JP2005224777A - バイオガスの製造方法 - Google Patents
バイオガスの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2005224777A JP2005224777A JP2004038882A JP2004038882A JP2005224777A JP 2005224777 A JP2005224777 A JP 2005224777A JP 2004038882 A JP2004038882 A JP 2004038882A JP 2004038882 A JP2004038882 A JP 2004038882A JP 2005224777 A JP2005224777 A JP 2005224777A
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- fermentation
- hydrogen
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
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- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
- C01B3/501—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion
- C01B3/503—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion characterised by the membrane
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- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
- C01B3/52—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with liquids; Regeneration of used liquids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12P5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
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- C01B2203/0415—Purification by absorption in liquids
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
- C01B2203/0475—Composition of the impurity the impurity being carbon dioxide
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- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
- C01B2203/066—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Purification Treatments By Anaerobic Or Anaerobic And Aerobic Bacteria Or Animals (AREA)
- Treatment Of Biological Wastes In General (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】 水素発酵用微生物を用いて有機物を含む被処理液からの水素発酵を行うに際し、被処理液中の所定基質の濃度と水素発酵用微生物による基質の消費速度との相関に基づいて、水素発酵用微生物により消費可能な基質の最大許容濃度を予め決定し、実際の水素発酵工程においては被処理液中の基質の濃度を最大許容濃度以下に保持する。
【選択図】 図1
Description
本発明においては、水素発酵用微生物による水素発酵を行うに際し、先ず、被処理液中の所定基質の濃度と、水素発酵用微生物による基質の消費速度との相関に基づいて、水素発酵用微生物により消費可能な基質の最大許容濃度を決定する。ここで、指標となる基質は、水素発酵用微生物による水素生成及び水素発酵用微生物の増殖と相関するものであれば特に制限されない。好ましい基質としては、糖質が挙げられる。
式(2)中、Vは水素発酵槽内の被処理液の体積、S0は流入する被処理液中の基質濃度、Sは流出する被処理液中の基質濃度、dS/dtは単位時間当たりの基質濃度の変動量をそれぞれ示す。また、添え字Cは、(−dS/dt)Cが微生物による消費に由来する変動量であることを示している。また、Fは、定容操作を前提としたときの被処理液の供給速度及び発酵液の流出速度を示す。すなわち、式(2)の左辺は、発酵槽当りの単位時間当りの基質消費変動量を表し、右辺第1項は基質の流入量、右辺第2項は基質の流出量、右辺第3項は微生物による基質の消費量をそれぞれ表している。
F=V×(−dS/dt)C/(S−S0) (3b)
前述のごとく、V及び(−dS/dt)Cは可及的に最大値で一定に保つべきことより一定とみなすと、流出液中の基質濃度Sを所定レベルに保ち、且つ、発酵槽当りの基質消費変動項(式(2)の左辺)を変動しないように操作するには、流入原料液中の基質濃度S0に対して原料液の供給及び発酵液の流出速度Fを式(3b)の右辺から算出されるように制御すればよい。
(実施例1)
嫌気汚泥床より採取した汚泥をビール製造廃水(pH4、COD;約15000、糖質濃度(グルコース換算);4000mg/L〜5000mg/L、乳酸;約4000mg/L、酢酸;約100mg/L)に50℃にて馴養し、メタン発酵用微生物を除去して水素発酵の実施が可能な酸生成発酵微生物群を集積した。この集積微生物群を種菌とし、ビール製造廃水を発酵原料液として供給する連続発酵を約1ヶ月間行った。なお、当該連続発酵は、50℃、pH6.0〜6.5の条件下で行った。このときの発酵経過日数と発酵ガス中の水素及び二酸化炭素の濃度との相関を図2に示した。また、水素発酵の際に生成した有機酸の主成分は酢酸約1000mg/L、酪酸約2000mg/L、乳酸約200mg/Lであった。連続発酵槽より発酵液を採取し、ビール製造廃水を寒天で固めた培地にて50℃で培養したところ、培養液中に数種の微生物コロニーが優先種として検出された。このコロニーの中で多くを占める8種の微生物を嫌気発酵用の寒天培地にて培養し、増殖して来たコロニーの遺伝子の塩基配列を解析したところ、8種のうち5種がClostridium属の微生物であった。同じ8種の微生物を乳酸菌検出用の寒天培地にて培養したが、乳酸菌は増殖しなかった。(乳酸菌検出用培地:日水製薬株式会社の変法GAM培地)
(比較例1)
グルコース(和光純薬製)20g、酵母エキス(DIFCO製)3g、ペプトン(DIFCO製)5g、麦芽エキス(DIFCO製)3g及びNaHCO3(和光純薬製)5gを1Lの水道水に溶解させた後、121℃で15分の湿熱滅菌処理をして発酵原料液を調製した。次に、実施例1においてビール製造廃水を発酵原料液として50℃、pH6.0〜6.5の条件下で約1ヶ月間連続発酵を行って得られた培養液を、種菌として発酵原料液に接種し、24時間ごとの繰り返し回分発酵を50℃で行った。1回目の回分発酵では水素約60%、二酸化炭素約40%、第2回の回分発酵では水素約50%、二酸化炭素約50%、第3回の回分発酵では水素約35%、二酸化炭素約65%となり、急速に水素生産が減少した。また、発酵液原料の発酵前及び1〜3回目の回分発酵終了時の酢酸、酪酸及び乳酸の生成量を分析したところ、表1に示すように、第3回の回分発酵で乳酸が増加していることが分かった。第3回の回分培養の微生物群をグルコース、酵母エキス、ペプトン、麦芽エキス、NaHCO3からなる寒天培地(発酵液原料に寒天を15g追加したもの)にて50℃で嫌気的に培養したところ、数種の微生物コロニーが優先種として検出された。このコロニーの中で多くを占める9種の微生物を乳酸菌検出用の寒天培地にて培養し、増殖して来たコロニーの遺伝子の塩基配列を解析したところ、9種のうち2種がLactococcus lactis、9種のうち2種がEnterococcus faecalis、9種のうち1種がEnterococcus aviumなどの近縁種と判明した。このことより、乳酸菌群の増加と、水素生産の抑制が連動することが示された。
(実施例3)
実施例1と同様の培養液を種菌として、ビール製造廃水にマルトース及びデンプンからなる易資化性の糖質を追加添加して調製した原料液の希釈率を変化させ、連続操作による水素発酵を行った。
(実施例4)
比較例1と同様の培養液を種菌として、製パン廃棄物を種々の濃度で水に懸濁した液を原料として50℃、pH6.0〜6.5の条件下で連続水素発酵を行った。
発酵原料液の糖質濃度の変化に対応して原料液供給速度を制御し、水素発酵槽内の糖質濃度を3000mg/Lに保持して50℃、pH6.0〜6.5の条件下で水素発酵を行った。具体的には、比較例1と同様の培養液を種菌として、先ず、発酵槽中の微生物濃度を高めるために、ビール製造廃水にマルトース及びデンプンを追加添加して調製した原料液(原料液中の全糖質濃度、10710mg/L〜18390mg/L)で約1ヶ月間の連続発酵を実施した。この後、ビール製造廃水にマルトース及びデンプンを追加添加して調整した原料液あるいは製パン廃棄物を種々濃度で水に懸濁した原料液を用いて、液供給速度を制御して発酵槽中の糖質濃度を一定に保たせる連続水素発酵を行った。液供給速度制御の連続発酵を実施する前に行った約1ヶ月間の発酵において、本発酵系の糖質消費能力(−dS/dt)Cとして約7500mg/L/日が得られたので、式(3b)の原料液供給速度Fの制御値決定にあたってはこれを用いた。また、実施例3及び実施例4より、発酵槽中の糖質濃度は約4000mg/Lを越えないことが水素発酵維持の要件であったので、発酵槽中の制御糖質濃度Sを3000mg/Lに設定した。これらの値と供給原料液糖質濃度から式(3b)を用いて、発酵槽へ供給する原料液供給速度の制御指標値が算出された。表4に原料液糖質濃度に対する制御指標値を示した。原料液供給速度を制御した水素発酵では、1原料液について4日間の連続発酵を行った後、続けて異なる濃度の原料液に切り替えた。表4には、発酵経過日数として原料液切り替え後の3日目と4日目のときの各値を示した。表4中の実際の希釈率は、実際の原料液供給量より算出した値である。発酵槽内の糖質濃度は当初目標とした3000mg/L付近となり、水素生成量は糖質消費量にほぼ比例した。このことより、水素発酵は円滑に維持されることが示された。
(実施例6)
グルコース(和光純薬製、試薬特級)20g、酵母エキス(DIFCO製)3g、ペプトン(DIFCO製)5g、麦芽エキス(DIFCO製)3g、ホップペレット(Botanix製、Hop Pellet Type 90)1gを1Lの水道水に溶解させた後、121℃で15分の湿熱滅菌処理をして発酵原料液を調製した。次に、比較例1と同様の培養液を種菌として、発酵原料液に接種し、24時間ごとの繰り返し回分発酵を50℃にて8回行ったところ、発酵ガス組成は全ての回分発酵を通じて水素約53%、二酸化炭素約40%となり、水素生産は維持された(図5)。このときの生成した有機酸の組成を分析したところ、8回の回分発酵で大きな変化がなかった(表5)。発酵液の糖質濃度が高いにもかかわらず水素発酵に汚染性の微生物群は増えず水素発酵に支障を来たすことはなかった。このことから、実施例2と異なり、ホップ成分の添加が、水素発酵微生物の増殖あるいは水素生成を抑制する好ましくない影響を与える微生物群の活動を阻害し、しかも水素生産微生物の活動を阻害しないことが判明した。
実施例6の発酵液を採取し、苦味価(苦味価の定義;European Brewery Convention. Analytica-EBC 4th ed., p.E137, 1987.)を測定した。苦味価は約13であった。このことから、ホップ成分は苦味価として13付近で水素発酵微生物の増殖あるいは水素生成を抑制する好ましくない微生物群の活動を阻害し、しかも水素生産微生物の活動を阻害しないことが判明した。
実施例4の水素生成量が急減した培養系に、ホップ成分を添加することによって水素生成の復旧を行った。
種々のホップ成分について水素発酵を円滑に維持する効果を調べた。
バイオマス原料にホップあるいはホップ成分を添加あるいは含ませて水素発酵を行った後の発酵液を、メタン発酵用微生物によるメタン発酵に供してもメタン発酵を円滑に維持することが判明したので示す。
Claims (4)
- 有機物を含む被処理液中の所定基質の濃度と、水素発酵用微生物による前記基質の消費速度との相関に基づいて、前記水素発酵用微生物により消費可能な前記基質の最大許容濃度を決定する第1ステップと、
前記被処理液中の前記基質の濃度を前記最大許容濃度以下に保持し、その被処理液を前記水素発酵用微生物により水素発酵させて、水素を主成分とするバイオガスを発生させる第2ステップと、
を備えることを特徴とするバイオガスの製造方法。 - 前記基質が糖質であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のバイオガスの製造方法。
- 前記第2ステップにおける水素発酵後の発酵液を、メタン発酵用微生物によりメタン発酵させて、メタンを主成分とする発酵ガスを発生させる第3ステップを更に備えることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載のバイオガスの製造方法。
- 有機物を含む被処理液中にホップ又はホップ成分を添加し、水素発酵用微生物の増殖あるいは活性に影響を与えることなく、水素生成を阻害する汚染性微生物を不活性化させて水素発酵を行い、水素を主成分とするバイオガスを発生させることを特徴とするバイオガスの製造方法。
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KR1020067018887A KR101125000B1 (ko) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | 바이오 가스의 제조방법 |
EP05719128A EP1721871A4 (en) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | PROCESS FOR GENERATING BIOGAS |
AU2005212055A AU2005212055B2 (en) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | Process for producing biogas |
CNA2005800049604A CN1918079A (zh) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | 生物气的制造方法 |
BRPI0507736A BRPI0507736B1 (pt) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | método para a produção de biogás. |
MYPI20050541 MY147168A (en) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | Production method of biogas |
CA 2556403 CA2556403A1 (en) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | Process for producing biogas |
CA 2669990 CA2669990C (en) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | Process for producing biogas |
CNA2009101458054A CN101586122A (zh) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | 生物气的制造方法 |
PCT/JP2005/002226 WO2005077845A1 (ja) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | バイオガスの製造方法 |
SG200702549-7A SG131935A1 (en) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-15 | Process for producing biogas |
TW94104395A TWI329670B (en) | 2004-02-16 | 2005-02-16 | Method for preparing biogas |
US10/589,580 US20070190630A1 (en) | 2004-02-16 | 2006-02-15 | Process for producing biogas |
US12/436,353 US20090233341A1 (en) | 2004-02-16 | 2009-05-06 | Process for producing biogas |
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JP2007098228A (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-19 | Kurita Water Ind Ltd | 有機性廃棄物の処理方法および処理装置 |
WO2007060791A1 (ja) * | 2005-11-22 | 2007-05-31 | Sapporo Breweries Limited | 水素発酵装置及び水素の製造方法 |
JP2012101201A (ja) * | 2010-11-12 | 2012-05-31 | Taisei Corp | 浄化促進材料及び浄化促進方法 |
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DE102005050927B4 (de) * | 2005-10-21 | 2009-06-18 | Biostromplan Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Biogas in einem wässrigen Medium |
DE102006035213B4 (de) * | 2006-07-26 | 2012-01-19 | Tintschl BioEnergie und Strömungstechnik AG | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur kombinierten Erzeugung von Wasserstoff und Methan durch Vergärung von biologischen Eingangsstoffen |
AU2008346589B2 (en) * | 2008-01-10 | 2011-06-16 | Schmack Biogas Gmbh | Clostridium sartagoformum for the generation of biogas |
CN106336078A (zh) * | 2016-09-26 | 2017-01-18 | 浙江省环境工程有限公司 | 化工废水处理系统及其处理方法 |
CN113308496B (zh) * | 2020-02-26 | 2022-11-08 | 南开大学 | 一种利用光合细菌恢复厌氧发酵酸抑制体系产甲烷性能的方法 |
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Cited By (5)
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JP2007098228A (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-19 | Kurita Water Ind Ltd | 有機性廃棄物の処理方法および処理装置 |
WO2007060791A1 (ja) * | 2005-11-22 | 2007-05-31 | Sapporo Breweries Limited | 水素発酵装置及び水素の製造方法 |
US7968322B2 (en) | 2005-11-22 | 2011-06-28 | Sapporo Breweries Limited | Hydrogen fermentor and method of producing hydrogen |
JP5374044B2 (ja) * | 2005-11-22 | 2013-12-25 | サッポロビール株式会社 | 水素発酵装置及び水素の製造方法 |
JP2012101201A (ja) * | 2010-11-12 | 2012-05-31 | Taisei Corp | 浄化促進材料及び浄化促進方法 |
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AU2005212055B2 (en) | 2009-09-10 |
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KR20060131890A (ko) | 2006-12-20 |
BRPI0507736A (pt) | 2007-07-10 |
EP1721871A4 (en) | 2011-12-07 |
KR101125000B1 (ko) | 2012-03-27 |
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US20090233341A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
BRPI0507736B1 (pt) | 2016-01-12 |
US20070190630A1 (en) | 2007-08-16 |
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TWI329670B (en) | 2010-09-01 |
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