FR2660930A1 - Lubrifiant pour surface en ceramique et procede de lubrification. - Google Patents

Lubrifiant pour surface en ceramique et procede de lubrification. Download PDF

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Publication number
FR2660930A1
FR2660930A1 FR9004817A FR9004817A FR2660930A1 FR 2660930 A1 FR2660930 A1 FR 2660930A1 FR 9004817 A FR9004817 A FR 9004817A FR 9004817 A FR9004817 A FR 9004817A FR 2660930 A1 FR2660930 A1 FR 2660930A1
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FR
France
Prior art keywords
lubricant
fluoride
rare earth
binder
ceramic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
FR9004817A
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English (en)
Inventor
Azema Olivier
Platon Francis
Godet Maurice
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ceramiques et Composites SA
Original Assignee
Ceramiques et Composites SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ceramiques et Composites SA filed Critical Ceramiques et Composites SA
Priority to FR9004817A priority Critical patent/FR2660930A1/fr
Priority to EP91400876A priority patent/EP0452189A1/fr
Priority to JP3103632A priority patent/JPH04227688A/ja
Priority to PT97356A priority patent/PT97356A/pt
Priority to CA002040356A priority patent/CA2040356A1/fr
Priority to IE124691A priority patent/IE911246A1/en
Priority to KR1019910005946A priority patent/KR910018524A/ko
Publication of FR2660930A1 publication Critical patent/FR2660930A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M103/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being an inorganic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M3/00—Liquid compositions essentially based on lubricating components other than mineral lubricating oils or fatty oils and their use as lubricants; Use as lubricants of single liquid substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M103/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being an inorganic material
    • C10M103/06—Metal compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M107/02—Hydrocarbon polymers; Hydrocarbon polymers modified by oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M107/20—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M107/22—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M107/24—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an alcohol, aldehyde, ketonic, ether, ketal or acetal radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M107/20—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M107/22—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M107/28—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate
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    • C10M107/20—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M107/30—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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    • C10M107/50—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound containing silicon
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    • C10M111/00—Lubrication compositions characterised by the base-material being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M101/00 - C10M109/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M111/04—Lubrication compositions characterised by the base-material being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M101/00 - C10M109/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being a macromolecular organic compound
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    • C10M2201/003—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions used as base material
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    • C10M2201/04—Elements
    • C10M2201/0403—Elements used as base material
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    • C10M2201/043—Sulfur; Selenenium; Tellurium
    • C10M2201/0433—Sulfur; Selenenium; Tellurium used as base material
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    • C10M2201/0623—Oxides; Hydroxides; Carbonates or bicarbonates used as base material
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    • C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/05—Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon
    • C10M2229/054—Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon containing phosphorus
    • C10M2229/0545—Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon containing phosphorus used as base material

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  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un matériau pour lubrifier le contact entre une première surface 2 en céramique et une seconde surface 1 (céramique). Ce matériau comprend un fluorure de terres rares et est déposé entre les surfaces à lubrifier, avantageusement par compactage.

Description

LUBRIFIANT POUR SURFACE EN CERAMIQUE ET
PROCEDE DE LUBRIFICATION
La présente invention concerne un lubrifiant pour couple de frottement céramique/céramique et métal/céramique, et un procédé de lubrification. La lubrification des pièces en mouvement est généralement assurée par
des huiles, graisses chargées ou non en particules Toutefois, l'utilisa-
tion de ces lubrifiants est limitée par la température d'utilisation.
Ainsi, pour les utilisations à haute température, la lubrification des pièces en mouvement est généralement assurée par des matériaux inorganiques résistant à la température tels que le graphite, le fluorure
de calcium, sulfure de molybdène.
Ces lubrifiants solides sont introduits sous forme de dépôts d'épais-
seur plus ou moins grande sur les surfaces soumises à des frottements.
Ils sont déposés soit directement sous forme de poudre soit sous forme de
composition avec un liant organique ou inorganique.
Toutefois, ces lubrifiants solides résistants aux températures élevées, introduits entre les surfaces frottantes ne permettent pas d'obtenir un lubrification convenable de cette surface Ainsi, une couche de graphite déposée entre deux surfaces en céramique, mises en mouvement l'une par rapport à l'autre sera évacuée très rapidement Ce phénomène a
été vérifié avec de nombreux lubrifiants solides connus.
L'invention a notamment pour but de remédier à ces inconvénients en proposant un lubrifiant solide pour surfaces en matériau céramique qui d'une part forme une couche stable entre les deux surfaces à lubrifier et d'autre part procure un coefficient de frottement très bas et cela même à
températures élevées.
A cet effet, l'invention propose un matériau pour lubrifier le contact entre une première surface en un premier matériau et une seconde surface en matériau céramique Ce lubrifiant comprend comme composant principal
au moins un fluorure de terres rares.
Par terres rares, on entend les éléments de la famille des lanthanides ayant un numéro atomique allant de 57 à 71, y compris l'yttrium de numéro
atomique 39.
Ainsi à titre d'exemple, on peut citer les f luorures de lanthane,
cérium, néodyme, gadolinium.
Selon une caractéristique préférentielle de l'invention, le lubrifiant de l'invention est disposé sous forme de couche ou film sur une des
surfaces à lubrifier Avantageusement, le lubrifiant est compacté.
Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, le lubrifiant de l'invention comprend également un composé minéral ou organique formant un
liant dans lequel est dispersé le fluorure de terres rares.
A titre d'exemple, on peut citer comme liant organique des résines telles que les polymères polyquinoxiléiniques, polybenzimidazoles, polyimides, acryliques, vinyliques, acétates, phénoliques, silicones,
epoxydes, polyamides, uréthanes ou analogues.
Egalement, à titre d'exemple on peut citer comme liant minéral ou inorganique convenable pour l'invention, des composés à base de silicate ou phosphate, tels que silicate de sodium, et phosphate de sodium et/ou
de potassium et/ou aluminium.
Le lubrifiant de l'invention peut également comprendre différents additifs tels que des additifs pour améliorer la résistance à la corrosion, favoriser l'application du lubrifiant, colorants, agents
mouillants, fondants ou analogues.
Les teneurs en liant et en f luorure de terres rares ne sont pas
critiques Toutefois, selon un mode de réalisation préféré, la concen-
tration pondérale en fluorure de terres rares dans le lubrifiant est au
moins égale à 50 %, de préférence entre 80 % et 95 %.
La première surface précitée ci-dessus peut être en un matériau quelconque, toutefois ce matériau sera avantageusement résistant aux températures élevées telles qu'un matériau métallique, de type réfractaire, par exemple à base de nickel ou cobalt, ou céramique comme les céramiques non oxydes (Si C, Si 3 N 4, BN) et oxydes (mullite, zircone). Avantageusement, dans le mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, le lubrifiant de l'invention est notamment convenable pour assurer la
lubrification entre deux surfaces en matériau céramique.
La nature des céramiques n'est pas critique et on peut citer à titre d'exemple, les céramiques à base de Si C, BN, Si 3 N 4, zircone, mullite ou analogues. Ainsi, le lubrifiant disposé entre les surfaces en matériau en céramique assure une lubrification efficace qui s'améliore avec l'augmentation de la température De plus, le lubrifiant n'est pas évacué
et donc permet une lubrification convenable pendant un temps très long.
En outre, comme les fluorures de terres rares sont stables à haute température, un bon niveau de lubrification est conservé même après une
longue utilisation.
L'invention a également pour objet un procédé de lubrification du contact entre deux surfaces dont au moins l'une est en matériau céramique Ce procédé consiste à interposer entre les deux surfaces à lubrifier une couche ou un film d'un matériau lubrifiant comprenant au
moins un fluorure de terres rares.
La terre rare a été défini précédemment ainsi que les éléments
préférés de l'invention.
Selon un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, le matériau lubrifiant comprend un liant organique ou inorganique dans lequel est
dispersé le fluorure de terres rares.
Ces liants organiques ou inorganiques ont été définis ci-dessus, ainsi
que les compositions préférées en liant et fluorure de terres rares.
Avantageusement, les f luorures de terres rares utilisés sont des poudres dont le diamètre moyen des particules est, de préférence
inférieur, ou égal à 50 lim.
La couche ou le film de matériau lubrifiant est déposé sur une ou les
deux surfaces à lubrifier, avant leur mise en place.
Les pièces peuvent être soumises à un traitement thermique pour
évaporer les solvants éventuels contenus dans le liant.
Un traitement thermique peut être également appliqué aux pièces avant leur montage pour pyrolyser au moins partiellement le liant du matériau lubrifiant. Il peut également être avantageux de compacter le film ou la couche de
matériau lubrifiant avant la mise en mouvement des pièces.
Enfin, selon un autre mode de réalisation du procédé de l'invention, le matériau lubrifiant peut être conformé à une forme désirée, par exemple bague, rondelle, etc par moulage de la composition, selon tout
procédé habituel.
Les pièces ainsi moulées peuvent subir un compactage et/ou un traite-
ment thermique.
Ce traitement thermique est réalisée d'une part pour pyrolyser le liant présent, mais également pour permettre de fritter au moins
partiellement le fluorure de terres rares.
D'autres buts, avantages et détails de l'invention apparaîtront plus
clairement au vu de la description détaillée et des exemples donnés
ci-dessous uniquement à titre indicatif et au vu des figures annexées, dans lesquelles: la figure 1 représente une vue schématique en coupe de deux pièces céramiques lubrifiées selon le procédé de l'invention la figure 2 représente la variation du coefficient de frottement (K) en fonction du temps entre deux bagues en céramique Si C avec
lubrifiant en graphite (Ex 2).
la figure 3 représente la variation du coefficient de frottement (K) en fonction du temps entre deux bagues en céramique Si C avec
lubrifiant Ce F 3 + liant (Ex 3).
Les figures 4 a et 4 b représentent respectivement les variations de la charge appliquée (F) et du coefficient de frottement (K) en fonction du temps entre une bague céramique (Si C) et une bague métallique avec un lubrifiant Ce F 3 + liant 'Ex 4) et, les figures 5 a et 5 b représentent respectivement les variations de la charge appliquée (F) et du coefficient de frottement (K) en fonction du temps entre des bagues céramiques (Si C) et une bague métallique avec un
lubrifiant Ce F 3 + liant (Ex 5).
Des essais de lubrification de deux pièces céramiques 1, 2 dont l'une est animée d'un mouvement rotatif selon le sens défini ont été réalisées en recouvrant la face 3 de la pièce 1 avec un matériau lubrifiant par
exemple par étalement du matériau sur cette surface.
Dans le montage illustré, des bagues 4, 5 sont disposées en appui sur la surface de la pièce céramique 1 Elles permettent de délimiter le volume de remplissage et le compactage des poudres Ces bagues peuvent être retirées après dépose du matériau lubrifiant, avantageusement après
compactage de ce matériau.
Ainsi, avant la mise en mouvement des pièces, on applique une charge
de 100 à 300 kg pour compacter le matériau lubrifiant étalé.
Les pièces sont ensuite mise en mouvement par exemple par mise en
rotation de la pièce 2 selon une vitesse de 0,1 m / s.
Pour déterminer l'efficacité du matériau lubrifiant on mesure à différentes températures ( 200 C à 1000 'C) le couple d'entraînement nécessaire pour entraîner en rotation la pièce 2 La mesure de ce couple conduit à la détermination du coefficient de frottement (K) Ces mesures sont effectuées pour différentes charges appliquées sur les pièces
céramiques 1 et 2.
Les essais réalisés avec différents matériaux lubrifiants sont
rassemblés dans le tableau I ci-dessous.
EX T C LUBRIFIANT Temps coefficient I I |I |I (min) de l l I l | frottement | 1 | | Tissu graphite 10 0,95 l l I J 30 0,75 l l I | 60 0,75 2 20 Graphite 5 0,80 l I J| KS 75 (LONZA) 30 0,80 I l | + Iliant 60 0,80 3 20 Ce F 3 + liant 5 0,50 l l J I 30 0,30 l l I | 60 0,32
I I I I I 1
4 5 0,18
I |J 1000 Ce F 3 + liant 30 0,12 Jl l I | 60 0,06 Conditions expérimentales: vitesse de glissement = charge normale appliquée = 0,1 m/S
1000 N
Les essais 1 et 2 montrent clairement que les matériaux introduits dans le contact ne sont pas "piégés", car la valeur du coefficient de frottement est élevée après une courte durée de fonctionnement Ce phénomène est mis en évidence sur la courbe de la figure 2, o l'augmentation rapide de la valeur du coefficient de frottement (K) est à
relier au départ du lubrifiant (exemples 1 et 2).
Au contraire, avec un matériau lubrifiant conforme à l'invention (exemples 3 et 4), le piégeage est permanent et conduit à une situation stable de fonctionnement (fig 3) même lorsque la charge appliquée
augmente (fig 4) ou lorsque la température s'élève (fig 5).
Le piégeage du lubrifiant dans le contact peut être amélioré en augmentant l'auto-adhérence des particules entre elles et avec les premiers corps Pour les exemples 3 et 4, la poudre de Ce F 3 a été traitée avec un liant organique (résine polyvinylique B 74 de Monsanto) en
proportion de 5 % en masse.

Claims (13)

REVENDICATIONS
1/ Matériau pour lubrifier le contact entre une première surface en un premier matériau et une seconde surface en céramique, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins un fluorure de terres rares. 2/ Lubrifiant selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend
un fluorure de cérium, de lanthane, de néodyme, de gadolinium.
3/ Lubrifiant selon la revendication 1 ou 2 caractérisé en ce que le
fluorure de terre rare est compacté.
4/ Lubrifiant selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3 caractérisé en ce
qu'il comprend un composé minéral ou organique formant liant.
/ Lubrifiant selon la revendication 4 caractérisé en ce que le composé formant liant est une résine organique choisie parmi le groupe comprenant des résines telles que les polymères polyquinoxiléiniques, polybenzimidazoles, polyimides, acryliques, vinyliques, acétates,
phénoliques, silicones, epoxydes, polyamides, uréthanes.
6/ Lubrifiant selon la revendication 4 carctérisé en ce que le composé formant liant est une résine minérale choisie parmi le groupe
comprenant des composés à base de silicate ou phosphate.
7/ Lubrifiant selon l'une des revendications précédentes caractérisé en
ce que la première surface est dans un matériau choisi dans le groupe comprenant les matériaux métalliques de type réfractaire à base de nickel ou cobalt, les matériaux céramiques (choisi parmi des
céramiques non oxydes (Si C, Si 3 N 4, BN) et oxydes (mullite, zircone).
8/ Lubrifiant selon l'une des revendications précédentes caractérisé en
ce que les deux surfaces sont en matériau céramique.
9/ Lubrifiant selon l'une des revendications précédentes caractérisé en
ce que le matériau céramique est choisi dans le groupe comprenant les
céramiques à base de Si C, BN, Si 3 N 4, zircone, mullite.
/Procédé de lubrification du contact entre deux surfaces dont l'une est en matériau céramique, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à interposer entre les deux surfaces à lubrifier une couche d'un matériau
lubrifiant comprenant au moins un fluorure de terres rares.
11/Procédé selon la revendication 10 caractérisé en ce que le matériau lubrifiant comprend un liant minéral ou organique dans lequel est
dispersé au moins un fluorure de terre rare.
12/Procédé selon la revendication 11 caractérisé en ce que le liant organique est choisi dans le groupe comprenant des résines telles que les polymères polyquinoxiléiniques, polybenzimidazoles, polyimides, acryliques, vinyliques, acétates, phénoliques, silicones, epoxydes,
polyamides, uréthanes.
13/Procédé selon la revendication 11 caractérisé en ce que le liant minéral est une résine organique choisie dans le groupe comprenant des
composés à base de silicate ou phosphate.
14/Procédé selon l'une des revendications 10 à 13 caractérisé en ce que
le fluorure de terres rares est un fluorure de cérium, fluorure de
lanthane, fluorure de néodyme, fluorure de gadolinium.
/Procédé selon l'une des revendications 10 à 14 caractérisé en ce que
le fluorure de terres rares est dispersé sous forme de poudre de
diamètre moyen de particules inférieure ou égal à 50 im.
16/Procédé selon l'une des revendications 10 à 15 caractérisé en ce que
la couche de matériau lubrifiant est compactée entre deux surfaces à
lubrifier.
17/Procédé selon l'une des revendications 10 à 15 caractérisé en ce que
la couche de matériau lubrifiant est compactée à une forme désirée,
préalablement à sa disposition entre les surfaces à lubrifier.
FR9004817A 1990-04-13 1990-04-13 Lubrifiant pour surface en ceramique et procede de lubrification. Withdrawn FR2660930A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9004817A FR2660930A1 (fr) 1990-04-13 1990-04-13 Lubrifiant pour surface en ceramique et procede de lubrification.
EP91400876A EP0452189A1 (fr) 1990-04-13 1991-03-29 Lubrifiant pour surface en céramique et procédé de lubrification
JP3103632A JPH04227688A (ja) 1990-04-13 1991-04-10 セラミック表面用の乾性潤滑剤及び潤滑方法
PT97356A PT97356A (pt) 1990-04-13 1991-04-12 Processo de lubrificacao a seco mediante utilizacao de um lubrificante a base de fluoreto de terras raras e processo de sintese do referido lubrificante
CA002040356A CA2040356A1 (fr) 1990-04-13 1991-04-12 Lubrifiant pour surface en ceramique et procede de lubrification
IE124691A IE911246A1 (en) 1990-04-13 1991-04-12 Lubricant for a ceramic surface and lubrication process
KR1019910005946A KR910018524A (ko) 1990-04-13 1991-04-13 세라믹 표면 윤활제 및 윤활화 방법

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9004817A FR2660930A1 (fr) 1990-04-13 1990-04-13 Lubrifiant pour surface en ceramique et procede de lubrification.

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FR2660930A1 true FR2660930A1 (fr) 1991-10-18

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EP (1) EP0452189A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH04227688A (fr)
KR (1) KR910018524A (fr)
CA (1) CA2040356A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2660930A1 (fr)
IE (1) IE911246A1 (fr)
PT (1) PT97356A (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2684684B1 (fr) * 1991-12-06 1994-03-18 Rhone Poulenc Chimie Pieces denses autolubrifiantes en fluorures de terres rares frittes et leur procede d'obtention.
US5538649A (en) * 1995-09-28 1996-07-23 John Crane Inc. Carbon composite mateiral for tribological applications
NL1023420C1 (nl) * 2002-12-20 2004-06-22 Te Strake Surface Technology B Smeersysteem van het type vaste film dat geschikt is voor het bedekken van een metalen, keramisch of polymeer materiaal dat aan wrijving onderhevig is.
NL1022222C2 (nl) * 2002-12-20 2004-06-22 Te Strake Surface Technology B Smeersysteem van het type vaste film dat geschikt is voor het bedekken van een metalen, keramisch of polymeer materiaal dat aan wrijving onderhevig is.
NL1022221C2 (nl) * 2002-12-20 2004-06-22 Te Strake Surface Technology B Smeersysteem van het type vaste film dat geschikt is voor het bedekken van een metalen, keramisch of polymeer materiaal dat aan wrijving onderhevig is.
NL1022223C2 (nl) * 2002-12-20 2004-06-22 Te Strake Surface Technology B Smeersysteem van het type vaste film dat geschikt is voor het bedekken van een metalen, keramisch of polymeer materiaal dat aan wrijving onderhevig is.
EP2127751B1 (fr) * 2008-05-19 2012-05-16 Roche Diagnostics GmbH Dispositif chauffant - refroidissant amélioré avec solide filme lubricante à sec

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PT97356A (pt) 1991-12-31
KR910018524A (ko) 1991-11-30
CA2040356A1 (fr) 1991-10-14
EP0452189A1 (fr) 1991-10-16
JPH04227688A (ja) 1992-08-17
IE911246A1 (en) 1991-10-23

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