GB728248A - Improvements relating to hypodermic injection apparatus - Google Patents
Improvements relating to hypodermic injection apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- GB728248A GB728248A GB29812/52A GB2981252A GB728248A GB 728248 A GB728248 A GB 728248A GB 29812/52 A GB29812/52 A GB 29812/52A GB 2981252 A GB2981252 A GB 2981252A GB 728248 A GB728248 A GB 728248A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- ampoule
- pawls
- tube
- spring
- needle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/178—Syringes
- A61M5/20—Automatic syringes, e.g. with automatically actuated piston rod, with automatic needle injection, filling automatically
- A61M5/2033—Spring-loaded one-shot injectors with or without automatic needle insertion
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/178—Syringes
- A61M5/24—Ampoule syringes, i.e. syringes with needle for use in combination with replaceable ampoules or carpules, e.g. automatic
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/178—Syringes
- A61M5/24—Ampoule syringes, i.e. syringes with needle for use in combination with replaceable ampoules or carpules, e.g. automatic
- A61M5/2422—Ampoule syringes, i.e. syringes with needle for use in combination with replaceable ampoules or carpules, e.g. automatic using emptying means to expel or eject media, e.g. pistons, deformation of the ampoule, or telescoping of the ampoule
- A61M5/2429—Ampoule syringes, i.e. syringes with needle for use in combination with replaceable ampoules or carpules, e.g. automatic using emptying means to expel or eject media, e.g. pistons, deformation of the ampoule, or telescoping of the ampoule by telescoping of ampoules or carpules with the syringe body
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/178—Syringes
- A61M5/31—Details
- A61M5/32—Needles; Details of needles pertaining to their connection with syringe or hub; Accessories for bringing the needle into, or holding the needle on, the body; Devices for protection of needles
- A61M5/3205—Apparatus for removing or disposing of used needles or syringes, e.g. containers; Means for protection against accidental injuries from used needles
- A61M5/321—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles
- A61M5/322—Retractable needles, i.e. disconnected from and withdrawn into the syringe barrel by the piston
- A61M5/3234—Fully automatic needle retraction, i.e. in which triggering of the needle does not require a deliberate action by the user
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/178—Syringes
- A61M5/20—Automatic syringes, e.g. with automatically actuated piston rod, with automatic needle injection, filling automatically
- A61M2005/206—With automatic needle insertion
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/178—Syringes
- A61M5/20—Automatic syringes, e.g. with automatically actuated piston rod, with automatic needle injection, filling automatically
- A61M2005/2073—Automatic syringes, e.g. with automatically actuated piston rod, with automatic needle injection, filling automatically preventing premature release, e.g. by making use of a safety lock
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/178—Syringes
- A61M5/31—Details
- A61M5/32—Needles; Details of needles pertaining to their connection with syringe or hub; Accessories for bringing the needle into, or holding the needle on, the body; Devices for protection of needles
- A61M5/3205—Apparatus for removing or disposing of used needles or syringes, e.g. containers; Means for protection against accidental injuries from used needles
- A61M5/321—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles
- A61M5/322—Retractable needles, i.e. disconnected from and withdrawn into the syringe barrel by the piston
- A61M5/3232—Semi-automatic needle retraction, i.e. in which triggering of the needle retraction requires a deliberate action by the user, e.g. manual release of spring-biased retraction means
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
Abstract
728,248. Hypodermic syringes. ROOSEBOOM, A. Nov. 25, 1952, No. 29812/52. Class 81 (2). An automatic injection device comprises power means which cause projection of the needle and which are disengaged from the medicament container support after a predetermined travel has been effected. In one form a tube 29, carrying a needle 27 at one end, is normally held against movement by a latch 34<1> engaging a notch 31. The further end of this tube bears against the plunger 43. of an ampoule 42, the edge of which is engaged by pawls 45 and which is urged towards the left by a spring 35 bearing on a tubular support 36 which presses against the -rear side of the lip 41 by further pawls 40. When the protecting cap 20 is removed, the latch 34<1> is free to be moved and if it is released, the entire ampoule and needle assembly is moved to the left by .the spring 35. After a predetermined movement, however, the pawls 45 engage the edge of a tube 49 and are closed inwards thereby so that the ampoule is no longer held by them, but is moved onwards by spring 35, relative to the plunger, to expel the medicament. As this' operation is completed, the outer pads on pawls 40 slide outwardly on the chamfer 55, at the end of tube 34, so that the spring 35 is thus completely disconnected from the ampoule, which is free to move backwards under the action of a light spring 48, the needle being withdrawn at the same time. In order to insert a fresh ampoule the tube 34 is detached from the body member 51, by a bayonet or similar fastening, the spent ampoule is taken out, a fresh one is placed in position against the pawls 45, the body of the ampoule is inserted between the pawls 40, which are drawn inwards by pressing the body 36 into the tube 34. The body 51 and tube 34 are then pressed together, thereby compressing the spring 35 until the bayonet connection can be re-engaged. In modifications, balls may replace the pawls 40 and a double ended ampoule may be used, the plunger being thrust forward by a cylindrical member on a tubular device corresponding to the holder 36.
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1078911D FR1078911A (en) | 1949-08-17 | 1950-08-17 | Automatic hypodermic syringe and its ampoule |
DEU493A DE902776C (en) | 1949-08-17 | 1950-08-17 | Automatic injection device with ampoule |
US285389A US2752918A (en) | 1949-08-17 | 1952-05-01 | Hypodermic injection apparatus |
GB29812/52A GB728248A (en) | 1949-08-17 | 1952-11-25 | Improvements relating to hypodermic injection apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11077649A | 1949-08-17 | 1949-08-17 | |
GB29812/52A GB728248A (en) | 1949-08-17 | 1952-11-25 | Improvements relating to hypodermic injection apparatus |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB728248A true GB728248A (en) | 1955-04-13 |
Family
ID=41210936
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB29812/52A Expired GB728248A (en) | 1949-08-17 | 1952-11-25 | Improvements relating to hypodermic injection apparatus |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US2752918A (en) |
DE (1) | DE902776C (en) |
FR (1) | FR1078911A (en) |
GB (1) | GB728248A (en) |
Cited By (43)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2171304A1 (en) * | 1972-02-10 | 1973-09-21 | Philips Nv | |
EP0516473A1 (en) * | 1991-05-30 | 1992-12-02 | Owen Mumford Limited | Automatic injection devices |
WO1993013819A1 (en) * | 1992-01-07 | 1993-07-22 | Sti International Limited | Automatic injectors |
WO1993023098A1 (en) * | 1992-05-15 | 1993-11-25 | Safe-T-Limited | Syringe with retractable needle |
FR2691904A1 (en) * | 1992-06-04 | 1993-12-10 | Applic Tech Et | Automatic syringe actuation device. |
US5295965A (en) * | 1992-01-07 | 1994-03-22 | Survival Technology, Inc. | Automatic injectors |
WO1994021316A1 (en) * | 1993-03-24 | 1994-09-29 | Owen Mumford Limited | Improvements relating to injection devices |
WO1997041908A1 (en) * | 1996-05-03 | 1997-11-13 | Nordway Limited | Safety syringe |
WO1999059658A1 (en) * | 1998-05-19 | 1999-11-25 | Sedat | Injection syringe with needle shield loaded with a spring |
WO2003097133A1 (en) | 2002-05-17 | 2003-11-27 | Owen Mumford Limited | Injection device with automatically retractable needle |
WO2006106290A1 (en) * | 2005-04-06 | 2006-10-12 | Cilag Ag International | Injection device |
EP1743666A1 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2007-01-17 | SHL Medical AB | Injector with automatic needle insertion, injection and needle retraction |
US8277414B2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2012-10-02 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US8313464B2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2012-11-20 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US8313463B2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2012-11-20 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US8313465B2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2012-11-20 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US8317751B2 (en) | 2005-04-06 | 2012-11-27 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US8343110B2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2013-01-01 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US8366669B2 (en) | 2005-04-06 | 2013-02-05 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US8409138B2 (en) | 2007-03-09 | 2013-04-02 | Eli Lilly And Company | Delay mechanism for automatic injection device |
US8734394B2 (en) | 2010-03-01 | 2014-05-27 | Eli Lilly And Company | Automatic injection device with delay mechanism including dual functioning biasing member |
US8834419B2 (en) | 2008-06-19 | 2014-09-16 | Cilag Gmbh International | Reusable auto-injector |
US8845594B2 (en) | 2008-06-19 | 2014-09-30 | Cilag Gmbh International | Auto-injector with filling means |
US8932266B2 (en) | 2008-08-13 | 2015-01-13 | Owen Mumford Limited | Autoinjection devices |
US8939958B2 (en) | 2008-06-19 | 2015-01-27 | Cilag Gmbh International | Fluid transfer assembly for a syringe |
US8968236B2 (en) | 2005-04-06 | 2015-03-03 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US9028453B2 (en) | 2008-06-19 | 2015-05-12 | Cilag Gmbh International | Reusable auto-injector |
US9028451B2 (en) | 2006-06-01 | 2015-05-12 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US9072833B2 (en) | 2006-06-01 | 2015-07-07 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US9358346B2 (en) | 2005-08-30 | 2016-06-07 | Cilag Gmbh International | Needle assembly for a prefilled syringe system |
US9675758B2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2017-06-13 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US9675757B2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2017-06-13 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US9682194B2 (en) | 2008-06-19 | 2017-06-20 | Cilag Gmbh International | Re-useable auto-injector with filling means |
US9731080B2 (en) | 2005-04-06 | 2017-08-15 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US9757520B2 (en) | 2006-06-01 | 2017-09-12 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US9770558B2 (en) | 2005-09-27 | 2017-09-26 | Cilag Gmbh International | Auto-injection device with needle protecting cap having outer and inner sleeves |
US9895493B2 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2018-02-20 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US9913943B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2018-03-13 | Eli Lilly And Company | Trigger assembly for an automatic injection device |
US9925337B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2018-03-27 | Eli Lilly And Company | Delay mechanism suitable for compact automatic injection device |
US10709849B2 (en) | 2013-06-11 | 2020-07-14 | Cilag Gmbh International | Guide for an injection device |
US10799646B2 (en) | 2013-06-11 | 2020-10-13 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US11123492B2 (en) | 2013-06-11 | 2021-09-21 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
US11173255B2 (en) | 2013-06-11 | 2021-11-16 | Cilag Gmbh International | Injection device |
Families Citing this family (80)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2664086A (en) * | 1950-08-15 | 1953-12-29 | Gerald O Transue | Automatic injector for hypodermic needles |
US2960087A (en) * | 1954-02-16 | 1960-11-15 | Auguste Rooseboom | Hypodermic injection apparatus |
GB789029A (en) * | 1954-10-27 | 1958-01-15 | Astra Apotekarnes Kem Fab | Improvements in hypodermic syringes |
DE1081192B (en) * | 1954-10-27 | 1960-05-05 | Maurice Steiner | Injection syringe |
US3055362A (en) * | 1956-05-16 | 1962-09-25 | Auguste Rooseboom | Hypodermic injection apparatus |
NL106573C (en) * | 1957-05-31 | |||
US3051173A (en) * | 1960-05-12 | 1962-08-28 | Alvin P Johnson | Veterinary hypodermic syringe |
NL265346A (en) * | 1960-06-10 | |||
DE1269771B (en) * | 1961-03-21 | 1968-06-06 | Int Treuhand A G | Injection ampoule |
US3314428A (en) * | 1963-12-04 | 1967-04-18 | Alvin P Johnson | Veterinary hypodermic syringe |
US3306290A (en) * | 1964-02-14 | 1967-02-28 | Harold S Weltman | Automatically retractable needle syringe |
US3403679A (en) * | 1964-12-11 | 1968-10-01 | Secr Defence Brit | Hypodermic injection apparatus with a secondary capsule-collapsing means |
DE1957833A1 (en) * | 1968-11-21 | 1970-07-02 | Maurice Steiner | Injection syringe, especially injection syringe handled by the patient himself |
BE755224A (en) * | 1969-08-25 | 1971-02-24 | Philips Nv | INJECTION SYRINGE |
US3780734A (en) * | 1971-12-10 | 1973-12-25 | G Wulff | Hypodermic syringe holder and injector device |
US3882863A (en) * | 1973-08-01 | 1975-05-13 | Survival Technology | Hypodermic injection device having cannula covered with resilient sheath |
US3880163A (en) * | 1973-10-26 | 1975-04-29 | Jack H Ritterskamp | Medicinal syringe actuating device |
US4202314A (en) * | 1978-11-20 | 1980-05-13 | Busygin Valery P | Device for injection of medicinal preparations |
DE3673317D1 (en) * | 1985-10-11 | 1990-09-13 | Duphar Int Res | AUTOMATIC SYRINGE. |
US4894054A (en) * | 1988-06-20 | 1990-01-16 | Miskinyar Shir A | Preloaded automatic disposable syringe |
US5188599A (en) * | 1989-07-11 | 1993-02-23 | Med-Design, Inc. | Retractable needle system |
GB8926825D0 (en) * | 1989-11-28 | 1990-01-17 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Device |
US5320606A (en) * | 1993-03-17 | 1994-06-14 | Jore Matthew B | Single use hypodermic safety syringe |
US5425715A (en) * | 1993-08-05 | 1995-06-20 | Survival Technology, Inc. | Reloadable injector |
US5593388A (en) * | 1993-11-11 | 1997-01-14 | N.J. Phillips Pty. Limited | Injector with retractable shroud |
US5423758A (en) * | 1993-12-16 | 1995-06-13 | Shaw; Thomas J. | Retractable fluid collection device |
US5478316A (en) * | 1994-02-02 | 1995-12-26 | Becton, Dickinson And Company | Automatic self-injection device |
JPH10510450A (en) * | 1994-12-02 | 1998-10-13 | サイエンス インコーポレイテッド | Drug dispensing device |
FR2733155B1 (en) * | 1995-04-18 | 1997-09-19 | Tebro | RECHARGEABLE SELF-INJECTOR |
US5658259A (en) * | 1995-10-19 | 1997-08-19 | Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc. | Dental cartridge assembly auto-injector with protective needle cover |
US5709662A (en) * | 1996-08-23 | 1998-01-20 | Becton Dickinson France, S.A. | Cartridge for an injection device |
US5843036A (en) * | 1996-08-23 | 1998-12-01 | Becton Dickinson And Company | Non-dosing cartridge for an injection device |
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US6986760B2 (en) * | 2000-08-02 | 2006-01-17 | Becton, Dickinson And Company | Pen needle and safety shield system |
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US7615234B2 (en) | 2001-09-11 | 2009-11-10 | Glide Pharmaceutical Technologies Limited | Drug delivery technology |
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US7252651B2 (en) * | 2003-01-07 | 2007-08-07 | Becton, Dickinson And Company | Disposable injection device |
US20050027255A1 (en) * | 2003-07-31 | 2005-02-03 | Sid Technologies, Llc | Automatic injector |
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US11369735B2 (en) | 2019-11-05 | 2022-06-28 | Insulet Corporation | Component positioning of a linear shuttle pump |
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US159192A (en) * | 1875-01-26 | Improvement in hypodermic syringes | ||
DE378714C (en) * | 1923-07-30 | Charles De Montet Dr | Automatic injection device | |
NL60606C (en) * | 1900-01-01 | |||
DE356704C (en) * | 1918-03-15 | 1922-07-27 | Edmondo Luswergh Dr | syringe |
US2413303A (en) * | 1944-01-17 | 1946-12-31 | Marvin L Folkman | Syringe |
US2531267A (en) * | 1947-10-16 | 1950-11-21 | Harnisch Fritz | Hypodermic syringe operating device |
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- 1950-08-17 DE DEU493A patent/DE902776C/en not_active Expired
- 1950-08-17 FR FR1078911D patent/FR1078911A/en not_active Expired
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1952
- 1952-05-01 US US285389A patent/US2752918A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1952-11-25 GB GB29812/52A patent/GB728248A/en not_active Expired
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FR2171304A1 (en) * | 1972-02-10 | 1973-09-21 | Philips Nv | |
EP0516473A1 (en) * | 1991-05-30 | 1992-12-02 | Owen Mumford Limited | Automatic injection devices |
US5300030A (en) * | 1991-05-30 | 1994-04-05 | Owen Mumford Limited | Injection devices |
US5295965A (en) * | 1992-01-07 | 1994-03-22 | Survival Technology, Inc. | Automatic injectors |
WO1993013819A1 (en) * | 1992-01-07 | 1993-07-22 | Sti International Limited | Automatic injectors |
CN1124165C (en) * | 1992-01-07 | 2003-10-15 | Sti国际有限公司 | Automatic injectors |
WO1993023098A1 (en) * | 1992-05-15 | 1993-11-25 | Safe-T-Limited | Syringe with retractable needle |
AU688261B2 (en) * | 1992-05-15 | 1998-03-12 | Safe-T-Limited | Syringe with retractable needle |
EP0577448A1 (en) * | 1992-06-04 | 1994-01-05 | Societe D'etudes Et Applications Techniques ( S.E.D.A.T.) | Automatic syringe driver |
FR2691904A1 (en) * | 1992-06-04 | 1993-12-10 | Applic Tech Et | Automatic syringe actuation device. |
WO1994021316A1 (en) * | 1993-03-24 | 1994-09-29 | Owen Mumford Limited | Improvements relating to injection devices |
WO1997041908A1 (en) * | 1996-05-03 | 1997-11-13 | Nordway Limited | Safety syringe |
US6132401A (en) * | 1996-05-03 | 2000-10-17 | Nordway Limited | Safety syringe |
AU720142B2 (en) * | 1996-05-03 | 2000-05-25 | Nordway Limited | Safety syringe |
FR2778853A1 (en) * | 1998-05-19 | 1999-11-26 | Sedat | Injection syringe with spring-loaded needle guard |
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US10709849B2 (en) | 2013-06-11 | 2020-07-14 | Cilag Gmbh International | Guide for an injection device |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE902776C (en) | 1954-01-28 |
US2752918A (en) | 1956-07-03 |
FR1078911A (en) | 1954-11-24 |
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