HRP960128A2 - Bearing elements of completely reinforced lightweight concrete structures - Google Patents

Description

The field of technology

The area is well defined in accordance with MKP subgroup E04 B 1/00 and E04 B 2/00, which contain general constructions of walls, floors, ceilings and roofs, as well as individual elements.

Technical assignment

The subject of the invention are load-bearing elements of fully reinforced lightweight concrete constructions, namely: slabs, linear supports, columns and walls, which can rationally be used in monolithic, prefabricated or mixed construction of various lightweight concrete constructions such as: slab and constructions with load-bearing walls, frame constructions, arched constructions , grills, compounds and shells. The invention solves the task of fast, rational and safe construction of lightweight concrete structures in a new way. The adaptability of load-bearing elements to various forms and purposes of structures and buildings contributes to the breadth and rationality of its application.

State of the art

A brief overview of the development of construction with reinforced lightweight concrete leads to the end of the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the twentieth century (1907), we register the use of lightweight concrete based on clinker in the construction of the British Museum. Later, in the mid-thirties of this century, the development of aerated concrete began in Europe, and especially significantly in Sweden. After the Second World War, the production and application of lightweight concrete elements from expanded clay, shale, lava, slag and similar materials expanded, all with the aim of reducing the specific weight and thereby improving the insulating properties, especially the thermal insulating properties, with slight reductions in mechanical strength. A special type of lightweight concrete - styrobeton made from granules of expanded polystyrene as an aggregate and other normal concrete ingredients was launched in 1951 in Germany.

Existing well-known lightweight concrete systems that solve the mentioned technical task in a narrower sense are Ytong (Europe), Leca (Germany), Lytag (Britain) and systems based on expanded clays such as Aglite (Britain), Gravelite (USA) and Solite (Canada) ), and for example Liapor (Sweden), then systems based on the use of fly ash lightweight concrete.

In construction, there are no solutions similar to the subject of the invention due to the fact that all lightweight concrete systems up to now have been created with a significant proportion of lightweight concrete in the reception of internal forces. The concept used in this invention leaves the transmission of internal forces mainly or entirely to the reinforcement and leaves lightweight concrete a secondary role.

The technical task of bridging larger spans in the lightweight concrete version, but in a completely different way, was solved:

(1) In Aglite technology like a multi-storey building in London, see [1].

(2) In Lytag technology, such as the 60-story Marina City Towers in Chicago and the Water Tower Plaža in Chicago as the tallest lightweight concrete buildings in the world, see [1],

(3) In Leca technology like the BMW administrative building in Munich, see [1].

(4) Generally for tall buildings, see [2].

(5) Generally in bridge construction, see [3]. According to its conceptual concept, the invention is close to the idea used in patent applications HP-P960052A and HP-P960066A. The difference compared to HP-P960052A, which contains a "lightweight concrete I-profile support, is that in this invention the I-profile support is stabilized in the plane of the belts with special ties or bars.

The difference compared to the HP-P960066A, which includes a T-bracket with non-parallel belts and mesh secondary reinforcement, is that mesh reinforcement is not installed and that the stabilization of the beam in its plane is surrounded by a lattice construction.

Lightweight concrete for structural and insulating purposes is "known" by the regulations and norms of all developed countries. A special treatment of such constructions is given in the European regulation [4].

References

[1] Short A., W. Kinniburgh, Lightweight Concrete, Third Edition, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., 1978.

[2] Bobrowski J., Outstanding Applications of Lightweight Concrete and an appreciation of likely future developments, in Lightweight Concrete (The Concrete Society, The Construction Press Ltd, Lancaster, England, 1980) 239-260.

[3] Roberts J.E., Lightweight Concrete Bridges for California highway system, in Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Performance, Holm, T.A. Vavsburd, A.M., Edt. (ACI, SP-136, Detroit, 1992) 255-271.

[4] Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-4; General rules - Lightweight aggregate concrete with closed structures, ENV 1992-1-4:1994.

The essence of invention

The essence of the invention is the application of the principle of complete reinforcement to individual load-bearing elements of lightweight concrete structures.

Full reinforcement was applied to lightweight concrete slabs, linear supports, columns and walls.

With complete reinforcement, the transfer of compressive, tensile and shear stresses is almost completely left to the reinforcement. In a new way, the lightweight concrete body is entrusted with the role of secondary load-bearing material for local and global stabilization, as well as the role of anti-corrosion, thermal, acoustic, fire protection and moisture protection.

The lightweight concrete body has properties of low density, which implies a reduction of forces in the elements and later in the construction, and thus the use of a smaller amount of reinforcement, as well as excellent insulating properties.

Load-bearing elements are performed as prefabricated, monolithic or mixed.

Description of the drawing

The drawings show a new system of load-bearing fully reinforced lightweight concrete parts. The drawings show one of the possible ways of applying the elements and in no way restrict the rights granted by the patent claims.

drawing 1 gives an axonometric view of constructions made of lightweight concrete load-bearing parts,

drawing 2 shows a section through a lightweight concrete slab and its part,

drawing 3 shows a section of a support, rectangular, T and I shaped,

drawing 4 shows cross-sections of supports, rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular,

drawing 5 shows a longitudinal section through a rectilinear beam support,

drawing 6 shows the cross-section of columns, rectangular, I and triangular,

drawing 7 shows a plan and a side view of the reinforcing skeleton of a rectilinear column with a triangular section,

drawing 8 shows a vertical section through a prefabricated and monolithic wall,

drawing 9 shows a view and a horizontal section of a lightweight concrete wall,

Detailed description of one of the ways of realizing the invention

The new system of fully reinforced lightweight concrete load-bearing elements shown in drawings 1-9 consists of: plate (1), supports (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7), columns ( 8), (9), (10) and (11) and walls (12) and (13), and are performed by a monolithic, prefabricated or mixed process, as composites composed of a fully reinforced steel skeleton and a lightweight concrete body made as lightweight concrete of density less than 1500 kg/m3, compressive strength greater than 0.5 MPa, tensile strength greater than 0.1 MPa, shear strength greater than 0.02 MPa and initial modulus of elasticity 15000 MPa > E > 300 MPa.

Drawing 1 shows axonometrically two constructions, out of a number of possible ones, made of fully reinforced lightweight concrete load-bearing parts.

Drawing 2 shows a section through the plate (1) whose length, width and thickness, which can be variable, are chosen according to the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability and the physics of the building. Its middle surface can be flat or curved in parts, and it rests on at least one discrete or continuous support (1.5). The plate (1) has mesh reinforcement of the upper (1.1) and lower belt (1.2) and reinforcing ties (1.3) at intervals that ensure the stability of the compression bars, where in each of the two main directions the reinforcement forms a Virendel support while the shear stresses of the plate are taken over by the ties in combination with lightweight concrete body (1.4).

Line supports as load-bearing elements (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) are shown in drawings 3, 4 and 5. The lightweight concrete body is rectangular (2) and (5), T (3), I (4), trapezoidal (6) or triangular (7) cross-section, and the longitudinal axis is rectilinear or curvilinear in parts, which can be placed with one or more supports (2.5), and between the bars of the reinforcing skeleton there are openings of arbitrary shape (2.7) which is not mandatory. The openings in the lightweight concrete body between the bars of the reinforcing skeleton have the purpose of facilitating the construction but also the purpose of installing installations. The reinforcement of the skeleton is connected to them and continued by welding, and if necessary, depending on the type of light concrete used, the reinforcement is protected with protective coatings. For supports with larger cross-section dimensions, side reinforcement (2.6) can be used, which is not mandatory for all types of supports.

The dimensions of the cross-section and the axial length are chosen according to the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability, and their longitudinal edges are parallel or non-parallel in parts. Their main reinforcement is formed into a complete grid support with infill in V, X or N-shaped parts, and the infill reinforcement is placed in at least one plane, whereby the upper zone reinforcement (N.1) (where N is equal to 2,3,4, 5,6, or 7), the lower zone (N.2) and the infill reinforcement (N.3) consist of at least one bar, and the upper zone reinforcement and the lower zone reinforcement in their planes are stiffened by ties (N.4) that form local frames or grids, which is optional.

Columns as load-bearing elements (8), (9), (10) and (11) are shown in drawings 6 and 7. Their lightweight concrete body is rectangular (8) and (10), I (9) or triangular (11) in section and the longitudinal axis is rectilinear or curvilinear in parts, they are held at least in one place (8.5), and between the bars of the reinforcing skeleton, there should be empty openings or openings filled with other materials (8.6) of arbitrary shape, which is not mandatory. Their armature is continued and joined by welding and, if necessary, protected with protective coatings. They can have secondary reinforcement (8.6), which is not mandatory.

The dimensions of the cross-sections of the columns as well as the axis height are chosen in accordance with the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability, and their longitudinal edges are partially parallel or non-parallel. placed in at least one plane, where the reinforcement of the left zone (S.1) (where S is equal to 8,9,10 or 11), the right zone (S.2) and the reinforcement of the filling (S.3) consist of at least one the bars and the reinforcement of the left zone and the reinforcement of the right zone are stiffened in their planes with ties (S.4) that form local frames or grids, which is not mandatory.

The walls as load-bearing elements (12) and (13) are shown in drawings 8 and 9. The dimensions, height, width and thickness, which can be variable, are chosen according to the geometry of the space they enclose and calculations of mechanical resistance and stability, as well as the physics of the building. The middle surface in parts is a flat or curved surface, and they are placed on at least one discrete or continuous support (12.5). If necessary, their fittings are protected with coatings, which is not mandatory. They have mesh reinforcement of the left (12.1) and right zones (12.2) and reinforcing ties (12.3) at intervals that ensure the stability of the compression bars, whereby in each of the two main directions the reinforcement forms a Virendel support while the shear stresses of the slab are taken over by the ties in combination with the lightweight concrete body ( 12.4).

In special static conditions, when the wall transmits forces in its planes (13), then at the height of the floor they have reinforced horizontal bars (12.6), along the edges they have a local column (12.7) which has a concrete body made of light concrete with a density greater than 1500 kg/m3 or normal concrete, which is not mandatory and, if necessary, has diagonal reinforcement (12.8) from floor to floor, which is not mandatory.

In the prefabricated or mixed variant, the execution of the structure or a larger part of the load-bearing structure requires the preliminary execution of prefabricated load-bearing elements in separate formwork. In doing so, anchors are left at the ends of the load-bearing elements for connection with other parts into a logical whole. They are then brought to the construction site and placed in the designated places, with the necessary compliance. The connection with other parts or monolithic parts is done by first connecting the anchors by welding if the monolithization is done with light concrete, and by overlapping if the monolithization is done with concrete of normal weight.

In the monolithic execution variant, the formwork of the part to be executed is first placed. Then the reinforcing skeleton is placed in the formwork, preferably made earlier and brought in parts. The connection of the reinforcement is made by welding in case the connection points will be concreted with light concrete or by overlapping as classic extensions if concreting is done with concrete of normal weight.

With the load-bearing elements that are the subject of this invention, various constructions can be built, from plates and shells, to constructions with load-bearing walls, frame constructions, arched constructions, grill constructions, composites and combinations of these constructions.

The methods of continuous and monolithization are not the subject of this invention.

One of the possible types for making a lightweight concrete body is lightweight concrete based on expanded polystyrene (styrobeton). If the lightweight concrete body is made as lightweight reinforced concrete, then in case of exposure to any type of fire load, the density of the lightweight concrete must be greater than 800 kg/m3.

Method of industrial application

The way of industrial application of the invention in the broadest sense is obvious. The proposed lightweight concrete load-bearing elements are adaptable and adaptable in practice for a new way of building various constructions that are based on individual monolithic or prefabricated lightweight concrete load-bearing elements from this invention.

Claims (14)

1. Load-bearing elements of fully reinforced lightweight concrete constructions as in drawings 1-13, indicated by the fact that they are made as plate (1), supports (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) , columns (8), (9), (10) and (11) and walls (12) and (13), by monolithic, prefabricated or mixed process, as composites composed of a fully reinforced steel skeleton and a lightweight concrete body made as lightweight concrete density less than 1500 kg/m3, compressive strength greater than 0.5 MPa, tensile strength greater than 0.1 MPa, shear strength greater than 0.02 MPa and initial modulus of elasticity 15000 MPa > E > 300 MPa. 2. The plate (1) according to claim 1, whose length, width and thickness, which can be variable, are chosen in accordance with the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability and the physics of the building, whose reinforcement is protected with coatings if necessary, which is not mandatory, indicated by the fact that it has the middle surface is flat or curved in parts, placed on at least one discrete or continuous support (1.5), which has mesh reinforcement of the upper (1.1) and lower belt (1.2) and reinforcing ties (1.3) at intervals that ensure the stability of the compression bars, while in in each of the two main directions, the reinforcement forms a Virendel support, while the shear stresses of the slab are taken over by the ties in combination with the lightweight concrete body (1.4). 3. Brackets (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) according to requirement 1, whose reinforcement is continued and joined by welding and if necessary protected with protective coatings, which has side reinforcement (2.6 ), which is not mandatory, indicated by the fact that their lightweight concrete body is rectangular (2) and (5), T (3), I (4), trapezoidal (6) or triangular (7) in section, and the longitudinal axis is rectilinear or curvilinear in parts , which can be placed on one or more supports (2.5), and between the bars of the reinforcing skeleton there are openings of arbitrary shape (2.7), which is not mandatory. 4. Support of rectangular section (2) and (5) according to claim 3, whose height and cross-section width and axial length are chosen according to the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability, indicated by the fact that its longitudinal edges are parallel or non-parallel in parts, whose main reinforcement is shaped in a complete lattice support with infill in V, X or N-shaped parts and the infill reinforcement placed in at least one plane, whereby the upper zone reinforcement (2.1), the lower zone (2.2) and the infill reinforcement (2.3) consist of at least one bar and the reinforcement the upper zones and the reinforcement of the lower zone in their planes are stiffened with ties (2.4) that form local frames or grids, which is not mandatory. 5. T-section support (3) according to claim 3, the height and thickness of the belt (3.8) and ribs (3.9) and the axis length are chosen in accordance with the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability, indicated by the fact that its longitudinal edges are parallel or non-parallel (polygonal) ), whose main reinforcement is formed into a complete lattice support with infill in V, X or N-shaped parts and the infill reinforcement is placed in at least one plane, whereby the upper zone reinforcement (3.1), the lower zone (3.2) and the infill reinforcement (3.3) they consist of at least one bar and the reinforcement of the upper zone in the plane of the belt is stiffened with ties (3.4) that form a local frame or grid, which is not mandatory. 6. Support of section I (4) according to claim 3, whose height and thickness of ribs and belts and axis length are chosen in accordance with the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability, indicated by the fact that its upper and lower longitudinal edges are parallel, whose main reinforcement is formed into a complete lattice support with V, X or N-shaped filling and the filling reinforcement placed in at least one plane, whereby the reinforcement of the upper zone (4.1), the lower zone (4.2) and the reinforcement of the filling (4.3) consist of at least one bar, and the reinforcement of the upper zone and the reinforcement of the lower zone in their planes, they are stiffened with ties that form local frames or lattices, which is optional. 7. Trapezoidal support (6) according to claim 3, whose height and thickness at the bottom and top and the axial length are chosen in accordance with the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability, indicated by the fact that its longitudinal edges are parallel or non-parallel in parts, whose main reinforcement is shaped in at least one complete lattice support with infill in V, X or N-shaped parts and the infill reinforcement placed in at least one plane, whereby the upper zone reinforcement (6.1), the lower zone (6.2) and the infill reinforcement (6.3) consist of at least one rod and the reinforcement of the upper zone and the reinforcement of the lower zone in their planes are stiffened with ties (6.4) that form local frames or grids, which is not mandatory. 8. Triangular section support (7) according to claim 3, whose height and width and axis length are chosen in accordance with the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability, characterized by the fact that its upper and lower longitudinal edges can be parallel and non-parallel, and it has reinforcement of the upper zone (7.1) which consists of at least one bar, the reinforcement of the lower zone (7.2) which consists of at least one bar and the infill reinforcement (7.3) which consists of at least one bar, the reinforcement of which is formed into a complete lattice support with filling in the form of V, X or N and the reinforcement of the filling is placed in at least one plane and the reinforcement of the upper zone in its plane is stiffened by ties (7.4) that form a local frame or grid. 9. Columns (8), (9), (10) and (11) according to claim 1, whose reinforcement is continued and joined by welding and if necessary protected with protective coatings, which has secondary reinforcement (8.6) which is not mandatory, indicated by the fact that they have a lightweight concrete body of rectangular (8) and (10), I (9) or triangular (11) cross-section, and the longitudinal axis is rectilinear or curvilinear in parts, which are supported at least in one place (8.5), and between the bars of the reinforcing skeleton have empty spaces or openings filled with other materials (8.6) of arbitrary shape, which is not mandatory. 10. Column of rectangular cross-section (8) and (10) according to claim 9, whose thickness and cross-section width and axial height are chosen according to the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability, indicated by the fact that its longitudinal edges are parallel or non-parallel in parts, whose main reinforcement is shaped in a complete lattice support with infill in V, X or N-shaped parts and the infill reinforcement placed in at least one plane, whereby the left zone reinforcement (8.1), the right zone (8.2) and the infill reinforcement (8.3) consist of at least one rod and the reinforcement of the left zone and the reinforcement of the right zone in their planes are stiffened with ties (8.4) that form local frames or grids, which is not mandatory. 11. Column I section (9) according to claim 9, whose width and thickness of ribs (9.8) and belts (9.9) and axis height are chosen in accordance with the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability, indicated by the fact that its edges are parallel or non-parallel in parts, whose the main reinforcement formed into a complete lattice support with filling in V, X or N-shaped parts and the filling reinforcement placed in at least one plane, whereby the reinforcement of the left zone (9.1), the right zone (9.2) and the filling reinforcement (9.3) consist of at least one bars and the reinforcement of the upper zone and the reinforcement of the lower zone in their planes are stiffened with ties (9.4) that form local frames or grids, which is not mandatory. 12. Column of triangular cross-section (11) according to claim 9, whose height and width and axis length are chosen in accordance with the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability, indicated by the fact that its edges are parallel or non-parallel in parts and has reinforcement of the left zone (11.1) which consists of at least one bar, reinforcement of the right zone (l 1.2) consisting of at least one bar and filling reinforcement (11.3) consisting of at least one bar, whose reinforcement is formed into a complete lattice support with filling in V, X or N-shaped parts and the reinforcement of the filling is placed in at least one plane, and the reinforcement of the left zone in its plane is stiffened by ties (11.4) that form a local frame or grid. 13. Walls (12) and (13) according to claim 1, whose height and width and thickness, which can be variable, are chosen in accordance with the requirements of mechanical resistance and stability and the physics of the building, whose reinforcement is protected with coatings if necessary, which is not mandatory, indicated by the fact that their middle surface in parts is a plane or curved surface, placed on at least one discrete or continuous support (12.5), which has mesh reinforcement of the left (12.1) and right zones (12.2) and reinforcing ties (12.3) at intervals that ensure the stability of the compression bars where in each of the two main directions the reinforcement forms a Virendel support while the shear stresses of the plate are taken over by the ties in combination with the lightweight concrete body (12.4). 14. The wall (13) according to claim 13, in the case of large attack forces in the plane of the wall, indicated by the fact that they have reinforced horizontal bars (12.6) at the height of the floor, at the edges they have a local column (12.7) which has a concrete body made of lightweight concrete greater than 1500 kg/m3 or normal concrete, which is optional and which has diagonal reinforcement (12.8) from floor to floor, which is optional.