ES2550217T3 - Confinamiento magnético y electroestático de plasma en una configuración invertida en campo - Google Patents
Confinamiento magnético y electroestático de plasma en una configuración invertida en campo Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2550217T3 ES2550217T3 ES10155296.6T ES10155296T ES2550217T3 ES 2550217 T3 ES2550217 T3 ES 2550217T3 ES 10155296 T ES10155296 T ES 10155296T ES 2550217 T3 ES2550217 T3 ES 2550217T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- field
- plasma
- electrons
- magnetic
- magnitude
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 21
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 210000002381 plasma Anatomy 0.000 description 13
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000002547 anomalous effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000005686 electrostatic field Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005292 diamagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005315 distribution function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/05—Thermonuclear fusion reactors with magnetic or electric plasma confinement
- G21B1/052—Thermonuclear fusion reactors with magnetic or electric plasma confinement reversed field configuration
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/02—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/05—Thermonuclear fusion reactors with magnetic or electric plasma confinement
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D7/00—Arrangements for direct production of electric energy from fusion or fission reactions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/02—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma
- H05H1/03—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma using electrostatic fields
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/02—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma
- H05H1/10—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma using externally-applied magnetic fields only, e.g. Q-machines, Yin-Yang, base-ball
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/02—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma
- H05H1/10—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma using externally-applied magnetic fields only, e.g. Q-machines, Yin-Yang, base-ball
- H05H1/12—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma using externally-applied magnetic fields only, e.g. Q-machines, Yin-Yang, base-ball wherein the containment vessel forms a closed or nearly closed loop
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/02—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma
- H05H1/10—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma using externally-applied magnetic fields only, e.g. Q-machines, Yin-Yang, base-ball
- H05H1/14—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma using externally-applied magnetic fields only, e.g. Q-machines, Yin-Yang, base-ball wherein the containment vessel is straight and has magnetic mirrors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/02—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma
- H05H1/16—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma using externally-applied electric and magnetic fields
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Plasma Technology (AREA)
- Drying Of Semiconductors (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
Abstract
Un método para confinar plasma, el método que comprende las etapas de crear un campo de guía magnético con líneas de campo que se extienden axialmente dentro de una cámara (310) mediante bobinas de campo exteriores (325), inyectar una capa anular de plasma (335) que comprende partículas cargadas de electrones e iones dentro de dicho campo de guía magnético, originando que dicho plasma rote dentro d e la cámara (310), formar un campo propio magnético poloidal que rodea el plasma en rotación debido a la corriente llevada por el plasma en rotación; e incrementar la energía rotacional del plasma (335) por medio de una bobina de flujo de betatrón (320) para incrementar la magnitud del campo propio a un nivel que origina la formación de un campo magnético dentro de la cámara (310) con topología invertida en campo, en el que la magnitud del campo propio se incrementa hasta un nivel que supera la magnitud del campo de guía, por lo que origina la inversión en el campo.
Description
5
15
25
35
45
55
E10155296
15-10-2015
La Figura 24 muestra los resultados de interacción para plasma de p-B11. La Figura 25 muestra una cámara de confinamiento a modo de ejemplo. La Figura 26 muestra un haz de iones neutralizado al ser eléctricamente polarizado antes de entrar en una cámara de confinamiento. La Figura 27 es una vista desde arriba de un haz de iones neutralizado al entrar en contacto con plasma dentro de una cámara de confinamiento. La Figura 28 es una vista lateral esquemática de una cámara de confinamiento de acuerdo con una realización preferida de una procedimiento de arranque. La Figura 29 es una vista lateral esquemática de una cámara de confinamiento de acuerdo con otra realización preferida de un procedimiento de arranque. La Figura 30 muestra trazas de una sonda de B-punto [sonda de medición de la
derivada de B con respecto al tiempo ( B )] que indican la formación de una FRC.
DESCRIPCIÓN DETALLADA DE LAS REALIZACIONES PREFERIDAS Un reactor de fusión ideal soluciona el problema del transporte anómalo tanto de iones como de electrones. El transporte anómalo de los iones se evita gracias al confinamiento magnético en una configuración invertida en campo (FRC –“field reversed configuration”), de tal manera que la mayoría de los iones presentan unas grandes órbitas no-adiabáticas que les hacen insensibles a las fluctuaciones de longitud de onda corta que provocan el transporte anómalo de los iones adiabáticos. Para los electrones, el transporte anómalo de energía se impide mediante la sintonización del campo magnético externamente aplicado hasta desarrollar un intenso campo eléctrico, el cual los confina electroestáticamente en un profundo pozo de potencial. Por otra parte, los plasmas de combustible de fusión que pueden utilizarse con los presentes procedimiento y aparato de confinamiento no se limitan a los combustibles neutrónicos únicamente, sino que incluyen, ventajosamente, combustibles avanzados. (Para una exposición de combustibles avanzados, véase la divulgación de R. Feldbacher & M. Heindler, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physical Research (Instrumentos y métodos nucleares en la investigación física), A271 (1988) JJ-64 (North Holland Amsterdam).)
La solución al problema del transporte anómalo aquí encontrada hace uso de una configuración de campo magnético específica, que es la FRC. En particular, la existencia de una región en una FRC en la que el campo magnético se desvanece hace posible tener un plasma que comprende una mayoría de iones no-adiabáticos.
Teoría subyacente Antes de describir el sistema y el aparato en detalle, será de ayuda revisar primeramente unos pocos conceptos clave necesarios para comprender los conceptos aquí contenidos.
Fuerza de Lorentz y órbitas de las partículas en el seno de un campo magnético
Una partícula con una carga eléctrica q que se desplaza con una velocidad v en el seno de
un campo magnético B , experimenta una fuerza F dada por
l
v B
Fl q . (1) c
La fuerza F se denomina fuerza de Lorentz. Ésta, así como todas las fórmulas que se
l
utilizan en la presente exposición, se dan en el sistema gaussiano de unidades. La dirección de la fuerza de Lorentz depende del signo de la carga eléctrica q. La fuerza es perpendicular tanto a la velocidad como al campo magnético. La Figura 1A muestra la fuerza de Lorentz 30 actuando sobre una carga positiva. La velocidad de la partícula se muestra por el vector 32. El campo magnético se indica por la referencia 34. Similarmente, la Figura 1B muestra la fuerza de Lorentz 30 actuando sobre una carga negativa.
Como se ha explicado, la fuerza de Lorentz es perpendicular a la velocidad de una partícula; de esta forma, un campo magnético es incapaz de ejercer fuerza en la dirección de la
velocidad de la partícula. Se sigue de la segunda ley de Newton, F ma , que un campo magnético es incapaz de acelerar una partícula en la dirección de su velocidad. Un campo magnético sólo puede curvar la órbita de una partícula, pero la magnitud de su velocidad no es afectada por un campo magnético.
La Figura 2A muestra la órbita de una partícula cargada positivamente en el seno de un
7
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
E10155296
15-10-2015
eléctrico, en el equilibro, viene determinada por la conservación de la cantidad de movimiento. Los detalles matemáticos relevantes se dan más adelante en combinación con la teoría de la invención.
El campo electrostático juega un papel esencial en el transporte tanto de los electrones como de los iones. De acuerdo con ello, un aspecto importante de esta invención es que se crea un intenso campo electrostático en el seno de la capa de plasma 106, y la magnitud de este campo electrostático se controla por el valor del campo magnético aplicado B0, que puede ser ajustado fácilmente.
Como ya se ha explicado, el campo electrostático es de confinamiento para los electrones si e > 0. Como se muestra en la Figura 16B, la profundidad del pozo puede ser aumentada sintonizando el campo magnético aplicado B0. Excepto para una zona muy estrecha próxima al círculo de anulación, los electrones siempre tienen un radio de giro pequeño. En consecuencia, os electrones responden a las fluctuaciones de longitud de onda corta con una tasa o velocidad de difusión anormalmente rápida. Esta difusión, de hecho, ayuda a mantener el pozo de potencial una vez que se produce la reacción de fusión. Los iones producto de la fusión, al ser de energía mucho más alta, abandonan el plasma. Para mantener la carga casi neutra, los productos de fusión deben arrastrar con ellos los electrones fuera del plasma, tomando los electrones principalmente de la superficie de la capa de plasma. La densidad de electrones en la superficie del plasma es muy baja, y los electrones que abandonan el plasma con los productos de fusión han de ser reemplazados; en caso contrario, el pozo de potencial desaparecería.
La Figura 17 muestra una distribución maxwelliana 162 de electrones. Únicamente los electrones muy energéticos de la cola 160 de la distribución maxwelliana pueden alcanzar la superficie del plasma y abandonarla con iones de fusión. La cola 160 de la distribución 162 se crea, por tanto, de forma continua por colisiones de electrón con electrón en la zona de alta densidad cercana a la superficie de anulación. Los electrones energéticos siguen teniendo un giro-radio o radio de giro pequeño, de tal modo que la difusión anómala les permite llegar a la superficie lo suficientemente rápido como para acomodarse a los iones producto de fusión que parten. Los electrones energéticos pierden su energía al ascender por el pozo de potencial y salen con una energía muy baja. Aunque los electrones pueden atravesar el campo magnético rápidamente, debido al transporte anómalo, las pérdidas de energía anómalas tienden a evitarse porque se transporta poca energía.
Otra consecuencia del pozo de potencial es un intenso mecanismo de enfriamiento para los electrones que es similar al enfriamiento por evaporación. Por ejemplo, para que se evapore agua, es necesario suministrarle el calor latente de vaporización. Este calor es suministrado por el agua líquida restante y por el medio circundante, que entonces se atemperará rápidamente a una temperatura más baja, más deprisa de lo que el procedimiento de transporte de calor puede reemplazar la energía. De forma similar, para los electrones, la profundidad del pozo de potencial es equivalente al calor latente de vaporización del agua. Los electrones suministran la energía necesaria para remontar el pozo de potencial por el proceso de atemperación que reaporta la energía de la cola maxwelliana, de tal manera que los electrones pueden escapar. El proceso de atemperación tiene entonces como resultado una temperatura más baja de los electrones, ya que es mucho más rápido que cualquier proceso de calentamiento. Debido a la diferencia de masa entre electrones y protones, el tiempo de transferencia de la energía desde los protones es aproximadamente 1.800 veces menor que el tiempo de atemperación de los electrones. Este mecanismo de enfriamiento también reduce las pérdidas por radiación de los electrones. Esto es particularmente importante para combustibles avanzados en los que las pérdidas por radiación se ven favorecidas por iones de combustible con un número atómico Z > 1.
El campo electrostático también afecta al transporte. La mayoría de las órbitas de las partículas en la capa de plasma 105 son órbitas de betatrón 112. Las colisiones con ángulos grandes, esto es, las colisiones con ángulos de dispersión comprendidos entre 90º y 180º, pueden cambiar una órbita de betatrón convirtiéndola en una órbita de arrastre. Como se ha descrito anteriormente, la dirección de rotación de la órbita de arrastre viene determinada por
una composición entre el arrastre E B y el arrastre de gradiente. En el caso de que
predomine el arrastre E B , la órbita de arrastre rota en la dirección diamagnética. Si predomina el arrastre de gradiente, la órbita de arrastre rota en la dirección contradiamagnética. Esto se muestra en las Figuras 18A y 18B. La Figura 18A muestra una transición de una órbita de betatrón a una órbita de arrastre como consecuencia de una colisión de 180º que se produce en el punto 172. La órbita de arrastre continúa rotando en la
12
E10155296
15-10-2015
fj ej v
v fj E B f 0 (5)
vj
t mj c
1 B
E (6)
c t
4 1 E
5 B ej vf jdv (7)
cj c t
E 4ej f jdv (8)
j
B 0, (9)
10
donde j = e, i e i = 1, 2,... para los electrones y cada una de las especies de iones. En el equilibrio, todas las cantidades físicas son independientes del tiempo (es decir, /t = 0). Para resolver las ecuaciones de Vlasov-Maxwell, se hacen las siguientes suposiciones y
15 aproximaciones:
(a) Todas las propiedades en el equilibrio son independientes de la posición axial z (es decir, /z = 0). Esto corresponde a considerar el plasma con una extensión infinita en la dirección axial; de esta forma, el modelo es válido únicamente para la parte central 8
20 de una FRC.
- (b)
- El sistema tiene simetría cilíndrica. En consecuencia, todas las propiedades en el equilibrio no dependen de (esto es, / = 0).
- (c)
- La ley de Gauss, Ecuación 8, se reemplaza por la condición de cuasi-neutralidad:
nj j 0. j
25 Suponiendo una extensión axial infinita de la FRC y simetría cilíndrica, todas las propiedades en el equilibrio dependerán sólo de la coordenada radial r. Por esta razón, el modelo de equilibrio que se expone aquí se denomina unidimensional. Con estas suposiciones y aproximaciones, las ecuaciones de Vlasov-Maxwell se reducen a:
30
ej ej v f E f v B f 0 (10)
j vj vj
m mc
jj
4
B ej vf jdv (11)
j
35
njej 0. (12)
Distribuciones de rotor rígido Para resolver las Ecuaciones 10 a 12, deben escogerse funciones de distribución que
40 describan adecuadamente los haces en rotación de electrones e iones en una FRC. Una elección razonable para este propósito son las denominadas distribuciones de rotor rígido, que consisten en distribuciones maxwellianas en un marco o sistema de referencia que rota uniformemente. Las distribuciones de rotor rígido son funciones de las constantes de movimiento:
45
14
5
10
15
20
25
E10155296
15-10-2015
ux uy uz
x x x v
x ux uy uz
v uj v vxvyvz vy
y y y z
u u uv
xyz
z z z
2 ux 2 uy 2 uz uy ux
v v v vv ...
x y z xy
x y z x y
u u u uy
zx z
... vv vv 0.
xz yz
x z y z
Para que esto se cumpla para todo vi , debe satisfacerse
u uy u uy u u u u uy
xz xzxz
0 y 0,
x y z x y x z y z
que se resuelve generalmente por
uj r j r uoj (17)
En coordenadas cilíndricas, tómese u0 j 0 y jzˆ , lo que corresponde a una inyección
perpendicular a un campo magnético en la dirección zˆ . Entonces, u r rˆ .
jj
La ecuación de orden cero indica que el campo eléctrico debe encontrarse en la dirección
radial, es decir, E Erˆ.
r
La ecuación de primer orden viene dada ahora por
mj ej ej
v lnn v u u v E v Bu 0. (18)
jjj j
T TcT
j jj
El segundo término de la Ecuación 18 puede rescribirse con
u u u
r z
r r r ur 0 j 0 0
1 u 1 u 1 u
r z
uj uj u000jr 2 j rrˆ. (19)
r r r
u 000 0
ur uuz z
z z z
El cuarto término de la Ecuación 18 puede rescribirse con
1
v Buj v B uj v Auj v rAzˆ jrˆ
r r
17
Claims (1)
-
imagen1 imagen2
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US26607401P | 2001-02-01 | 2001-02-01 | |
| US266074P | 2001-02-01 | ||
| US29708601P | 2001-06-08 | 2001-06-08 | |
| US297086P | 2001-06-08 | ||
| US66424 | 2002-01-31 | ||
| US10/066,424 US6664740B2 (en) | 2001-02-01 | 2002-01-31 | Formation of a field reversed configuration for magnetic and electrostatic confinement of plasma |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2550217T3 true ES2550217T3 (es) | 2015-11-05 |
Family
ID=27370973
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES10155306.3T Expired - Lifetime ES2550800T3 (es) | 2001-02-01 | 2002-02-01 | Confinamiento magnético y electroestático de plasma en una configuración invertida en campo |
| ES02713515T Expired - Lifetime ES2344193T3 (es) | 2001-02-01 | 2002-02-01 | Confinamiento magnetico y electrostatico de plasma en una configuracion invertida en campo. |
| ES10155296.6T Expired - Lifetime ES2550217T3 (es) | 2001-02-01 | 2002-02-01 | Confinamiento magnético y electroestático de plasma en una configuración invertida en campo |
Family Applications Before (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES10155306.3T Expired - Lifetime ES2550800T3 (es) | 2001-02-01 | 2002-02-01 | Confinamiento magnético y electroestático de plasma en una configuración invertida en campo |
| ES02713515T Expired - Lifetime ES2344193T3 (es) | 2001-02-01 | 2002-02-01 | Confinamiento magnetico y electrostatico de plasma en una configuracion invertida en campo. |
Country Status (22)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (22) | US6664740B2 (es) |
| EP (3) | EP1356717B1 (es) |
| JP (5) | JP4112983B2 (es) |
| KR (2) | KR100883621B1 (es) |
| CN (1) | CN1269387C (es) |
| AT (1) | ATE464643T1 (es) |
| AU (3) | AU2002245362C1 (es) |
| BR (3) | BR0206814A (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2437360C (es) |
| CY (1) | CY1110220T1 (es) |
| DE (1) | DE60235959D1 (es) |
| DK (3) | DK2187712T3 (es) |
| EA (2) | EA011288B1 (es) |
| ES (3) | ES2550800T3 (es) |
| IL (3) | IL157159A0 (es) |
| MX (1) | MXPA03006931A (es) |
| NZ (1) | NZ527344A (es) |
| PL (1) | PL206448B1 (es) |
| PT (2) | PT2187713E (es) |
| SG (1) | SG149686A1 (es) |
| SK (2) | SK288442B6 (es) |
| WO (1) | WO2002062112A2 (es) |
Families Citing this family (119)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6664740B2 (en) | 2001-02-01 | 2003-12-16 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Formation of a field reversed configuration for magnetic and electrostatic confinement of plasma |
| US6611106B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2003-08-26 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion |
| AU2004222932B2 (en) * | 2003-03-21 | 2011-04-28 | Utah State University | Systems and methods for plasma containment |
| US20070206716A1 (en) * | 2003-03-21 | 2007-09-06 | Edwards W F | Plasma containment method |
| US7079370B2 (en) * | 2003-04-28 | 2006-07-18 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Apparatus and method for removal of surface oxides via fluxless technique electron attachment and remote ion generation |
| US8253057B1 (en) * | 2004-09-03 | 2012-08-28 | Jack Hunt | System and method for plasma generation |
| KR100599092B1 (ko) * | 2004-11-29 | 2006-07-12 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 구동 주파수 조절에 의한 전자기유도 가속장치 |
| KR100599094B1 (ko) * | 2004-11-29 | 2006-07-12 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 코일의 권선수 조절에 의한 전자기 유도 가속장치 |
| US9788771B2 (en) * | 2006-10-23 | 2017-10-17 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Variable speed sensor insertion devices and methods of use |
| US20060198486A1 (en) * | 2005-03-04 | 2006-09-07 | Laberge Michel G | Pressure wave generator and controller for generating a pressure wave in a fusion reactor |
| US20060198483A1 (en) * | 2005-03-04 | 2006-09-07 | General Fusion Inc. | Magnetized plasma fusion reactor |
| US9607719B2 (en) * | 2005-03-07 | 2017-03-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Vacuum chamber for plasma electric generation system |
| US8031824B2 (en) | 2005-03-07 | 2011-10-04 | Regents Of The University Of California | Inductive plasma source for plasma electric generation system |
| US9123512B2 (en) | 2005-03-07 | 2015-09-01 | The Regents Of The Unviersity Of California | RF current drive for plasma electric generation system |
| KR101052579B1 (ko) * | 2005-03-07 | 2011-07-29 | 더 리젠츠 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 캘리포니아 | Frc의 자계에서 플라즈마 이온들 및 전자들을 드라이브하는 시스템 및 방법 |
| SI1856702T1 (sl) * | 2005-03-07 | 2012-11-30 | Univ California | Plazemski sistem za generiranje elektrike |
| US7562638B2 (en) * | 2005-12-23 | 2009-07-21 | Lam Research Corporation | Methods and arrangement for implementing highly efficient plasma traps |
| US7482607B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2009-01-27 | Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Inc. | Method and apparatus for producing x-rays, ion beams and nuclear fusion energy |
| US9036765B2 (en) * | 2006-05-30 | 2015-05-19 | Advanced Fusion Systems Llc | Method and system for inertial confinement fusion reactions |
| US8925294B2 (en) * | 2006-08-23 | 2015-01-06 | Anthony N. Fresco | Solute ion coulomb force accelaration and electric field monopole passive voltage source |
| JP2008070570A (ja) * | 2006-09-13 | 2008-03-27 | Ricoh Co Ltd | 現像装置、画像形成装置 |
| US8092605B2 (en) | 2006-11-28 | 2012-01-10 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Magnetic confinement of a plasma |
| US9030195B2 (en) * | 2006-12-21 | 2015-05-12 | Athena Industrial Technologies, Inc. | Linear structure inspection apparatus and method |
| US20110127915A1 (en) * | 2007-01-18 | 2011-06-02 | Edwards W Farrell | Plasma containment |
| RU2007105087A (ru) * | 2007-02-12 | 2008-08-20 | Борис Федорович Полторацкий (RU) | Плазменный преобразователь энергии и электромагнитный вихревой реактор для его осуществления |
| US20080240332A1 (en) * | 2007-03-29 | 2008-10-02 | Family | Condecast EV 2 inertial guided themonuclear perfumagnetron fusion reactor |
| JP2009147556A (ja) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-07-02 | Sony Corp | アンテナ、通信装置及びアンテナ製造方法 |
| WO2009135163A2 (en) | 2008-05-02 | 2009-11-05 | Phoenix Nuclear Labs Llc | Device and method for producing medical isotopes |
| US8346662B2 (en) * | 2008-05-16 | 2013-01-01 | Visa U.S.A. Inc. | Desktop alert with interactive bona fide dispute initiation through chat session facilitated by desktop application |
| EP2297841B1 (en) * | 2008-06-27 | 2019-03-20 | The Regents of The University of California | Circuit for direct energy extraction from a charged-particle beam |
| CA2738296A1 (en) * | 2008-09-24 | 2010-04-01 | Visa International Service Association | Intelligent alert system and method |
| MX2011003199A (es) | 2008-09-25 | 2011-05-25 | Visa Int Service Ass | Sistemas y metodos para clasificar mensajes de alerta y de oferta en un dispositivo movil. |
| WO2010043930A1 (en) * | 2008-10-16 | 2010-04-22 | Ferreira Jr Moacir L | Magnetic and electrostatic nuclear fusion reactor |
| KR101001391B1 (ko) | 2008-12-23 | 2010-12-14 | 한국기초과학지원연구원 | 플라즈마 탐침 구동장치 |
| JP5169844B2 (ja) * | 2009-01-06 | 2013-03-27 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 方向性結合器 |
| CA2750441C (en) | 2009-02-04 | 2012-04-03 | General Fusion, Inc. | Systems and methods for compressing plasma |
| US9449327B2 (en) | 2009-04-28 | 2016-09-20 | Visa International Service Association | Merchant alert based system and method including customer presence notification |
| US9710802B2 (en) | 2009-04-28 | 2017-07-18 | Visa International Service Association | Merchant competition alert |
| US10387885B2 (en) | 2009-04-28 | 2019-08-20 | Visa International Service Association | SKU level control and alerts |
| US20100274653A1 (en) | 2009-04-28 | 2010-10-28 | Ayman Hammad | Notification social networking |
| US9245654B2 (en) | 2009-05-19 | 2016-01-26 | Nonlinear Ion Dynamics, Llc | Rotating high-density fusion reactor for aneutronic and neutronic fusion |
| US20150380113A1 (en) | 2014-06-27 | 2015-12-31 | Nonlinear Ion Dynamics Llc | Methods, devices and systems for fusion reactions |
| US10269458B2 (en) * | 2010-08-05 | 2019-04-23 | Alpha Ring International, Ltd. | Reactor using electrical and magnetic fields |
| US20110188623A1 (en) * | 2009-05-19 | 2011-08-04 | Wong Alfred Y | Rotating High Density Fusion Reactor for aneutronic and neutronic fusion |
| BR112012002147B1 (pt) | 2009-07-29 | 2020-12-22 | General Fusion, Inc | sistemas e métodos para compressão de plasma com reciclagem de projéteis |
| US20110055058A1 (en) | 2009-08-28 | 2011-03-03 | Ayman Hammad | Contact alert system and method |
| US20110089834A1 (en) * | 2009-10-20 | 2011-04-21 | Plex Llc | Z-pinch plasma generator and plasma target |
| WO2012003009A2 (en) | 2010-01-28 | 2012-01-05 | Shine Medical Technologies, Inc. | Segmented reaction chamber for radioisotope production |
| US9025717B2 (en) * | 2010-03-18 | 2015-05-05 | Brent Freeze | Method and apparatus for compressing plasma to a high energy state |
| US11000705B2 (en) * | 2010-04-16 | 2021-05-11 | W. Davis Lee | Relativistic energy compensating cancer therapy apparatus and method of use thereof |
| US10319480B2 (en) | 2010-08-05 | 2019-06-11 | Alpha Ring International, Ltd. | Fusion reactor using azimuthally accelerated plasma |
| CA2826664C (en) | 2011-02-25 | 2014-09-23 | General Fusion, Inc. | Pressure wave generator with movable control rod for generating a pressure wave in a medium |
| US10734126B2 (en) | 2011-04-28 | 2020-08-04 | SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC | Methods of separating medical isotopes from uranium solutions |
| SG10201704299XA (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2017-06-29 | Univ California | Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance frc |
| US9767925B2 (en) | 2012-03-23 | 2017-09-19 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Method, apparatus, and system to reduce neutron production in small clean fusion reactors |
| CN104321623B (zh) | 2012-04-05 | 2018-11-30 | 阳光医疗技术公司 | 水性组件及控制方法 |
| US10811159B2 (en) * | 2012-05-10 | 2020-10-20 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Fueling method for small, steady-state, aneutronic FRC fusion reactors |
| US10229756B2 (en) | 2013-08-22 | 2019-03-12 | Princeton Satellite Systems, Inc. | In space startup method for nuclear fusion rocket engines |
| WO2014036147A1 (en) * | 2012-08-28 | 2014-03-06 | Jh Quantum Technology, Inc. | System and method for plasma generation |
| WO2014036155A1 (en) * | 2012-08-28 | 2014-03-06 | Jh Quantum Tehcnology, Inc. | Material processor with plasma generator |
| JP6161700B2 (ja) | 2012-08-29 | 2017-07-12 | ジェネラル フュージョン インコーポレイテッド | プラズマを加速及び圧縮する装置 |
| CN103093843B (zh) * | 2013-01-21 | 2015-08-19 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | 一种基于磁流体发电原理的新型偏滤器 |
| CN104968444B (zh) | 2013-02-08 | 2016-12-28 | 全面熔合有限公司 | 具有发射载体发射式柱塞的压力波发生器 |
| US10515726B2 (en) | 2013-03-11 | 2019-12-24 | Alpha Ring International, Ltd. | Reducing the coulombic barrier to interacting reactants |
| CA2905332C (en) * | 2013-03-11 | 2021-06-01 | Alfred Y. Wong | Rotating high-density fusion reactor for aneutronic and neutronic fusion |
| US9928926B2 (en) | 2013-04-03 | 2018-03-27 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Active cooling of structures immersed in plasma |
| US9959942B2 (en) * | 2013-04-03 | 2018-05-01 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Encapsulating magnetic fields for plasma confinement |
| US9934876B2 (en) | 2013-04-03 | 2018-04-03 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Magnetic field plasma confinement for compact fusion power |
| US9959941B2 (en) | 2013-04-03 | 2018-05-01 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | System for supporting structures immersed in plasma |
| US10049773B2 (en) * | 2013-04-03 | 2018-08-14 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Heating plasma for fusion power using neutral beam injection |
| EP3534375B1 (en) * | 2013-06-27 | 2025-04-02 | Nonlinear Ion Dynamics, LLC | Methods, devices and systems for fusion reactions |
| US10274225B2 (en) | 2017-05-08 | 2019-04-30 | Alpha Ring International, Ltd. | Water heater |
| GB2510447B (en) * | 2013-09-13 | 2015-02-18 | Tokamak Energy Ltd | Toroidal field coil for use in a fusion reactor |
| AU2014326799A1 (en) * | 2013-09-24 | 2016-04-07 | Tae Technologies, Inc. | Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC |
| US9305749B2 (en) * | 2014-02-10 | 2016-04-05 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Methods of directing magnetic fields in a plasma source, and associated systems |
| US20150380114A1 (en) * | 2014-03-11 | 2015-12-31 | Energy Matter Conversion Corporation | Method and apparatus of confining high energy charged particles in magnetic cusp configuration |
| US10453575B1 (en) | 2014-06-17 | 2019-10-22 | Alfred Y. Wong | Submicron fusion devices, methods and systems |
| CN106664788B (zh) * | 2014-08-19 | 2019-01-08 | 全面熔合有限公司 | 用于控制等离子体磁场的系统和方法 |
| CN104270163B (zh) * | 2014-09-23 | 2017-03-29 | 李建尧 | 一种非接触式收音机 |
| US9406405B2 (en) | 2014-09-28 | 2016-08-02 | Joel Guild Rogers | Fusion energy device with internal ion source |
| SG11201702830UA (en) | 2014-10-13 | 2017-05-30 | Tri Alpha Energy Inc | Systems and methods for merging and compressing compact tori |
| EP3589083B1 (en) * | 2014-10-30 | 2022-08-24 | TAE Technologies, Inc. | Systems for forming and maintaining a high performance frc |
| EP3045514B1 (en) | 2015-01-08 | 2024-03-06 | Alfred Y. Wong | Conversion of natural gas to liquid form using a rotation/separation system in a chemical reactor |
| ES2837256T3 (es) | 2015-05-12 | 2021-06-29 | Tae Tech Inc | Sistemas y procedimientos para reducir corrientes de Foucault no deseadas |
| WO2017083796A1 (en) | 2015-11-13 | 2017-05-18 | Tri Alpha Energy, Inc. | Systems and methods for frc plasma position stability |
| CN105679380A (zh) * | 2016-01-11 | 2016-06-15 | 王傑 | 常温氢俘获热中子核聚变点燃自持链式氢反应堆 |
| WO2017172815A1 (en) * | 2016-03-29 | 2017-10-05 | Fusion One Corporation | Methods and apparatus for coincidentally forming a virtual cathode and a high beta plasma |
| US10354761B2 (en) | 2016-04-26 | 2019-07-16 | John Fenley | Method and apparatus for periodic ion collisions |
| SG11201810680TA (en) | 2016-06-03 | 2018-12-28 | Tae Technologies Inc | Non-pertubative measurements of low and null magnetic field in high temperature plasmas |
| SG11201903545VA (en) * | 2016-10-28 | 2019-05-30 | Tae Technologies Inc | Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance frc elevated energies utilizing neutral beam injectors with tunable beam energies |
| MX2019005262A (es) * | 2016-11-04 | 2019-06-24 | Tae Tech Inc | Sistemas y metodos para un mantenimiento mejorado de una configuracion de campo invertido (frc) de alto rendimiento con bombeo de vacio de tipo captura de escala multiple. |
| IL266612B2 (en) * | 2016-11-15 | 2024-04-01 | Tae Tech Inc | Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance frc and high harmonic fast wave electron heating in a high performance frc |
| CN106816182B (zh) * | 2016-12-20 | 2018-03-27 | 华中科技大学 | 一种注入电子收集器 |
| CN107301882B (zh) * | 2017-06-12 | 2019-04-19 | 孙旭阳 | 一种哑铃状结构可控核聚变装置 |
| US20200381134A1 (en) * | 2017-08-01 | 2020-12-03 | Seven Z's Trust | Light-Nuclei Element Synthesis |
| US10811144B2 (en) | 2017-11-06 | 2020-10-20 | General Fusion Inc. | System and method for plasma generation and compression |
| US11930582B2 (en) * | 2018-05-01 | 2024-03-12 | Sunbeam Technologies, Llc | Method and apparatus for torsional magnetic reconnection |
| US20210217537A1 (en) * | 2018-05-13 | 2021-07-15 | Quantum Spring Research Pty Ltd | Ion Beam Device and Method for Generating Heat and Power |
| RU2699243C1 (ru) * | 2018-09-25 | 2019-09-04 | федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Национальный исследовательский университет "МЭИ" (ФГБОУ ВО "НИУ "МЭИ") | Термоядерный реактор |
| US11482342B2 (en) * | 2018-10-07 | 2022-10-25 | Tanner L. Horne | Nuclear fusion reactor with toroidal superconducting magnetic coils implementing inertial electrostatic heating |
| CN111091917B (zh) * | 2018-12-29 | 2021-04-13 | 上海宏澎能源科技有限公司 | 聚变装置以及中子发生器 |
| CN113812083B (zh) * | 2019-05-06 | 2024-04-16 | 谷歌有限责任公司 | 带电粒子束电力传输系统 |
| US11672074B2 (en) | 2019-07-11 | 2023-06-06 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Shielding structures in plasma environment |
| EP3819913A1 (en) * | 2019-11-11 | 2021-05-12 | JFP Jäderberg Fusion Power AB | Plasma confinement device and method for plasma confinement |
| US11049619B1 (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2021-06-29 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Plasma creation and heating via magnetic reconnection in an encapsulated linear ring cusp |
| WO2021146329A1 (en) | 2020-01-13 | 2021-07-22 | Tae Technologies, Inc. | System and methods for forming and maintaining high energy and temperature frc plasma via spheromak merging and neutral beam injection |
| US10966310B1 (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2021-03-30 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | High-energy plasma generator using radio-frequency and neutral beam power |
| EP3893250A1 (en) * | 2020-04-09 | 2021-10-13 | Cill AB | Method and apparatus for energy conversion |
| CA3199783A1 (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2022-05-12 | Tae Technologies, Inc. | System, devices and methods for electron beam for plasma heating |
| CN112992385B (zh) * | 2021-05-06 | 2021-08-03 | 西南交通大学 | 一种准环对称仿星器磁场位形的设计方法 |
| WO2023014707A1 (en) * | 2021-08-02 | 2023-02-09 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Magnetic orbital angular momentum beam acceleration |
| US20230038333A1 (en) * | 2021-08-08 | 2023-02-09 | Glen A. Robertson | Methods for creating rapidly changing asymmetric electron surface densities for acceleration without mass ejection |
| JP7589661B2 (ja) * | 2021-09-10 | 2024-11-26 | ウシオ電機株式会社 | 誘電体バリア放電式プラズマ発生装置 |
| CN116013553B (zh) * | 2021-10-22 | 2025-11-14 | 启先核(北京)科技有限公司 | 一种电子注入中和的惯性静电约束聚变装置 |
| US11471848B1 (en) * | 2021-10-22 | 2022-10-18 | Advanced Fusion Systems Llc | Universal chemical processor |
| US20230269860A1 (en) * | 2022-02-21 | 2023-08-24 | Leidos Engineering, LLC | High electron trapping ratio betatron |
| CN116401921B (zh) * | 2023-04-07 | 2024-01-30 | 安徽大学 | 一种各项异性磁化等离子体媒质处理方法及系统 |
| CN119993567A (zh) * | 2023-11-10 | 2025-05-13 | 西北核技术研究所 | Z箍缩崩溃阶段带电粒子收集装置及方法 |
| CN118034764A (zh) * | 2023-11-28 | 2024-05-14 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | 一种用于管理聚变实验配置参数的方法 |
Family Cites Families (123)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US454846A (en) * | 1891-06-30 | Cott burgess | ||
| US3120470A (en) * | 1954-04-13 | 1964-02-04 | Donald H Imhoff | Method of producing neutrons |
| US3170841A (en) | 1954-07-14 | 1965-02-23 | Richard F Post | Pyrotron thermonuclear reactor and process |
| US3071525A (en) * | 1958-08-19 | 1963-01-01 | Nicholas C Christofilos | Method and apparatus for producing thermonuclear reactions |
| US3036963A (en) * | 1960-01-25 | 1962-05-29 | Nicholas C Christofilos | Method and apparatus for injecting and trapping electrons in a magnetic field |
| NL248482A (es) | 1960-02-26 | |||
| US3182213A (en) * | 1961-06-01 | 1965-05-04 | Avco Corp | Magnetohydrodynamic generator |
| US3132996A (en) | 1962-12-10 | 1964-05-12 | William R Baker | Contra-rotating plasma system |
| US3386883A (en) | 1966-05-13 | 1968-06-04 | Itt | Method and apparatus for producing nuclear-fusion reactions |
| US3485716A (en) * | 1967-11-01 | 1969-12-23 | Atomic Energy Commission | Method and apparatus for injecting and trapping charged particles in a magnetic field |
| US3530036A (en) | 1967-12-15 | 1970-09-22 | Itt | Apparatus for generating fusion reactions |
| US3530497A (en) | 1968-04-24 | 1970-09-22 | Itt | Apparatus for generating fusion reactions |
| US3527977A (en) | 1968-06-03 | 1970-09-08 | Atomic Energy Commission | Moving electrons as an aid to initiating reactions in thermonuclear devices |
| US3577317A (en) | 1969-05-01 | 1971-05-04 | Atomic Energy Commission | Controlled fusion reactor |
| US3621310A (en) * | 1969-05-30 | 1971-11-16 | Hitachi Ltd | Duct for magnetohydrodynamic thermal to electrical energy conversion apparatus |
| US3664921A (en) * | 1969-10-16 | 1972-05-23 | Atomic Energy Commission | Proton e-layer astron for producing controlled fusion reactions |
| AT340010B (de) | 1970-05-21 | 1977-11-25 | Nowak Karl Ing | Einrichtung zur erzielung einer nuklearen reaktion mittels kunstlichem plasma vorzugsweise zur kontrollierten atomkernfusion |
| US3668065A (en) * | 1970-09-15 | 1972-06-06 | Atomic Energy Commission | Apparatus for the conversion of high temperature plasma energy into electrical energy |
| US3663362A (en) * | 1970-12-22 | 1972-05-16 | Atomic Energy Commission | Controlled fusion reactor |
| US4001396A (en) * | 1971-08-04 | 1977-01-04 | Chinoin Pharmaceutical And Chemical Works Ltd. | Hormonal product extracted from parathyroid gland and process for the preparation thereof |
| LU65432A1 (es) | 1972-05-29 | 1972-08-24 | ||
| US4233537A (en) | 1972-09-18 | 1980-11-11 | Rudolf Limpaecher | Multicusp plasma containment apparatus |
| US3800244A (en) * | 1973-01-16 | 1974-03-26 | Gen Electric | Rf resonance electron excitation |
| US4182650A (en) * | 1973-05-17 | 1980-01-08 | Fischer Albert G | Pulsed nuclear fusion reactor |
| US5041760A (en) | 1973-10-24 | 1991-08-20 | Koloc Paul M | Method and apparatus for generating and utilizing a compound plasma configuration |
| US5015432A (en) | 1973-10-24 | 1991-05-14 | Koloc Paul M | Method and apparatus for generating and utilizing a compound plasma configuration |
| US4010396A (en) | 1973-11-26 | 1977-03-01 | Kreidl Chemico Physical K.G. | Direct acting plasma accelerator |
| FR2270733A1 (en) | 1974-02-08 | 1975-12-05 | Thomson Csf | Magnetic field vehicle detector unit - receiver detects changes produced in an emitted magnetic field |
| US4098643A (en) | 1974-07-09 | 1978-07-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Dual-function magnetic structure for toroidal plasma devices |
| US4057462A (en) | 1975-02-26 | 1977-11-08 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration | Radio frequency sustained ion energy |
| US4054846A (en) | 1975-04-02 | 1977-10-18 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Transverse-excitation laser with preionization |
| US4065351A (en) | 1976-03-25 | 1977-12-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration | Particle beam injection system |
| US4347621A (en) | 1977-10-25 | 1982-08-31 | Environmental Institute Of Michigan | Trochoidal nuclear fusion reactor |
| US4303467A (en) * | 1977-11-11 | 1981-12-01 | Branson International Plasma Corporation | Process and gas for treatment of semiconductor devices |
| US4274919A (en) | 1977-11-14 | 1981-06-23 | General Atomic Company | Systems for merging of toroidal plasmas |
| US4202725A (en) | 1978-03-08 | 1980-05-13 | Jarnagin William S | Converging beam fusion system |
| US4189346A (en) * | 1978-03-16 | 1980-02-19 | Jarnagin William S | Operationally confined nuclear fusion system |
| US4246067A (en) | 1978-08-30 | 1981-01-20 | Linlor William I | Thermonuclear fusion system |
| US4267488A (en) | 1979-01-05 | 1981-05-12 | Trisops, Inc. | Containment of plasmas at thermonuclear temperatures |
| US4397810A (en) | 1979-03-16 | 1983-08-09 | Energy Profiles, Inc. | Compressed beam directed particle nuclear energy generator |
| US4314879A (en) | 1979-03-22 | 1982-02-09 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Production of field-reversed mirror plasma with a coaxial plasma gun |
| US4416845A (en) | 1979-08-02 | 1983-11-22 | Energy Profiles, Inc. | Control for orbiting charged particles |
| DE2947498C2 (de) * | 1979-11-24 | 1982-01-21 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Cyanwasserstoff |
| JPS5829568B2 (ja) * | 1979-12-07 | 1983-06-23 | 岩崎通信機株式会社 | 2ビ−ム1電子銃陰極線管 |
| US4548782A (en) | 1980-03-27 | 1985-10-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Tokamak plasma heating with intense, pulsed ion beams |
| US4390494A (en) | 1980-04-07 | 1983-06-28 | Energy Profiles, Inc. | Directed beam fusion reaction with ion spin alignment |
| US4350927A (en) | 1980-05-23 | 1982-09-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Means for the focusing and acceleration of parallel beams of charged particles |
| US4317057A (en) * | 1980-06-16 | 1982-02-23 | Bazarov Georgy P | Channel of series-type magnetohydrodynamic generator |
| US4434130A (en) | 1980-11-03 | 1984-02-28 | Energy Profiles, Inc. | Electron space charge channeling for focusing ion beams |
| US4430130A (en) * | 1981-09-08 | 1984-02-07 | Sorensen Roald H | Basketball goal |
| US4584160A (en) * | 1981-09-30 | 1986-04-22 | Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Plasma devices |
| DE3146230A1 (de) * | 1981-11-21 | 1983-05-26 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Verfahren zur herstellung von n-substituierten n-isocyanatocarbonyl-carbamaten |
| US4543231A (en) | 1981-12-14 | 1985-09-24 | Ga Technologies Inc. | Multiple pinch method and apparatus for producing average magnetic well in plasma confinement |
| US4560528A (en) | 1982-04-12 | 1985-12-24 | Ga Technologies Inc. | Method and apparatus for producing average magnetic well in a reversed field pinch |
| JPH06105597B2 (ja) * | 1982-08-30 | 1994-12-21 | 株式会社日立製作所 | マイクロ波プラズマ源 |
| JPS5960899A (ja) * | 1982-09-29 | 1984-04-06 | 株式会社東芝 | イオン・エネルギ−回収装置 |
| US4618470A (en) | 1982-12-01 | 1986-10-21 | Austin N. Stanton | Magnetic confinement nuclear energy generator |
| US4483737A (en) * | 1983-01-31 | 1984-11-20 | University Of Cincinnati | Method and apparatus for plasma etching a substrate |
| US4601871A (en) | 1983-05-17 | 1986-07-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Steady state compact toroidal plasma production |
| US4650631A (en) | 1984-05-14 | 1987-03-17 | The University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Injection, containment and heating device for fusion plasmas |
| US4639348A (en) | 1984-11-13 | 1987-01-27 | Jarnagin William S | Recyclotron III, a recirculating plasma fusion system |
| US4615755A (en) | 1985-08-07 | 1986-10-07 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | Wafer cooling and temperature control for a plasma etching system |
| US4826646A (en) | 1985-10-29 | 1989-05-02 | Energy/Matter Conversion Corporation, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling charged particles |
| US4630939A (en) * | 1985-11-15 | 1986-12-23 | The Dow Chemical Company | Temperature measuring apparatus |
| SE450060B (sv) | 1985-11-27 | 1987-06-01 | Rolf Lennart Stenbacka | Forfarande for att astadkomma fusionsreaktioner, samt anordning for fusionsreaktor |
| US4687616A (en) * | 1986-01-15 | 1987-08-18 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method and apparatus for preventing cyclotron breakdown in partially evacuated waveguide |
| US4894199A (en) | 1986-06-11 | 1990-01-16 | Norman Rostoker | Beam fusion device and method |
| DK556887D0 (da) * | 1987-10-23 | 1987-10-23 | Risoe Forskningscenter | Fremgangsmaade til fremstilling af en pille og injektor til injektion af saadan pille |
| EP0438724B1 (en) | 1990-01-22 | 1996-05-08 | Werner K. Dipl.-Ing. Steudtner | Fusion reactor |
| US5160695A (en) | 1990-02-08 | 1992-11-03 | Qed, Inc. | Method and apparatus for creating and controlling nuclear fusion reactions |
| US5160685A (en) * | 1990-03-21 | 1992-11-03 | Midwest Plastic Fabricators | Method for bending pipe |
| US5311028A (en) | 1990-08-29 | 1994-05-10 | Nissin Electric Co., Ltd. | System and method for producing oscillating magnetic fields in working gaps useful for irradiating a surface with atomic and molecular ions |
| US5122662A (en) * | 1990-10-16 | 1992-06-16 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Circular induction accelerator for borehole logging |
| US5206516A (en) | 1991-04-29 | 1993-04-27 | International Business Machines Corporation | Low energy, steered ion beam deposition system having high current at low pressure |
| US6488807B1 (en) | 1991-06-27 | 2002-12-03 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Magnetic confinement in a plasma reactor having an RF bias electrode |
| US5207760A (en) * | 1991-07-23 | 1993-05-04 | Trw Inc. | Multi-megawatt pulsed inductive thruster |
| US5240425A (en) * | 1991-09-20 | 1993-08-31 | Hirose Electric Co., Ltd. | Electrical connector |
| JPH05101899A (ja) * | 1991-10-07 | 1993-04-23 | Masahiro Nishikawa | 中性粒子ビーム照射装置 |
| US5323442A (en) * | 1992-02-28 | 1994-06-21 | Ruxam, Inc. | Microwave X-ray source and methods of use |
| US5502354A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1996-03-26 | Correa; Paulo N. | Direct current energized pulse generator utilizing autogenous cyclical pulsed abnormal glow discharges |
| RU2056649C1 (ru) | 1992-10-29 | 1996-03-20 | Сергей Николаевич Столбов | Способ управляемого термоядерного синтеза и управляемый термоядерный реактор для его осуществления |
| US5339336A (en) * | 1993-02-17 | 1994-08-16 | Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. | High current ion ring accelerator |
| FR2705584B1 (fr) * | 1993-05-26 | 1995-06-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Dispositif de séparation isotopique par résonance cyclotronique ionique. |
| US5473165A (en) | 1993-11-16 | 1995-12-05 | Stinnett; Regan W. | Method and apparatus for altering material |
| EP0660372B1 (en) * | 1993-12-21 | 1999-10-13 | Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Plasma beam generating method and apparatus which can generate a high-power plasma beam |
| US5537005A (en) * | 1994-05-13 | 1996-07-16 | Hughes Aircraft | High-current, low-pressure plasma-cathode electron gun |
| US5420425A (en) | 1994-05-27 | 1995-05-30 | Finnigan Corporation | Ion trap mass spectrometer system and method |
| US5656819A (en) | 1994-11-16 | 1997-08-12 | Sandia Corporation | Pulsed ion beam source |
| CA2208573C (en) * | 1995-01-23 | 2008-08-05 | Lonza Ag | Process for preparing 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrazine-2-carboxamides |
| US5656519A (en) * | 1995-02-14 | 1997-08-12 | Nec Corporation | Method for manufacturing salicide semiconductor device |
| US5653811A (en) * | 1995-07-19 | 1997-08-05 | Chan; Chung | System for the plasma treatment of large area substrates |
| US20040213368A1 (en) | 1995-09-11 | 2004-10-28 | Norman Rostoker | Fusion reactor that produces net power from the p-b11 reaction |
| ATE254333T1 (de) * | 1995-09-25 | 2003-11-15 | Paul M Koloc | Vorrichtung zur erzeugung eines plasmas |
| US6255654B1 (en) * | 1995-10-23 | 2001-07-03 | Science Applications International Corporation | Density detection using discrete photon counting |
| JP3385327B2 (ja) * | 1995-12-13 | 2003-03-10 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 三次元四重極質量分析装置 |
| US5764715A (en) * | 1996-02-20 | 1998-06-09 | Sandia Corporation | Method and apparatus for transmutation of atomic nuclei |
| KR100275597B1 (ko) * | 1996-02-23 | 2000-12-15 | 나카네 히사시 | 플리즈마처리장치 |
| US6000360A (en) * | 1996-07-03 | 1999-12-14 | Tokyo Electron Limited | Plasma processing apparatus |
| US5811201A (en) | 1996-08-16 | 1998-09-22 | Southern California Edison Company | Power generation system utilizing turbine and fuel cell |
| US5923716A (en) | 1996-11-07 | 1999-07-13 | Meacham; G. B. Kirby | Plasma extrusion dynamo and methods related thereto |
| JPH10335096A (ja) * | 1997-06-03 | 1998-12-18 | Hitachi Ltd | プラズマ処理装置 |
| US6894446B2 (en) | 1997-10-17 | 2005-05-17 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion |
| US6628740B2 (en) * | 1997-10-17 | 2003-09-30 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion |
| US6271529B1 (en) * | 1997-12-01 | 2001-08-07 | Ebara Corporation | Ion implantation with charge neutralization |
| WO1999048775A1 (en) | 1998-03-20 | 1999-09-30 | Fort James Corporation | Disposable, microwaveable containers and process for their manufacture |
| US6390019B1 (en) | 1998-06-11 | 2002-05-21 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Chamber having improved process monitoring window |
| FR2780499B1 (fr) * | 1998-06-25 | 2000-08-18 | Schlumberger Services Petrol | Dispositifs de caracterisation de l'ecoulement d'un fluide polyphasique |
| DE19929278A1 (de) | 1998-06-26 | 2000-02-17 | Nissin Electric Co Ltd | Verfahren zum Implantieren negativer Wasserstoffionen und Implantierungseinrichtung |
| US6111695A (en) * | 1998-08-13 | 2000-08-29 | Foci Fiber Optic Communications, Inc. | Optical circulator |
| US6255648B1 (en) | 1998-10-16 | 2001-07-03 | Applied Automation, Inc. | Programmed electron flux |
| US6248251B1 (en) | 1999-02-19 | 2001-06-19 | Tokyo Electron Limited | Apparatus and method for electrostatically shielding an inductively coupled RF plasma source and facilitating ignition of a plasma |
| US6755086B2 (en) * | 1999-06-17 | 2004-06-29 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Flow meter for multi-phase mixtures |
| US6322706B1 (en) * | 1999-07-14 | 2001-11-27 | Archimedes Technology Group, Inc. | Radial plasma mass filter |
| US6452168B1 (en) * | 1999-09-15 | 2002-09-17 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Apparatus and methods for continuous beam fourier transform mass spectrometry |
| DE10060002B4 (de) | 1999-12-07 | 2016-01-28 | Komatsu Ltd. | Vorrichtung zur Oberflächenbehandlung |
| US6593539B1 (en) | 2000-02-25 | 2003-07-15 | George Miley | Apparatus and methods for controlling charged particles |
| US6408052B1 (en) * | 2000-04-06 | 2002-06-18 | Mcgeoch Malcolm W. | Z-pinch plasma X-ray source using surface discharge preionization |
| US6593570B2 (en) | 2000-05-24 | 2003-07-15 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Ion optic components for mass spectrometers |
| US6664740B2 (en) * | 2001-02-01 | 2003-12-16 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Formation of a field reversed configuration for magnetic and electrostatic confinement of plasma |
| US6611106B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2003-08-26 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration and direct energy conversion |
| US7132996B2 (en) | 2001-10-09 | 2006-11-07 | Plasma Control Systems Llc | Plasma production device and method and RF driver circuit |
| GB0131097D0 (en) | 2001-12-31 | 2002-02-13 | Applied Materials Inc | Ion sources |
| US7115887B1 (en) * | 2005-03-15 | 2006-10-03 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method for generating extreme ultraviolet with mather-type plasma accelerators for use in Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography |
-
2002
- 2002-01-31 US US10/066,424 patent/US6664740B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-01 ES ES10155306.3T patent/ES2550800T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-01 DK DK10155296.6T patent/DK2187712T3/en active
- 2002-02-01 PT PT101553063T patent/PT2187713E/pt unknown
- 2002-02-01 EA EA200500956A patent/EA011288B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-01 CN CNB028077911A patent/CN1269387C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-01 EP EP02713515A patent/EP1356717B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-01 BR BR0206814-1A patent/BR0206814A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-01 DK DK02713515.1T patent/DK1356717T3/da active
- 2002-02-01 BR BRPI0216000-5A patent/BRPI0216000B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-01 NZ NZ527344A patent/NZ527344A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-01 ES ES02713515T patent/ES2344193T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-01 BR BRPI0206814-1A patent/BRPI0206814B1/pt unknown
- 2002-02-01 WO PCT/US2002/002854 patent/WO2002062112A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-02-01 SG SG200504795-6A patent/SG149686A1/en unknown
- 2002-02-01 AT AT02713515T patent/ATE464643T1/de active
- 2002-02-01 JP JP2002562129A patent/JP4112983B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-01 CA CA2437360A patent/CA2437360C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-01 AU AU2002245362A patent/AU2002245362C1/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-02-01 IL IL15715902A patent/IL157159A0/xx unknown
- 2002-02-01 PL PL363361A patent/PL206448B1/pl unknown
- 2002-02-01 MX MXPA03006931A patent/MXPA03006931A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2002-02-01 KR KR1020077002606A patent/KR100883621B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-01 ES ES10155296.6T patent/ES2550217T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-01 EA EA200300853A patent/EA006325B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-01 EP EP10155296.6A patent/EP2187712B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-01 EP EP10155306.3A patent/EP2187713B9/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-01 PT PT101552966T patent/PT2187712E/pt unknown
- 2002-02-01 DE DE60235959T patent/DE60235959D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-01 SK SK5029-2012A patent/SK288442B6/sk not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-01 DK DK10155306.3T patent/DK2187713T3/en active
- 2002-02-01 KR KR1020037010236A patent/KR100883619B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-01 SK SK1101-2003A patent/SK288027B6/sk not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-12-23 US US10/328,701 patent/US7015646B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-23 US US10/328,674 patent/US6891911B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-23 US US10/328,703 patent/US7026763B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-07-29 IL IL157159A patent/IL157159A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2004
- 2004-03-11 US US10/799,530 patent/US6995515B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-12-17 US US11/016,421 patent/US7126284B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-03-07 US US11/074,615 patent/US7477718B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-05-19 US US11/133,807 patent/US7119491B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-05-19 US US11/134,776 patent/US7180242B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-07-01 US US11/173,204 patent/US7129656B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2006
- 2006-06-26 JP JP2006175903A patent/JP4097093B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-08-01 US US11/498,404 patent/US7569995B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2006-08-02 US US11/498,354 patent/US7439678B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2007
- 2007-02-09 US US11/704,792 patent/US20080063133A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-02-16 US US11/707,282 patent/US7613271B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2007-06-22 AU AU2007202901A patent/AU2007202901B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-08-06 JP JP2007204811A patent/JP2007322440A/ja not_active Withdrawn
-
2008
- 2008-01-08 IL IL188654A patent/IL188654A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2009
- 2009-05-13 US US12/465,455 patent/US9265137B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-07-29 US US12/511,266 patent/US8461762B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-08-21 JP JP2009192619A patent/JP5317346B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-11-02 US US12/610,884 patent/US9370086B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-06-18 JP JP2010139929A patent/JP5439290B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-07-12 CY CY20101100650T patent/CY1110220T1/el unknown
-
2011
- 2011-04-08 AU AU2011201603A patent/AU2011201603B2/en not_active Ceased
-
2013
- 2013-06-11 US US13/915,521 patent/US9386676B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2015
- 2015-12-28 US US14/980,873 patent/US20160189803A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2016
- 2016-05-12 US US15/153,652 patent/US10217531B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2016-06-02 US US15/172,069 patent/US9672943B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2017
- 2017-05-03 US US15/585,919 patent/US10361005B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| ES2550217T3 (es) | Confinamiento magnético y electroestático de plasma en una configuración invertida en campo | |
| Kartashov et al. | Three-dimensional droplets of swirling superfluids | |
| Beklemishev | Diamagnetic “bubble” equilibria in linear traps | |
| Thorne et al. | Red giants and supergiants with degenerate neutron cores | |
| ES2259088T3 (es) | Fusion controlada en una configuracion de campo invertido y conversion directa de energia. | |
| ES2763802T3 (es) | Sistemas para formar y mantener una FRC de alto rendimiento | |
| BR112017008768B1 (pt) | Método e sistema para gerar e manter um campo magnético com uma configuração de campo reverso | |
| Ruutu et al. | Defect formation in quench-cooled superfluid phase transition | |
| Barsukov et al. | Influence of the small-scale magnetic field on the evolution of the angle between the magnetic moment and rotation axis of radio pulsars with superfluid cores | |
| CZ20032067A3 (en) | Method of and apparatus for generating field reversed configuration magnetic topology | |
| Guedes Grenfell | Electromagnetic turbulence in the edge of fusion plasmas: spontaneous and actively modulated features | |
| Zhi-ming et al. | Photon statistics of the micromaser with ultra cold Λ-type three-level atoms | |
| Katanuma et al. | Ion radial transport due to a non-uniform electrostatic potential in a magnetic mirror | |
| Dalibard et al. | Trapping Neutral Atoms with Electromagnetic Fields | |
| Nasrin | Theoretical estimation of cross field interaction in plasma | |
| Kochhar et al. | On the post-Newtonian effects in the millisecond pulsar 1937+ 214 | |
| Chacón et al. | Stability of thermal ions confined by rigid-rotor electron clouds in Penning fusion systems | |
| Pratt et al. | Energy confinement scaling predictions for the stabilized tandem mirror | |
| Bodenheimer et al. | Collapse of a rotating protostellar cloud | |
| El-zmeter et al. | Analysis of Tokamak fusion device parameters affecting the efficiency of Tokamak operation | |
| Coensgen et al. | A DT neutron source for fusion materials and technology testing | |
| Olson | Dependence of MHD stability of a plasma on the ratio of the densities of energetic and background particles | |
| Swain et al. | Relativistic electron beam heating of a tokamak plasma | |
| Lushchikov et al. | Quantum effects at the storage of ultracold neutrons on a plane | |
| Gammie et al. | Numerical models of black hole accretion flows |