GB1561908A - Electroplating methods - Google Patents
Electroplating methods Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB1561908A GB1561908A GB39238/76A GB3923876A GB1561908A GB 1561908 A GB1561908 A GB 1561908A GB 39238/76 A GB39238/76 A GB 39238/76A GB 3923876 A GB3923876 A GB 3923876A GB 1561908 A GB1561908 A GB 1561908A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- surface active
- metallic material
- metal
- layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 44
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 title description 20
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- -1 cetyl diethyl amine Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 4
- IBOBFGGLRNWLIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylhexadecan-1-amine oxide Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)[O-] IBOBFGGLRNWLIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- YWWNNLPSZSEZNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyldecan-1-amine Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCN(C)C YWWNNLPSZSEZNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 49
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 48
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 28
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 28
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 239000013528 metallic particle Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 17
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 5
- QCTZUSWOKFCWNB-QXMHVHEDSA-N (z)-n,n-dimethyloctadec-9-en-1-amine oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)[O-] QCTZUSWOKFCWNB-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-butyl-butylamine Natural products CCCCNCCCC JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940043237 diethanolamine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 2
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ONHFWHCMZAJCFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N myristamine oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)[O-] ONHFWHCMZAJCFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVUGARXRRGZONH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethyloctan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN(CC)CC BVUGARXRRGZONH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YYRMITYYFKZLLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylhexan-1-amine oxide Chemical compound CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)[O-] YYRMITYYFKZLLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UTTVXKGNTWZECK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyloctadecan-1-amine oxide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)[O-] UTTVXKGNTWZECK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- WYTZZXDRDKSJID-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCN WYTZZXDRDKSJID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFEAOSSMQHGXMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 12007-10-2 Chemical compound [W].[W]=[B] OFEAOSSMQHGXMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000018185 Betula X alpestris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018212 Betula X uliginosa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)C KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000978 Pb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- WINXNKPZLFISPD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Saccharin sodium Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C2=C1 WINXNKPZLFISPD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910018540 Si C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- CXRFFSKFQFGBOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(selanylidene)niobium Chemical compound [Se]=[Nb]=[Se] CXRFFSKFQFGBOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROUIDRHELGULJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(selanylidene)tungsten Chemical compound [Se]=[W]=[Se] ROUIDRHELGULJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTDAIYZKROTZLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N boranylidynetantalum Chemical compound [Ta]#B XTDAIYZKROTZLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron carbide Chemical compound B12B3B4C32B41 INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(6+) Chemical compound [Cr+6] JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- SAOPTAQUONRHEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold zinc Chemical compound [Zn].[Au] SAOPTAQUONRHEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NFFIWVVINABMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidynetantalum Chemical compound [Ta]#C NFFIWVVINABMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003468 tantalcarbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001302 tertiary amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten disulfide Chemical compound S=[W]=S ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
- C25D15/02—Combined electrolytic and electrophoretic processes with charged materials
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/696,073 US4043878A (en) | 1976-06-14 | 1976-06-14 | Electroplating method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1561908A true GB1561908A (en) | 1980-03-05 |
Family
ID=24795605
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB39238/76A Expired GB1561908A (en) | 1976-06-14 | 1976-09-22 | Electroplating methods |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4043878A (oth) |
| JP (1) | JPS52152945A (oth) |
| CA (1) | CA1052318A (oth) |
| DE (1) | DE2646881C3 (oth) |
| GB (1) | GB1561908A (oth) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0764570B2 (ja) * | 1991-08-19 | 1995-07-12 | 東洋製罐株式会社 | ガラス成形用金型及びその製造方法 |
| US5240090A (en) * | 1992-12-15 | 1993-08-31 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Apparatus and method of lubricating component leads |
| DE4404817C1 (de) * | 1994-02-16 | 1995-07-27 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer gehärteten Bleibatterieelektrode |
| AT408351B (de) * | 2000-05-17 | 2001-11-26 | Miba Gleitlager Ag | Verfahren zum galvanischen abscheiden einer dispersionsschicht auf einer oberfläche eines werkstückes |
| EP1673218B1 (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2013-06-19 | The Boeing Company | Protective applique coating and use thereof |
| US7867621B2 (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2011-01-11 | The Boeing Company | Wide area lightning diverter overlay |
| TWI400363B (zh) * | 2007-08-28 | 2013-07-01 | 羅門哈斯電子材料有限公司 | 電化學沈積之銦複合材料 |
| US11542621B1 (en) * | 2016-09-02 | 2023-01-03 | Maxterial, Inc. | Coatings and coated surfaces including low-surface energy inorganic particles |
| EP3691894A4 (en) | 2017-09-28 | 2021-07-07 | Maxterial, Inc. | OBJECTS WITH SURFACE COATINGS AND METHODS FOR THEIR MANUFACTURING |
| AU2022292752A1 (en) | 2021-06-18 | 2024-02-01 | Maxterial, Inc. | Articles including surface coatings on external surfaces, internal surfaces or both |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US779639A (en) * | 1903-04-29 | 1905-01-10 | Edson G Case | Method of fastening abrasive material to metal bodies. |
| US3061525A (en) * | 1959-06-22 | 1962-10-30 | Platecraft Of America Inc | Method for electroforming and coating |
| DE1621206B2 (de) * | 1967-01-18 | 1971-12-16 | Friedr. Blasberg Gmbh & Co, Kg, 5650 Solingen | Verfahren zur beschichtung gleitend reibend auf verschleiss beanspruchter werkstuecke |
| JPS5315011B2 (oth) * | 1972-06-03 | 1978-05-22 | ||
| DE2236443C3 (de) * | 1972-07-25 | 1978-05-24 | Elektroschmelzwerk Kempten Gmbh, 8000 Muenchen | Wäßriges Bad zur Herstellung von metallischen Überzügen, die nichtmetallische, feinverteilte Feststoffe eingelagert enthalten |
| US3891542A (en) * | 1973-11-05 | 1975-06-24 | Ford Motor Co | Method for insuring high silicon carbide content in elnisil coatings |
| US3891534A (en) * | 1973-11-05 | 1975-06-24 | Ford Motor Co | Electroplating system for improving plating distribution of elnisil coatings |
-
1976
- 1976-06-14 US US05/696,073 patent/US4043878A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1976-09-20 CA CA261,532A patent/CA1052318A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-09-22 GB GB39238/76A patent/GB1561908A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-10-16 DE DE2646881A patent/DE2646881C3/de not_active Expired
- 1976-11-19 JP JP13857576A patent/JPS52152945A/ja active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2646881C3 (de) | 1980-09-04 |
| DE2646881B2 (de) | 1980-01-03 |
| DE2646881A1 (de) | 1977-12-22 |
| CA1052318A (en) | 1979-04-10 |
| US4043878A (en) | 1977-08-23 |
| JPS5610399B2 (oth) | 1981-03-07 |
| JPS52152945A (en) | 1977-12-19 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US3996114A (en) | Electroplating method | |
| EP0674725B1 (en) | Electrodeposition of nickel-tungsten amorphous and microcrystalline coatings | |
| US4302322A (en) | Low hydrogen overvoltage electrode | |
| US4160707A (en) | Process for applying coatings containing both a metal and a synthetic resin | |
| CA1118710A (en) | Hard, heat-resistant nickel electrodeposits | |
| US4043878A (en) | Electroplating method | |
| EP0277640B1 (en) | Zn-based composite-plated metallic material and plating method | |
| JPS60169588A (ja) | 亜鉛用または亜鉛合金用酸性電着浴 | |
| CA1129805A (en) | Electrodeposition of ruthenium-iridium alloy | |
| US4249999A (en) | Electrolytic zinc-nickel alloy plating | |
| EP0005890B1 (en) | Process for depositing composite coatings containing inorganic particles from an electroplating bath | |
| US3891542A (en) | Method for insuring high silicon carbide content in elnisil coatings | |
| CA1195645A (en) | High-rate chromium alloy plating | |
| RU2169798C1 (ru) | Способ получения композиционных покрытий на основе цинка | |
| US4479855A (en) | Galvanic dispersion deposition bath | |
| US4388379A (en) | Electrodeposition of low stress, hard iron alloy and article so produced | |
| JPS5811518B2 (ja) | 金属−ダイヤモンドの複合メッキ方法 | |
| CA1287321C (en) | Chromium electroplating | |
| RU2437967C1 (ru) | Способ осаждения композиционных покрытий никель-ванадий-фосфор-нитрид бора | |
| CA1116548A (en) | Method of producing a composite coated steel sheet | |
| US5605565A (en) | Process for attaining metallized articles | |
| US2576922A (en) | Electrodeposition with nickel | |
| Snaith et al. | Some Further Studies of the Mechanism of Cermet Electrodeposition: Part 2—Variable Factors in the Process of Electrodeposition of Metal-Matrix Composites | |
| Young | Codeposition of wear-resistant particles with chromium | |
| Fawzy et al. | Effect of some operating variables on the characteristics of electrodeposited Cu Ni alloys with and without α‐Al2O3 and TiO2 inert particles |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Patent sealed [section 19, patents act 1949] | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |