JP2003235470A - Piscicultural feed - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a piscicultural feed which has excellent shape retainability and does not cause collapse or the like, even when a binder such as a starchy material or a gum is omitted or reduced, can well be taken by fishes or shellfishes to reduce the amount of the untaken feed, and can reduce the excrement to prevent the deterioration in the water quality of a piscicultural environment. <P>SOLUTION: This piscicultural feed is characterized by adding transglutaminase to act on a feed raw material consisting mainly of an animal or vegetable protein. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a feed for fish farming. More specifically, the present invention has excellent forming and processing properties during the production of feed for fish farming, and eliminates or reduces the use of starchy materials such as flour and starch, gums, and other binders. Even if it is possible to easily and smoothly produce a feed of any form from a soft type to a hard type, there is little change with time in the form of the feed and the original form can be maintained for a long time, and The present invention relates to a feed for fish farming, which is excellent in shape retention in water, can reduce the amount of excrement of fish and seafood and prevent deterioration of water quality in the breeding environment, and is highly feedable by seafood.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Heretofore, fish meal, raw fish, soybean meal, pupa, etc. have been used as a feed for fish culture in the form of powder or bean paste. However, in recent years, the cost of these conventional feeds for fish farming has risen along with the decrease in the catch of feed fish such as sardines. Further, these conventional feeds for fish farming are inferior in terms of handleability, in addition, various nutritional components are not balanced, and it cannot be said that they are good in terms of feeding ability by seafood. Therefore, fish meal, raw fish, minced fish meat, squid paste, soybean meal, gluten meal, etc. for the purpose of improving handleability, good balance of various nutritional components, improving feed efficiency by improving feeding ability, and reducing costs. Animal and vegetable protein raw materials such as, oils and fats,
Other ingredients such as amino acids, sugars, vitamins, minerals, etc. are mixed, and starch materials such as wheat flour and starch, gums, and other binders are added to the ingredients, and paste, mash, granules, etc. In recent years, the feed for fish farming that has been formed and processed has become widely used.

However, the above-mentioned fish feeds which have been widely used in recent years are formed by using a large amount of wheat flour, starch, gums and other binders, and the digestion and absorption rate of these binders is high. However, the amount of excrement increases accordingly. Moreover, the above-mentioned conventional feed for fish farming cannot be said to be sufficiently good in terms of palatability and feeding ability by seafood due to the large content of binders such as wheat flour, starch and gums. However, the amount of feed (residual food) that remains in water without being fed tends to increase. If the amount of seafood excrement and residual food is large, the water quality of the rearing environment such as an aquarium will deteriorate in a short period of time. The deterioration of water quality in the rearing environment hinders the healthy development of seafood, so replacement of the rearing water, cleaning of the rearing tank,
Frequent work such as cleaning of the filtration tank imposes a heavy burden on fishermen.

Further, other ingredients such as oils and fats, amino acids, sugars, vitamins and minerals are blended with the above-mentioned animal and plant protein raw materials, and starch materials such as wheat flour and starch, and caking of gums and the like. When producing granular feed such as pellets by adding agents, in order to obtain granular feed that does not easily disintegrate and is easy to handle, a large molding such as an extruder that can be strongly pressure kneaded under high pressure is used. A processing device is required, which causes an increase in manufacturing cost of fish feed and a need for securing a large space.

Further, conventional soft-type fish feeds produced by using starch materials such as wheat flour and starch and gums as binders lose their softness and become hard over time. There was a tendency that it was difficult to maintain the original soft form. A fish feed that has lost its softness and has become hard is generally inferior in palatability and feeding ability by seafood.

[0006]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to use no starchy materials such as wheat flour, gums and other binders or to use a small amount of binders, whereby seafood It is an object of the present invention to provide a feed for fish farming, which can reduce the amount of excrement and residual feed of fish and prevent the deterioration of water quality in the raising environment. Further, an object of the present invention is to cultivate a desired form from a soft one to a hard one, which has high feeding property and palatability by seafood, and which is excellent in shape retention and hardly disintegrates. To provide feed. The object of the present invention is to provide a fish farming product that can be easily and smoothly processed into a desired shape or form even when a simple device is used instead of a large molding device such as an extruder. To provide feed. The object of the present invention is, for example, in the soft type,
It is an object of the present invention to provide a feed for fish farming, which can maintain a soft state without being hardened over time for a long time, and which is excellent in palatability and feeding ability by seafood.

[0007]

Means for Solving the Problems The present inventors have made various studies in order to achieve the above object. As a result, a feed for fish farming using feed materials mainly composed of animal and plant proteins,
When transglutaminase is added and made to act, even if the use of a starchy material such as wheat flour or starch, or a binder such as gums is omitted or the amount of the binder is reduced, there is cohesion. It has been found that a fish-culture feed that is hard to disintegrate and has excellent shape retention can be easily obtained. Moreover, in the above-mentioned feed for fish farming to which transglutaminase is added,
Wheat flour, starch and other starchy materials, gums and other binders are used in small amounts or do not contain binders, so the content of nutrients such as animal and plant proteins and lipids is relatively high. Since it will be higher, it is possible to achieve the same or better breeding performance as before with a smaller salary than before,
It has been found that the amount of excrement and residual food is significantly reduced, and the deterioration of the water quality of the breeding environment such as an aquarium can be effectively prevented.

Further, the present inventors do not use a large molding device such as an extruder when producing a feed for fish farming by adding transglutaminase to a feed material mainly composed of animal and plant proteins, without using a large molding device such as an extruder. In addition, even when using a small molding device such as an extrusion granulator or a pallet, a fish feed with excellent shape retention can be easily and smoothly formed in a desired shape from soft to hard. It was found that it can be manufactured. In addition, the present inventors have found that when a fish feed obtained by adding transglutaminase to a feed raw material mainly composed of animal and plant proteins is of a soft type, its soft morphology is maintained over time. The present invention has been completed based on these various findings, and it was found that the fish can be maintained for a long period of time, and the palatability and feeding ability of fish and shellfish are maintained for a long time.

That is, the present invention is (1) a feed for fish farming, characterized in that transglutaminase is added to a feed material mainly comprising animal and plant proteins.

The present invention also provides (2) the feed for fish farming according to (1), wherein transglutaminase is added to the animal or vegetable protein raw material in the feed raw material at a ratio of 0.001 to 1.0% by mass. (3) The fish feed of (1) or (2) above, wherein the content of the binder is 5% by mass or less based on the total mass of the feed for seafood; (4) Granules or paste The above (1) which is a thing
(3) Any one of the fish feeds according to (3); and (5) The above-mentioned frozen feeds for fish culture according to any one of (1) to (4).

[0011]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The present invention will be described in detail below. First, the "fish-feeding feed" of the present invention means a general term for feed used for rearing fish and shellfish, and the fish-feeding feed of the present invention is used to cultivate fish and shellfish for the purpose of use as food, feed, etc. It also includes feed for farming, and feed used for raising fish and shellfish in aquariums, homes, and other places for the purpose of viewing and petting.

[0012] As the animal and vegetable protein that is the main constituent of the fish feed of the present invention, any of the animal and vegetable proteins conventionally used for breeding seafood can be used, and specific examples thereof include fish meal, krill meal, and Squid meal, whole egg powder, egg yolk powder, egg white powder, skim milk powder, casein, fish paste, squid paste, shrimp paste, shellfish paste, fish egg, plankton, other animal protein raw materials; soybean meal, wheat flour,
Examples include plant protein raw materials such as seaweed powder, wheat gluten, corn gluten, and beans. The fish feed of the present invention may contain one or more of the above-mentioned animal and plant proteins depending on the type of fish and shellfish to be fed. Among them, the fish feed of the present invention,
From the viewpoints of handleability, palatability and feeding ability by seafood, cost, softness, etc., as animal and vegetable proteins, fish meal, krill meal, squid meal, fish paste, squid paste, shrimp paste, shellfish paste, fish egg, plankton. , One or more of soybean meal and seaweed powder are preferably used, particularly fish meal, krill meal, squid meal,
One or more of fish paste, squid paste, shrimp paste and shellfish paste are more preferably used.

In addition to animal and vegetable proteins, the feed for fish farming of the present invention may contain, if necessary, rice bran, oil cake, yeast for feed, and other vegetable raw materials; vegetable oils, animal oils and other fats and oils. Kinds; vitamins, minerals, amino acids, sugars, enzymes,
Nutritional components such as nucleic acids; drugs such as antibiotics, antibacterial agents, crude drugs, hormones, growth promoters; coloring agents, fragrances, palatability agents,
Antioxidants; wheat flour, rice flour, corn flour, barley flour, and other cereal flours; wheat starch, rice starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, and other starches; carboxymethyl cellulose (C
MC), sodium alginate, sodium caseinate,
Various gums, sodium polyacrylate, etc. can be contained.

The feed for fish farming of the present invention is obtained by adding transglutaminase to the above-mentioned feed raw material, which is mainly composed of animal and plant proteins and, if necessary, other components, and allowed to act. The transglutaminase used in the present invention is a γ-carboxamide group of a glutamine residue in the peptide chain of proteins and peptides, and ε-
It is an enzyme that catalyzes an acyl conversion reaction between an amino group and various primary amino groups, and has been commercially available in the past. In the present invention, any conventionally known transglutaminase can be used.

In the fish feed of the present invention, transglutaminase is added to a feed material mainly composed of animal and vegetable proteins, and transglutaminase is added at an activation temperature (usually 0 to 0).
By acting on animal and vegetable proteins at 60 ° C.), γ-carboxamide of glutamine residue in peptide chains of animal and vegetable proteins and / or peptides and ε-amino group in peptide chains and / or various primary amino groups An acyl conversion reaction takes place between and to crosslink animal and plant proteins. As a result, in the fish feed of the present invention, binders that have been conventionally used in fish feeds, for example, wheat flour, rice flour, corn flour, barley flour and other flours, wheat starch, rice starch, corn starch, tapioca starch. Starch-like materials such as starch; various gums; carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), sodium alginate, sodium polyacrylate, etc., or even if the content of the binder is small, trans By the cross-linking action of glutaminase, good cohesion is given to the feed raw material, and by extrusion molding or other methods, it is possible to easily produce granular, paste-like, smash-like fish-feeding feed excellent in shape retention. .

The content of animal and plant protein in the fish feed of the present invention depends on the intended form of the fish feed (eg, soft type or hard type), the type of seafood to be fed, etc. However, it is generally preferable that the content of animal or plant protein is 20 to 90% by mass relative to the total mass of the feed for fish farming.
More preferably, it is -80% by mass.

Further, the amount of transglutaminase used in the fish feed of the present invention is determined by the composition of the feed raw material as the base, the type of fish feed, the form of the target fish feed (for example, whether it is a soft type, It can be adjusted according to the type of fish and shellfish to be fed, etc., but generally 0.001 to 0.001 to the animal and plant protein raw material used for the preparation of the feed for fish farming of the present invention. 1 mass%
Is preferably used in a ratio of 0.002 to 0.1% by mass, and more preferably 0.002 to 0.1% by mass.

Further, in the fish feed of the present invention, cross-linking / bonding between animal and plant proteins and / or peptides is carried out by the above-mentioned cross-linking action of transglutaminase, so that wheat flour, rice flour, corn flour, barley flour, etc. Reduce the amount of starches such as cereal flour, wheat starch, rice starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, gums, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), sodium alginate, sodium polyacrylate, etc. Even if a binder is not used, it can be formed and processed into a predetermined shape or shape such as granular or paste. From such a point, in the fish feed of the present invention, the amount of the binder as described above is preferably 5% by mass or less, particularly 0 to 2% by mass based on the total mass of the fish feed. By setting the amount of the binder used to be 5% by mass or less, the content ratio of animal and plant proteins, lipids and other nutritional components in the feed for fish farming can be relatively increased, and therefore, compared to the conventional case. Even with a small amount of feed for fish farming, it is possible to obtain the same or better breeding performance than before. Then, the amount of excrement and the amount of residual food can be reduced by reducing the amount of fish feed to be fed to the seafood, and the deterioration of water quality in the breeding environment can be prevented. As a result, the work of purifying and exchanging water for breeding seafood and cleaning the breeding environment can be significantly reduced as compared with the conventional work.

The form of the fish feed of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be any of paste, soft type solid feed, semi-soft type solid feed, hard type solid feed and the like. The hardness of the feed for fish culture of the present invention can be adjusted depending on the amount of liquid such as water and oil in the feed for fish culture. Generally, when the amount of water or oil is 70% by mass or more, it becomes a pasty feed, and 30 to 70
If it is about mass%, it becomes a soft type solid feed, and
It becomes a semi-soft type solid feed when it is -30% by mass, and it becomes a hard type solid feed when it is 15% by mass or less. Further, the feed for fish culture of the present invention may be a wet type or a dry type, and the wet type may be a type that is stored / circulated at room temperature, a type that is stored / circulated at refrigeration temperature, or frozen. It may be of any type such as stored and distributed.

The shape of the feed for fish culture of the present invention is not particularly limited and may be any shape, for example pellets,
It may be in the shape of a sphere, an ellipse, a cube, a rectangular parallelepiped, a cone, a flake, or other granular particles, an amorphous small lump, or the above-mentioned paste.

The method for producing the feed for fish farming of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be a method in which transglutaminase is added to a feed material mainly containing animal and vegetable proteins, and transglutaminase is allowed to act on the animal and vegetable proteins to crosslink them. It doesn't matter. Although not limited in any way, the feed for fish farming of the present invention can be easily prepared, for example, by mixing a feed material and adding water as necessary, and then using a molding machine such as an extrusion granulator or a pallet. Can be manufactured. In the production of the fish feed of the present invention, the temperature at which transglutaminase acts on animal and plant proteins is 0-60, which is the activity temperature of transglutaminase.
A temperature within the range of 0 ° C can be adopted, and a temperature of 5 to 55 ° C is particularly preferably adopted. Further, after producing the fish feed of the present invention, the transglutaminase can be inactivated by heating the fish feed to a certain temperature or higher (generally 75 ° C. or higher).

The fish feed of the present invention is a fish such as yellowtail, red sea bream, eel, carp, sweetfish, salmon, trout, flounder, flounder, troutfish, tuna, amberjack, grouper, mackerel, and crustaceans such as shrimp and crab. Fish feed for seafood such as squid and octopus or their juveniles, feed for breeding various seafood in aquariums, breeding for various seafood to be watched or petted at home or elsewhere. It can be effectively used as feed. The method of feeding (administering) fish feed of the present invention to seafood is not particularly limited, and for example,
It may be administered manually, may be administered using an automatic feeding device, or may be administered by other methods.

[0023]

EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples. In the following examples, the shape retention of the fish feed, the amount of excrement in the breeding aquarium, and the breeding performance were evaluated as follows.

(1) Shape retention of feed for fish farming: A predetermined amount (800 ml) of distilled water is placed in a beaker of 1 liter, and a basket having a mesh so that the mixed feed cannot be removed is set in the water. 50 g of a fish feed is weighed in a basket and stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes. After the completion, the basket was taken out and the liquid in the beaker was visually observed to determine the degree of turbidity. Depending on the state of white turbidity, minus (-) indicates that there was no turbidity,
If slightly cloudy, plus 1 (+1), if fairly cloudy, plus 2 (+2), if extremely cloudy, plus 3 (+
It was evaluated as 3).

(2) Amount of excrement: A ground type FRP rectangular water tank (water tank capacity of 200 liters) stores 30 juvenile red sea breams with an average fish weight of about 40 g, and is circulated and bred for one week with an upper filtration tank made of glass wool. After the test, the glass wool in the filtration tank was taken out, and the difference in dry weight of the glass wool before and after the test was measured to obtain the amount of excrement.

(3) Breeding results: Fifty amberjack fry with an average weight of about 70 g were stored in an earth-type FRP circular water tank (water tank capacity of 1100 liters), and the breeding water temperature was 23 ° C.
The animals were bred for 14 days under running water of 4 revolutions / day. Feeding
It was carried out 4 times / day by feeding with satiety. After the test was completed, the breeding performance was evaluated based on the results of weight gain, feed efficiency and weight gain during the breeding period.

Example 1 (1) The basic formulation for feed for fish farming shown in Table 1 below was prepared.

[0028]

[Table 1]

(2) As the raw materials of the basic composition shown in Table 1 above, "Activa TG-B" manufactured by Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (transglutaminase-containing product; transglutaminase content in the product = 0.5 to 0.6 mass) %) In an amount of 2% by mass and water in an amount of 30% by mass, and mixed by a mixer, and then supplied to an extrusion granulator (manufactured by Hiraga Seisakusho) to obtain a diameter of 5
It was extruded into a rod shape from a die having a hole of mm and cut into a length of 7.5 mm by a cutter to manufacture a pellet-shaped fish feed. When the shape retention of this pellet-shaped fish feed was evaluated by the above-mentioned method, it was as shown in Table 2 below. (3) When the feed for fish farming obtained in (2) above was fed and the amount of excretion thereof was measured by the method described above, it was as shown in Table 2 below. (4) When the feed for fish culture obtained in (2) above was fed and the breeding performance was evaluated by the above method, the results are shown in Table 3 below.

Comparative Example 1 (1) The shape retention of commercially available steam pellets for red sea bream was evaluated by the above-mentioned method. The results are shown in Table 2 below. (2) When commercially available steam pellets for red sea bream were fed and the excretion amount thereof was measured by the above method, the results are shown in Table 2 below. (3) When the commercially available EP feed for yellowtail was fed and the breeding performance was evaluated by the above-mentioned method, it was as shown in Table 3 below.

[0031]

[Table 2]

[0032]

[Table 3]

As can be seen from the results of Tables 2 and 3 above, in Example 1, transglutaminase was added to the feed material mainly composed of animal and plant proteins to produce a fish feed, and thus potato starch was produced. It was possible to easily obtain a feed for fish farming, which has excellent shape retention and does not disintegrate, although it does not use a binder such as wheat flour or wheat flour. Moreover, the feed for fish farming obtained in Example 1 is excellent in feeding ability by fish, has a low residual feed amount, and has a small amount of excretion due to the absence of a binder such as potato starch or wheat flour. , Does not cause deterioration of water quality. Also, commercially available EP for molecular weight
It was shown that the breeding performance was comparable to that of the feed.

On the other hand, as seen from the results of Comparative Example 1, the commercially available feed was inferior in shape retention property in water, and the water became extremely cloudy. Moreover, when the amount of excrement was measured by the above-mentioned method (a breeding test using a circulating water tank), the amount of excrement was large due to indigestible substances such as starch, and the quality of breeding water was deteriorated.

[0035]

EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION In the case of the present invention, since a transglutaminase is added to a feed material mainly composed of animal and plant proteins, starch materials such as wheat flour, gums and other binders are not used. Alternatively, even when the amount of the binder used is reduced, it is possible to smoothly obtain a feed for fish farming having excellent shape retention. When the fish feed of the present invention is fed to seafood, the amount of residual food and the amount of excrement can be reduced, and therefore the water quality of the breeding environment can be prevented from deteriorating. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The feed for fish culture of the present invention is excellent in feeding ability and palatability by seafood, and can favorably breed seafood. In the case of the present invention, a transglutaminase is allowed to act on an animal or plant protein which is a main component of a fish feed to crosslink a peptide chain in the protein and / or peptide, thereby forming a paste, a soft solid or a hard solid. It is possible to easily and smoothly obtain a feed for fish farming in a desired form. The fish feed of the present invention, without using a large molding device such as an extruder,
It can be easily manufactured at low cost by using a simple device such as an extrusion granulator or a pallet. When the fish feed of the present invention is of a soft type, it does not become hard over time and can maintain a soft state for a long period of time, and it has a long palatability and feeding ability by seafood. You can keep it for a good period.

   ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continued front page    F-term (reference) 2B005 GA00 HA02 JA02 JA04 MB03                       NA01                 2B150 AA07 AA08 AB04 CE04 CE05                       DF09 DF11

Claims (5)

[Claims] 1. A feed for fish farming, characterized in that transglutaminase is added to a feed material mainly comprising animal and plant proteins. 2. A transglutaminase in an amount of 0.001 to 1.0% by mass based on the animal and vegetable protein raw material contained in the feed raw material.
The feed for fish farming according to claim 1, which is added at a ratio of. 3. The fish feed according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the content of the binder is 5% by mass or less based on the total mass of the fish feed. 4. The feed for fish farming according to claim 1, which is a granulated product or a pasty product. 5. The feed for fish farming according to claim 1, which is frozen.