 32 extend laterally from each structural upright column 20. The spar members 32 are of different sizes corresponding to the size of the corresponding transverse beam at the floor and ceiling heights, each configured as shown in FIGS. FIG. 13 shows a plate blank 34 which is folded along the dashed line into the general configuration shown in FIG. This shape is then spot welded and fixed at a predetermined position of the reinforcing plate 36 shown in FIG. 15 to prevent deformation. Finally, as shown in FIG. 16, a pair of vertical C-section channels are spot welded along the vertical edges to form a T-shaped general planar appearance. This T transverse bar, defined by two C cross sections 38, is received in the recess in the structural upright column 20 as the reinforced C cross section 25 shown in FIGS. 18i and 18j, with the T stem portion being the spar 30. Or it is set as the state protruded in the horizontal direction as 32. As shown in FIG. 2e, a module floor or roof transverse beam 40 is attached to each protruding spar member 30,32. If more rigidity is required, the reinforcing transverse member 42 can be welded in place.

  FIG. 17 shows another structure of the spar members 30 and 32. A single C-section channel 44 is provided with a cap 42 having a top hat section, and these are welded by spot welding or plug welding. The top hat section 42 forms the bar of the resulting T section spar member and is received in the C section of the structural upright pillar. The C cross section 40 protrudes as a spar.

  In the case where the structural upright column and the transverse beam are the profiles of FIGS. They are linked as described in W068007.

  The skeletal shell assembled as described above is then lined with, for example, a plaster board 44 as shown in FIGS. Preferably, two plaster boards 44 are used for both the wall and the ceiling. A floor 46 is also added (see FIG. 4), and is composed of, for example, polywood, chipboard, or OSB panel.

  The plasterboard covering 44 is bonded to the skeletal shell through a steel elastic bar 28 of a size that holds the plasterboard panel 44 away from the structural upright column 20 as shown in FIGS. Although the gap is shown small, even in a small gap, for example, heat from the fire inside the finished module flows through the elastic bar 28 to the lateral cane 22 and then along the lateral cane 22 in the longitudinal direction. Since it is transmitted to the upright column 20, a long and complicated heat transfer path from the plaster board panel 44 to the structural upright column 20 is formed and a sound insulation effect is achieved.

  After the inner covering is locked in place, the building module can be fully equipped at the factory before being transferred to the building site and stacked on similar building modules to form a completed building. The final installation of doors and windows, together with electrical and plumbing connections, is done before each modular unit is assembled as a building with other modular units, and all that is needed is a final makeup that connects in these services and is brick or wood. It only completes the building with the exterior and completes the building that is completely interiorly decorated.

  Other details of the structure are apparent from FIGS. 9-12. FIG. 9 shows an element of the door frame 50, which has a stud formed of an LC part having an insertion SC part. FIG. 10 shows details of the corner stud. A structural upright column 52 made up of an LC part having an insertion SC part is provided at the corner part. 11 and 12, the outer end wall is connected to the first arrangement of the structural upright pillars 20 connected by the lateral cane 22 and the lateral cane 22 'attached to the outside thereof, and the structural upright pillar 20' is connected thereto. It shows that the intensity | strength of an outer wall can be raised by comprising as sand etch of 2nd arrangement | sequence. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, externally, the module is completed with a bottom angle 54 and a top angle 56 to complete a corner, and internally, a bottom angle 58 and a top. Completed with angle 60.

  In practice, the side and end face grid frameworks of FIGS. 2a to 2d are made at the first factory location. If desired, the spar member can be welded in place at the initial assembly location, or the side and end face grid frameworks can be fully positioned and positioned in the end position prior to welding the spar member. If suitable positioning means are provided, a slot is provided at a predetermined position of the spar member, and a second, less technical skill is required and welding is performed at the predetermined position at the assembly site. May be. In this way, the substantially flat part is transferred by road or rail to a local location where it is assembled into a finished module. First, the two side wall grid frameworks are connected to each other by means of transverse beams 30 and 32 at the level of the floor and ceiling. Then the end wall grid framework is placed and welded in place. The inner covering is then fixed in place, preferably an additional outer roof covering sheet is fixed on the roof of the module. This roof covering can be, for example, an OSB board with complete or floor strength. Finally, before being transferred from this second location to the final building site as a complete module, the interior of the module, if necessary, includes general fixtures such as carpets and fixed cupboards, to the intended standard. Painted and decorated.

  The stacking of adjacent modulars and their fixing is done as described and claimed in the applicant's other three patent applications, W068005, W068006 and W068007. The aforementioned modulars are stacked and assembled in a 20-story building. However, if you are building a taller building, a windy environment, or a building that is exposed to severe lateral stress due to its high and slender shape, use a diagonal lateral cane or a compression resistance comb. It is desirable to strengthen the outer wall. The compression resistance column can be provided in the wall of a pre-formed rectangular frame unit, or it can be provided fixed to the outside of individual modules or stacked modules. In the former case, it will be made at the same height as the individual walls of the building unit, and in the latter case it can be as high as the first floor of the building or more than two floors. FIG. 21 shows an example of a compression resistance column made by filling a concrete 63 in a tubular metal column 62. The steel upright column 62 is made of a light-weight cold-formed steel portion. The concrete filling 63 is provided with a dome-shaped recess 65 corresponding to the bottom, with the top formed at the dome-shaped tip. When the obtained columns are connected to strengthen the outside of the completed building, the position is regulated so that the dome-shaped tip 64 of each column is engaged with the corresponding recess 65 of the corresponding column on the upper floor. FIG. 21 also illustrates the use of a steel reinforcing bar 66 to add more strength to the compression resistance column. If the column is not provided in the walls of the individual modules, the column can be fixed to the outer wall, for example by welding.

  FIG. 22 illustrates the formation of a compression resistance column within the wall grid framework. A reinforced concrete precast column 71 is provided over the entire length of the wall grid frame. The top part and the bottom part can be provided with a tip part and a depression part corresponding to 64 and 65 in FIG. The column 70 is shaped to be disposed between the two structural upright columns 20 having the profile shown in FIG. 18n, and a steel strap 71 is welded to the upright columns 20 to hold the assembly. This reinforced composite upright pillar can be incorporated into the wall grid framework described above.

  FIG. 23 shows a particularly preferred wall grid framework for incorporation into the building module of the present invention. The structural upright column 20 and the side cane 22 have any of the profiles shown in FIGS. 18k to 18n. The lateral wands 22 are connected in a triangular pattern in a diagonal pattern for maximum strength. Each lateral cane 22 is disposed on the opposite structural cane 20 and the adjacent lateral cane 22 on the outside and inside of the wall lattice frame and welded to the upright pillar 20 and the lateral cane 22. They are connected by a shaped steel plate 72. A chain line 73 indicates a line to which the steel elastic bar 28 is connected.

  Each building module made as described above need not have a rectangular plan view, and can be supplied in any plan shape. Trapezoidal modules can be used together to create either straight or curved buildings. This module may also include a balcony-like shape provided on the outer wall of the completed building. As will be understood from FIG. Since a curved wall for use in the present invention can be easily made from a structural upright column with a C-section profile consisting of a composite curve of 0680007 and a side cane, the wall must necessarily be straight. Nor.

Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a drawing set of Figs. 2a-2b are front views of the skeleton structure of the two side wall lattice frames of the modular building unit of the present invention. 2c to 2d are front views of the skeleton structure of the two end wall lattice frames of the modular building unit. 2e is a plan view of the floor and ceiling beams of the modular building unit. FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing cross sections taken along sections 3-3 to 8-8 of FIGS. 2c, 2d and 2b, respectively. FIG. 12 is an enlarged detailed cross-sectional view of the portion indicated by 9 to 12 in FIG. It is a top view of the steel plate blank for making the 1st part of the spar member which bends along a broken line and fixes a side stick to a wall lattice frame. FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the blank of FIG. 13 bent to a final shape. It is a perspective view corresponding to FIG. 14 provided with the reinforcement | strengthening plate. FIG. 16 is a perspective view corresponding to FIG. 15, further comprising two vertical C channels that give the spar member a generally T-shaped planar appearance. FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing another design of a spar member. Reference numerals 18a to 18j denote modified C cross sections that can be used as structural upright columns. Reference numerals 18k to 18n denote composite curve C cross-sectional profiles disclosed in W068007. It is sectional drawing of the side stick used for the C cross section of FIG. It is sectional drawing of the elastic bar made from steel which supports a wall panel and hold | maintains a wall panel away from the upright pillar for structure. 2 is a longitudinal section of a compression resistance column used to build a tall building from the module of the present invention. FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of two structural upright columns straddling a precast reinforced concrete compression resistance column as a modification of the compression resistance column of FIG. 21. FIG. 18c is a side elevation view of a preferred grid framework using a structural upright column and a side cane with the cross-section shown in FIG. 18k.

Explanation of symbols

20, 20 'Upright pillars for construction 22, 22' Lateral cane 23 Swage 28 Elastic bar 30, 32 spur member 62 Compression resistance column (tubular metal column)
63 Concrete 66 Strengthening bar

Claims (17)

A modular building unit having a side wall grid frame connected to each other by a horizontal beam at the height of the floor and ceiling, and an end wall grid frame fixed to the end of the resulting structure,
Each of the wall grid frameworks is a structural upright column made of cold-formed structural steel, arranged in parallel and spaced apart from each other, horizontally or diagonally made of cold-formed structural steel Are fixed to each other with a horizontal cane,
Each said transverse beam is made from C-shaped steel for cold forming structure and is welded to said wall grid framework in or around a transverse spar member extending from the wall grid framework Is held and connected,
Each lateral cane of each wall grid framework is provided centered on a surface displaced outwardly from the inner dimension of the shell; and
One longitudinal end edge of the inner coating of the shell comprising a wall panel connected to the lateral wand by an elastic bar made of cold-formed steel, the elastic bar being fixed to the lateral wand And an opposite longitudinal end edge fixed to the wall panel, holding the wall panel away from the structural upright pillar, and passing through the elastic bar and each lateral cane A modular building unit defining an extended heat path from a wall panel configured through a longitudinally extending portion of the wall to a structural upright column.   The structural upright pillar has a C cross section, and the spar members are seated on the inside of the C end face of the structural upright pillar to which one of them is related, and the other is laterally extended from the upright pillar as a spar that receives the related transverse beam. 2. A modular building unit according to claim 1, wherein the modular building unit has a T-shape or an L-shape with two rims extending into the rim.   The modular building unit according to claim 2, wherein each rim of the spar member is made of cold-formed structural steel and has a general C-section.   The modular building unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each C section includes one or more swages on the back, side or front of the section.   The modular building unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each C section is provided with a flange portion bent inward on one or both of the front elements of the section.   The modular building unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein in each of the wall panels, the lateral cane is welded to the outside of a structural upright column.   The modular building unit according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein in each of the wall panels, the lateral cane is provided through a slot formed in the upright pillar for structure.   The slot is formed in a steel stock from which a structural upright column is made by stamping a window prior to cold forming the steel stock into a cross-sectional profile of the structural upright column. A modular building unit according to claim 7.   The structural upright pillar, the transverse beam, and the transverse cane are all on the corresponding lateral side from the central groove opening, and from this lateral side to the arcuate or substantially arcuate recess in the back wall. 2. A modular building unit according to claim 1 formed from a cold-formed structural steel section consisting of a pair of arcuate or substantially arcuate opposing sides extending completely or substantially smoothly.   9. The modular building unit of claim 8, wherein the lateral cane is connected in the plane of the structural upright column and extends obliquely from one structural upright column to the next structural upright column.   The selected structural upright post and / or the selected transverse beam is enhanced by including a reinforcing rod or tube on one or both of the arcuate or substantially arcuate opposing sides. Item 10. The modular building unit according to Item 8 or 9.   12. The modular building unit according to claim 11, further comprising connecting means for connecting the modules to each other by connecting to the reinforcing rods or reinforcing pipes of adjacent modules at the ends of the reinforcing rods or reinforcing pipes.   A modular building unit according to any preceding claim, wherein an external panel of additional floor panel thickness is secured on the shell.   Each connection between the structural upright column and a horizontal lateral cane, and each connection between the spar member, the structural upright column and the transverse beam is a spot weld, a seam weld, or a plug. The modular building unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the modular building unit is made by at least one of welding.   A modular building unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the final installation of doors and windows, together with electricity and plumbing, is made in the modular building unit before the unit is assembled as a building with other units. (A) (i) Alignment of structural upright columns arranged parallel to each other and fixed to each other with horizontal or diagonal horizontal canes, both of which are cold A structural structural steel, wherein the horizontal cane is provided centered on a surface displaced outward from the inner dimension of the shell, and the structural upright columns are aligned and laterally from the structural upright columns. Creating a wall grid framework with extended floor-level spar member rows and ceiling-level spar member rows;
(Ii) After mounting a transverse beam of C cross-section made of cold forming structural steel in or around the spar member, the transverse beam is welded to the spar member, thereby connecting the wall lattice frame to each other. Forming a shell, and
(Iii) forming a shell by fixing an end wall lattice framework to the opposite end of the formed shell;
and,
(B) One longitudinal end of an elastic bar made of cold-formed steel is fixed to the lateral cane, and the other longitudinal end of the elastic bar is fixed to a wall panel, so that the wall panel is directly Laterally to define an extended heat transfer passage that is held away from the upright, passes through the elastic bar from the wall panel to the structural upright, and extends through the longitudinally extending portion of the side cane. The method of manufacturing a modular building unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the shell is lined by fixing a wall panel to the cane.   The side and end wall grid frameworks are made and assembled at a first production site, the assembled wall grid framework is transferred to a second production site, and the transferred wall grid framework is transferred to the second production site. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the shell is assembled with a transverse beam and the resulting shell is lined and equipped at its second fabrication site.

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