EP4453077A1 - Verwertung von polyethylen-haltigen gemischen zu langkettigen alkyldicarbonsäuren mittels oxidativer spaltung - Google Patents
Verwertung von polyethylen-haltigen gemischen zu langkettigen alkyldicarbonsäuren mittels oxidativer spaltungInfo
- Publication number
- EP4453077A1 EP4453077A1 EP22843179.7A EP22843179A EP4453077A1 EP 4453077 A1 EP4453077 A1 EP 4453077A1 EP 22843179 A EP22843179 A EP 22843179A EP 4453077 A1 EP4453077 A1 EP 4453077A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- mass
- catalyst
- reaction
- chain length
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
- C07C51/215—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of saturated hydrocarbyl groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
- C08J11/12—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by dry-heat treatment only
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/32—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/34—Manganese
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/006—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds comprising organic radicals, e.g. TEMPO
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/04—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing carboxylic acids or their salts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
- B01J31/069—Hybrid organic-inorganic polymers, e.g. silica derivatized with organic groups
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/22—Organic complexes
- B01J31/2204—Organic complexes the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms
- B01J31/2208—Oxygen, e.g. acetylacetonates
- B01J31/2226—Anionic ligands, i.e. the overall ligand carries at least one formal negative charge
- B01J31/223—At least two oxygen atoms present in one at least bidentate or bridging ligand
- B01J31/2234—Beta-dicarbonyl ligands, e.g. acetylacetonates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/70—Chemical treatment, e.g. pH adjustment or oxidation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/43—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change of the physical state, e.g. crystallisation
- C07C51/44—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change of the physical state, e.g. crystallisation by distillation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/43—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change of the physical state, e.g. crystallisation
- C07C51/44—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change of the physical state, e.g. crystallisation by distillation
- C07C51/445—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change of the physical state, e.g. crystallisation by distillation by steam distillation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/47—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by solid-liquid treatment; by chemisorption
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/48—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by liquid-liquid treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
- C08J11/16—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with inorganic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B2101/00—Type of solid waste
- B09B2101/75—Plastic waste
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2323/06—Polyethene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2400/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified polymers
- C08J2400/30—Polymeric waste or recycled polymer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the production of a water-insoluble mixture of a homologous series of a plurality of different long-chain (>Cs) alkyl dicarboxylic acids, in particular a,m-n-alkyl dicarboxylic acids, by oxidative cleavage of polyethylene (PE)-containing mixtures with oxygen, and the mixtures obtainable thereby Mixtures or compositions and their uses.
- PE polyethylene
- plastic production was estimated at 400 million tons worldwide, of which 15 million tons were produced in Germany alone.
- the most important plastic class here is that of polyethylene, which accounts for the largest share at around 30%.
- This class is divided roughly equally into high-density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene (LDPE).
- LDPE low-density polyethylene
- the products made from this are very versatile and ubiquitous, but the most important in terms of numbers are (disposable) packaging products such as various films or hollow bodies.
- This recycling problem means that such waste is increasingly entering nature. Due to the high mechanical and chemical stability of plastics, this leads to the persistence of the materials in nature, with the well-known devastating consequences for the environment. In addition, from a purely economic point of view, this represents an enormous waste of finite resources and raw materials.
- plastic waste can be recycled through various approaches such as material, raw material or energetic use.
- material recycling is currently the main focus.
- the waste products are sorted, cleaned, shredded and melted down again.
- This type of recycling thus prepares used plastics in order to provide a secondary raw material and regranulates for new plastic products.
- the polymers are as pure as possible and their chemical structure is not changed during this process, since both factors are decisive for the quality of the material. Due to contamination, the presence of other substances (such as dyes), due to the lack of options for separating them according to type of the different types of plastic and ultimately the unavoidable progressive damage to the material through mechanical and thermal stress, however, this recycling can only be carried out for around 40% of all plastic waste.
- the secondary products produced in this way are of lower quality compared to the respective fresh product and are therefore often not suitable for the original applications.
- this has meant that the remaining 50% of all plastic waste in Germany has to be energetically recycled, i.e. incinerated, which currently does not allow for a closed recycling cycle for plastics.
- raw material recycling has been increasingly discussed as another promising recycling of plastic waste in recent years.
- the plastics are broken down chemically into smaller building blocks, which can be separated and cleaned much better, thus ensuring access to materials with new-goods quality.
- a prerequisite for raw material recycling is a given reactivity of the plastic for chain scission in order to enable efficient and selective extraction of the building blocks.
- oxidative functionalization of polyethylenes in particular polyethylene waxes
- oxygen EP 0 890 583 A1, EP 3 470 440 A1
- ozone EP 0 296 490 A2, GB 951 308 A
- the functionalization of the polymers with oxygen-containing groups is primarily intended to improve the polarity and thus the surface properties of the polymers used for various applications.
- the products obtained in this way are referred to as oxidized PE waxes. These are used, for example, in dispersions of printing inks and varnishes, the coating of paper, as lubricants in plastics processing, in metalworking tion or used as adhesives and sealants.
- Low molecular weight polyethylenes (M w ⁇ 20 kg/mol) of high density (up to 0.97 g/cm 3 ) are preferably used as fresh goods as the starting material (eg EP 3 470 440 A1).
- the typical oxidized polyethylene-like products obtained have only low acid numbers ( ⁇ 40 mg KOH/g) compared to the present invention, since the focus here is on the functionalization of the existing polyethylene chain, thus a completely different goal is pursued and also none There is a recycling requirement.
- 8,487,138 B2 disclose, for example, processes for the oxidation of low molecular weight PE waxes, cycloalkanes and alkyl-substituted aromatics using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI).
- NHPI N-hydroxyphthalimide
- the focus is on using this organocatalyst to promote various known oxidation reactions using different hydrocarbons as starting materials.
- the production of various oxidation products containing short-chain dicarboxylic acids from different hydrocarbons containing alkanes or PE waxes is described. Neither polymers are described as starting materials nor the use of secondary raw materials and thus an intention to recycle.
- GB 951 308 A describes the oxidation of very fine HDPE powder in a fluidized bed reactor using ozonated oxygen to produce acidic oxidized PE waxes for use as, for example, polishing wax.
- a decisive disadvantage and limitation of the process are the high demands on the HDPE used, which must be provided as a fine powder free of foreign substances and oxidized below the softening temperature in order to enable the reaction to be carried out in the required highly mixed fluidized bed reactor with ozonated oxygen.
- This reaction procedure only makes economic sense for freshly produced HDPE, which is obtained directly from the synthesis as a powder, and is therefore inherently unsuitable for the recycling of plastic waste that is present as melt-processed bodies. These would first have to be cooled below their glass transition temperature (approx. -70 to -100 °C) using a great deal of energy in order to be able to prepare the powder, for example via cryogenic grinding.
- the present invention is based on the object of providing a method which recycles HDPE-containing waste in an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, efficient and sustainable manner into popular alkyl dicarboxylic acids, in particular ⁇ ,mn-alkyl dicarboxylic acids.
- the object described above is achieved by the embodiments of the present invention characterized in the claims.
- the invention provides a process for preparing a water-insoluble mixture of a homologous series of a plurality of different a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids (linear a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids) having a carbon chain length of at least Cs, starting from polyethylene-containing mixtures by oxidative cleavage with an oxygen-containing reaction gas, comprising:
- polyethylene-containing mixture which has a total polyethylene content of at least 50% by mass with an HDPE content of at least 5.0% by mass, the polyethylenes contained each having a weight-average molar mass (Mw) of at least 20000 g/mol, and
- the oxidative cleavage of the polyethylene or HDPE takes place above the melting point, which significantly simplifies the requirements for the mixture used and thus also allows the use of secondary raw materials for the first time. So far, it has not been possible to control the significantly more active course of the reaction above the melting point in such a way that long-chain a,m-n-alkyl dicarboxylic acids can be obtained with high selectivity. In the present invention, this could now be achieved for the first time without high demands on the substrate (starting material) or mixing in the reactor, which thus allows the raw material recycling of HDPE-containing plastic waste through a robust and economical oxidative cleavage reaction.
- the present invention describes a process for the oxidative cleavage of polyethylene chains for the production of a water-insoluble mixture of a homologous series from a plurality of various long-chain a,co-n-alkyl dicarboxylic acids.
- reactive oxygen for example provided by compressed ambient air
- the otherwise chemically inert PE waste can be broken down under particularly mild conditions and can therefore be recycled into chemicals with a significantly higher value (chemical "upcycling").
- HDPE as the most demanding substrate of all polyolefins for oxidative recycling, can also be recycled using atmospheric oxygen as an oxidizing agent to form long-chain dicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length of at least Cs and preferably an average carbon chain length >Cs. It is crucial to control the highly active oxidation above the melting point by understanding the process parameters in such a way that complete oxidation and thus combustion to CO2 does not take place, but the reaction at the level of long-chain a,m-n-alkyl dicarboxylic acids as cleavage products stops.
- DDDA 1,12-dodecanedioic acid
- PA 612 plastic polyamide 612
- DDDA DD-diodecanedioic acid
- azelaic acid 1,9-nonanedioic acid
- compositions in an environmentally friendly, inexpensive, efficient and sustainable manner which essentially consists of a water-insoluble mixture of a homologous series of at least 10 different linear a,co- Alkyl dicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length in the range from Cs to C34, the proportion of water-soluble compounds and compounds with a carbon chain length of C35 or more being less than 10% by mass.
- the mixtures or compositions obtained according to the invention can advantageously be used either directly for the production of polymers, for example in the synthesis of polyamides and polyesters, or for the production or isolation of the pure linear a, co-alkyl dicarboxylic acids present in the mixture with a carbon chain length in the range from Cs to C34 can be used.
- the process according to the invention relates to the production of water-insoluble a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length of at least Cs, starting from PE-containing mixtures, characterized by a total polyethylene content of at least 50% by mass, including an HDPE content of at least 5 .0% by mass, the polyethylenes present each having a weight-average molar mass (M w ) of at least 20000 g/mol, by oxidative cleavage of the polyethylene-containing mixture with an oxygen-containing reaction gas consisting of at least 5% by volume of oxygen
- at least one catalyst in particular at least one catalyst which is insoluble in the reaction mixture, at a process pressure of at least 1 bar, for example in the range from 1 to 100 bar, a reaction temperature above the melting point of the PE-containing mixture and preferably one Reaction time from 0.1 to 16 h, the product mixture obtained having an acid number of at least 100 mg KOH/g.
- the product mixture obtained is a water-insoluble mixture of a homologous series of a plurality of different a,co-n-alkyl dicarboxylic acids having a carbon chain length of at least Cs.
- a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids are saturated carboxylic acids with two carboxylic acid groups, the linear alkyl chain being substituted with a carboxylic acid group in the 1-position ( «-position) and in the terminal position ( «-position).
- the process according to the invention gives water-insoluble a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length of at least Cs.
- Water-insoluble is understood to mean that the a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids have a solubility (at 20° C.) of less than 3 g/L.
- azelaic acid (C9) has a water solubility of approx. 2.4 g/L at 20 °C. Due to secondary effects, suberic acid (Cs) even has a slightly lower solubility, with water solubility generally decreasing with increasing chain length.
- a compound, in particular a hydrocarbon-based compound, with a water solubility of 3 g/L or more at 20° C. is understood to be water-soluble.
- a mixture of a homologous series of a plurality of different a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length of at least Cs comprises a substance mixture or a composition of at least 3 different a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids each with a carbon chain length of Cs or more , and where the carbon chains of the various a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids differ by only one CEE group.
- the mixture according to the invention preferably comprises at least 5 different a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids of a homologous series, particularly preferably at least 10 different a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids of a homologous series each having a carbon chain length of Cs or more.
- the a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids defined above are preferably C8-C34-a,co-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids, more preferably Cs-C26-,'-n-alkyldicarboxylic acids and particularly preferably C ⁇ j-Cis -a, «-n-alkyl dicarboxylic acids.
- This means that the process according to the invention can preferably be used to obtain mixtures of linear C 3 -C 34 -, -alkyl dicarboxylic acids, more preferably C 5 -C -C 8 -, -alkyl dicarboxylic acids and particularly preferably C 9 -C -C 8 -, -alkyl dicarboxylic acids become.
- the composition of the invention preferably consists essentially of a mixture of a homologous series from at least 10 different linear ⁇ , ⁇ >-alkyl dicarboxylic acids having a carbon chain length in the range of Cs to C26, more preferably C9-C18.
- the method according to the invention comprises providing a (starting) mixture (plastic mixture) containing at least 50% by mass of polyethylene (PE), in particular at least 70% by mass of PE, e.g. B. 50 to 100% by mass of PE or 70 to 100% by mass of PE, the PE containing 5.0% by mass, in particular 20% by mass or more, of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and the contained Polyethylenes have a weight average molecular weight (M w ) of 20,000 g/mol or higher, as is typical for melt-processed waste plastics.
- PE polyethylene
- HDPE high-density polyethylene
- the PE-containing mixture is not further restricted according to the invention, provided that it contains at least 50% by mass of PE, in particular at least 70% by mass of PE, which in turn contains 5.0% by mass or more, in particular at least 20% by mass of HDPE with a M w of 20,000 g/mol or higher.
- the mixture defined above is usually a heterogeneous or a homogeneous mixture of substances. It is preferably a homogeneous or heterogeneous granulate, films, hollow bodies, composite materials, production waste or other melt-processed bodies.
- the mixture can be, for example, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a homogeneous or heterogeneous powder.
- the plastic mixture is preferably a secondary raw material flow as it occurs in German and European plastic waste management and is defined and also traded, for example, by various national standards (eg green dot in Germany).
- the plastic mixture used can be entirely, ie 100% by mass, a secondary raw material. However, it is also possible to use secondary raw materials together with freshly synthesized PE and/or HDPE.
- the PE-containing mixture used preferably has a secondary raw material content of at least 50% by mass. According to the present invention, all PE-containing materials that have been subjected to melt processing are understood to be secondary raw materials. In addition to recyclates, this also includes offcuts.
- the present invention is not limited to the use of PE-containing secondary raw materials and pure, ie fresh from the synthesis and unprocessed, polyethylenes and in particular HDPE can also be used.
- the plastic mixture containing foreign substances contains 50.0% by mass or more polyethylene, preferably 70.0% by mass or more polyethylene, more preferably 90.0% by mass or more polyethylene and particularly preferably 95.0% by mass or more polyethylenes.
- the mass % upper limit for the polyethylenes contained in the plastics mixture is not further restricted according to the invention, this mass % upper limit preferably being 100.0% by mass or less, more preferably 80.0% by mass or less and particularly preferably 70. is 0% by mass or less.
- the substance mixtures defined above can contain, for example, 50.0 to 100.0% by mass, 50.0 to 90.0% by mass, 50.0 to 80.0% by mass, 50.0 to 70.0% by mass, 60.0 to 100.0% by mass, 60.0 to 90.0% by mass, 60.0 to 80.0% by mass, 60.0 to 70.0% by mass, 70.0 to 100, 0% by mass, 70.0 to 90.0% by mass, or 70.0 to 80.0% by mass of polyethylene.
- the PE present in the mixture contains 5.0% by mass or more HDPE, preferably 20.0% by mass or more HDPE, more preferably 40.0% by mass or more HDPE and particularly preferably 60.0% by mass or more HDPE.
- the mass % upper limit for the HDPE contained in the PE is not further restricted according to the invention, this mass % upper limit preferably being 90.0% by mass or less, more preferably 80.0% by mass or less and particularly preferably is 70.0% by mass or less.
- the PE contained in the mixture defined above can, for example, be 5.0 to 90.0% by mass, 5.0 to 80.0% by mass, 5.0 to 70.0% by mass, 20.0 to 90.0% by mass -%, 20.0 to 80.0% by mass, 20.0 to 70.0% by mass, 40.0 to 90.0% by mass, 40.0 to 80.0% by mass, 40.0 up to 70.0% by mass, 60.0 to 90.0% by mass, 60.0 to 80.0% by mass or 60.0 to 70.0% by mass HDPE.
- a mixture containing PE which has a secondary raw material content of at least 50% by mass. It is particularly preferred here if the polyethylene-containing secondary raw material stream used has a total polyethylene content of at least 90% by mass and a relative HDPE content of at least 50% by mass.
- the HDPE contained in the PE defined above and the polyethylenes contained in the plastic mixture have a weight-average molar mass (M w ) of 20,000 g/mol or higher, preferably 30,000 g/mol or higher, more preferably 40,000 g/mol or higher and particularly preferably 50000 g/mol or higher.
- M w weight-average molar mass
- the upper limit for the M w des The HDPEs contained in the PE and the polyethylenes are not further restricted according to the invention.
- the HDPE contained in the PE defined above preferably has a crystallinity (also called degree of crystallization or degree of crystallinity) of 50 to 80%, more preferably 52 to 78% and particularly preferably 54 to 76%.
- the crystallinity of the HDPE contained in the PE defined above can be, for example, 50 to 78%, 50 to 76%, 52 to 80%, 52 to 76%, 54 to 80% or 54 to 78%.
- the HDPE contained in the PE defined above preferably has a density of 0.935 to 0.980 g/cm 3 , more preferably 0.940 to 0.975 g/cm 3 and particularly preferably 0.945 to 0.970 g/cm 3 .
- the HDPE contained in the PE defined above has a density of from 0.935 to 0.975 g/cm 3 , from 0.935 to 0.970 g/cm 3 , from 0.940 to 0.980 g/cm 3 , from 0.940 to 0.970 g/cm 3 , from 0.945 to 0.980 g/cm 3 or from 0.945 to 0.975 g/cm 3 .
- the HDPE contained in the PE defined above preferably has a melting temperature (T m ) of from 120 to 145°C, more preferably from 122 to 143°C and particularly preferably from 125 to 140°C.
- T m melting temperature
- the HDPE contained in the PE defined above has a melting temperature (T m ) of from 120 to 143°C, from 120 to 140°C, from 122 to 145°C, from 122 to 140°C, from 125 to 145°C or from 125 to 143 °C.
- T m The melting temperature (also referred to below as the melting point) of the HDPE used and of the PE-containing mixture itself is determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
- the PE contained in the plastic mixture also contains low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and/or linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).
- LDPE low-density polyethylene
- LLDPE linear low-density polyethylene
- the content of LDPE and/or LLDPE in the plastic mixture defined above is not further restricted as long as the mixture according to the invention has a relative HDPE content of 5.0% by mass or more.
- the content of LDPE and/or LLDPE in the PE defined above may be, for example, 95.0% by mass or less, 90.0% by mass % or less, 85.0% by mass or less, 80.0% by mass or less, 75.0% by mass or less, 70.0% by mass or less, 65.0% by mass or less, 60 .0% by mass or less, 55.0% by mass or less, 50.0% by mass or less, 45.0% by mass or less, 40.0% by mass or less, 35.0% by mass or less, 30.0% by mass or less, 25.0% by mass or less, 20.0% by mass or less, 15.0% by mass or less, 10.0% by mass or less, 5, 0% by mass or less or 0% by mass.
- the crystallinity of the LDPE defined above is preferably from 40 to less than 50%, more preferably from 41 to 49% and particularly preferably from 42 to 48%.
- the crystallinity of the LDPE defined above may be, for example, from 40 to 49%, from 40 to 48%, from 41 to less than 50%, from 41 to 48%, from 42 to less than 50% or from 42 to 49% .
- the LDPE defined above preferably has a density of from 0.915 to less than 0.935 g/cm 3 and more preferably from 0.920 to 0.930 g/cm 3 .
- the LDPE defined above has a density of from 0.915 to 0.930 g/cm 3 or from 0.920 to less than 0.935 g/cm 3 .
- the LDPE defined above preferably has a melting temperature (T m ) of 100 to 135°C, more preferably 105 to 130°C and most preferably 110 to 124°C.
- T m melting temperature
- the LDPE defined above has a melting temperature (T m ) of from 100 to 130°C, from 100 to 124°C, from 105 to 135°C, from 105 to 124°C, from 110 to 135°C or from 110 to 130 °C.
- the crystallinity of the LLDPE defined above is preferably from 10 to less than 50%, more preferably from 15 to 45% and particularly preferably from 20 to 40%.
- the crystallinity of the LLDPE defined above may be, for example, from 10 to 45%, from 10 to 40%, from 15 to less than 50%, from 15 to 40%, from 20 to less than 50% or from 20 to 45% .
- the LLDPE defined above preferably has a density of from 0.870 to less than 0.935 g/cm 3 , more preferably from 0.875 to 0.930 and most preferably from 0.880 to 0.925 g/cm 3 .
- the LLDPE defined above has a density of from 0.870 to 0.930 g/cm 3 , from 0.870 to 0.925 g/cm 3 , from 0.875 to less than 0.935 g/cm 3 , from 0.875 to 0.925 g/cm 3 , from 0.880 to less than 0.935 g/cm 3 or from 0.880 up to 0.930 g/cm 3 .
- the LLDPE defined above preferably has a melting temperature (T m ) of 45 to 135°C, more preferably 75 to 130°C and most preferably 110 to 124°C.
- T m melting temperature
- the LLDPE defined above has a melting temperature (T m ) of from 45 to 130°C, from 45 to 124°C, from 75 to 135°C, from 75 to 124°C, from 110 to 135°C, or from 110 to 130 °C.
- Typical methods for determining the crystallinity of a polymer, in particular the HDPE, LDPE and LLDPE defined above, are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the crystallinity of the HDPE, LDPE and LLDPE defined above can be determined, for example, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy or NMR spectroscopy.
- the crystallinity is preferably determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
- Typical methods for determining the M w of a polymer, in particular HDPE, LDPE or LLDPE, are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the Mw of the HDPE's, LDPE's or LLDPE's can be determined, for example, by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Analytical Ultracentrifuge (AUC), Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS ), electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-ToF-MS), or asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4).
- GPC Gel Permeation Chromatography
- AUC Analytical Ultracentrifuge
- MALDI-ToF-MS Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- ESI-ToF-MS electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- the determination preferably takes place via gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene standards and universal calibration or using HDPE standards and linear calibration, it being possible for a modified polystyrene which is cross-linked with divinylbenzene to be used as the column material.
- GPC measurements can be carried out at 160 °C using di- or trichlorobenzene as the solvent.
- the polyethylene-containing mixture is oxidatively cleaved using an oxygen-containing reaction gas in the presence of at least one catalyst.
- This is preferably added to the PE-containing mixture.
- the catalyst can be, for example, a single catalyst or a combination of two or more catalysts, e.g. B. act 2 or 3 catalyst stators. In this case the catalysts are different, e.g. B. in terms of their solubility in the reaction mixture and / or in terms of their chemical constitution.
- the catalysts can according to the invention from the group of organic catalysts, such as. B. N-Hydroxyphthalimid (NHPI), and from inorganic catalysts such. B. metals and metal compounds, in particular noble metals and metal compounds.
- the metals are preferably selected from the group consisting of Mo, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt and Au.
- metal salts can preferably also be used as catalysts.
- the cation of the metal salts is preferably from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Nb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, V, Ti, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Mo, W, Re, Os, Ir, and Pt Au selected.
- the metals and metal compounds can be represented as follows: Mn(X) 2 /4/6, Fe(X) 2 / 3 , Co(X) 2/3 , Ni(X) 2/3 , Nb( X) 5 , Cu(X)i/ 2 , Zn(X) 2 , Cr(X) 2 / 3 / 6 , V(X) 2/3 / 4/5 , Ti(X) 2 /4, RU( X) 2 / 3 /6, Rh(X)o/i/ 2 / 3 /4, Pd(X)o/ 2 / 4 , Ag(X)o/i/ 2 , AU(X)O/I/ 2 / 3 , W(X)o/ 2 / 3 / 4 /5/6, Mo(X)o/ 2 / 3 /4/5/6, Re(X)o/4/7, Os(X) o/4/8, Ir(X)o/4/8, or Pt(X)o/ 2 / 4 /6.
- the anion/anions of the metal salts defined as X is/are not further restricted according to the invention, provided that a salt is present in combination with metal ions.
- the anion(s) of the metal salts can be, for example, at least one laurate, at least one myristate, at least one paimitate, at least one palmitoleate, at least one stearate, at least one oleate, at least one erucate, at least one naphthenate, at least one acetate, at least an acetylacetonate, at least one chloride, at least one bromide, at least one iodide, at least one nitrate, at least one oxide, at least one sulfate, at least one carbonate or at least one phosphate.
- Preferred catalysts are transition metal compounds, in particular transition metal compounds from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, manganese, niobium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, ruthenium and vanadium.
- the catalyst comprises at least one manganese compound, in particular a manganese oxide and specifically manganese(IV) oxide, which can be used alone or in combination with at least one other of the aforementioned catalysts.
- the catalyst also preferably comprises N-hydroxyphthalimide, which can be used alone or in combination with at least one other of the aforementioned catalysts.
- the catalyst comprises at least one catalyst which is not soluble in the reaction product.
- a catalyst which is not soluble in the reaction product is understood to mean a catalyst which is insoluble or only sparingly soluble in the product mixture at 100° C. and 1 bar. Not soluble or only sparingly soluble means that the solubility of the catalyst in the product mixture at 100° C. and 1 bar is less than 0.01 g of catalyst per kg of product mixture.
- the solubility of the catalyst can be determined, for example, by adding the catalyst to a melt of the product mixture in an amount of 100 g/kg of the product mixture, keeping the product mixture at 100 °C for 1 hour and removing the undissolved catalyst at 100 °C from the Separates melt and then determines the content of the catalyst in the mixture, for example by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) or by means of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS).
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry
- ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma
- the product mixture consists essentially of linear a,co-alkyl dicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length of at least Cs and corresponding keto-functionalized and/or hydroxy-functionalized a,co-alkyl dicarboxylic acids, the precise composition for solubility is negligible.
- a limited solubility or insolubility of the catalyst in the reaction mixture is not detrimental to the efficiency of the oxidative cleavage and it is therefore possible with these catalysts to achieve good conversions and good selectivities with regard to the formation of a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length of at least Cs.
- the low solubility of the catalyst makes it easier to separate it from the reaction mixture and thus to recover the catalyst.
- catalysts which are not soluble in the reaction mixture are, in particular, transition metal oxides, noble metals, supported noble metals and supported metal salts, which can be used alone or in combination.
- suitable transition metal oxides are in particular manganese oxides, e.g. B. manganese (IV) oxide (manganese dioxide or MnCl), manganese (III) oxide, also vanadium oxides such as vanadium (V) oxide, niobium oxides, z. B.
- Niobium(V) oxide copper oxides, especially CuO and Q12O, silver oxides, especially Ag2Ü, zinc oxides, especially ZnO, iron oxides, especially FeO, Fe2Ü3 and FesCU, cobalt oxides, especially CoO, CO2O3 and CO3O4, chromium oxides of oxidation stages III and IV (CnCh and CTO2), ruthenium oxides of oxidation states III and IV (RU2O3 and RUO2) and nickel oxides, e.g. e.g. NiO, Ni2O3 .
- the noble metals are in particular palladium or platinum into consideration, as such or in supported form, z. B. can be used on carrier materials such as activated carbon, silica, zeolites, alumina, magnesium chloride or barium sulfate.
- a binary catalyst system is preferably used.
- the selection of the respective catalysts must be coordinated with the PE-containing mixtures to be used and the process conditions.
- Co and Mn salts are preferably used in combination without being limited thereto.
- Ni salts can be combined with another metal compound as defined above.
- combinations of at least one manganese salt and N-hydroxyphthalimide are also preferred.
- a catalyst mixture which consists of at least two catalysts, at least one of the catalysts comprising at least one catalyst which is insoluble in the reaction product and at least one catalyst which is soluble in the reaction mixture.
- the catalyst which is insoluble in the reaction product is preferably used in at least the same or greater amount than the catalyst which is soluble in the reaction mixture, e.g. B. in a mass ratio of 20: 1 to 1: 1.
- Catalysts which are not soluble in the reaction product are, in particular, the aforementioned transition metal oxides, noble metals, supported noble metals and supported metal salts, which can be used alone or in combination.
- Catalysts which are soluble in the reaction product are understood to mean catalysts which have a solubility of at least 0.01 g/kg, in particular at least 0.1 g/kg, especially at least 1 g/kg, in the product mixture at 100° C. and 1 bar .
- the catalysts soluble in the reaction product include in particular certain transition metal salts, in particular salts of cobalt and manganese, in particular their salts with C2-C20 alkanecarboxylic acids, for example their acetates, propionates, butyrates, caprylates, decanoates, dodecanoates, myristates, palmitates and stearates, their salts or complexes with 1,3-diketones, for example their acetyl acetonates, and in particular N-hydroxyphthalimide.
- transition metal salts in particular salts of cobalt and manganese
- C2-C20 alkanecarboxylic acids for example their acetates, propionates, butyrates, caprylates, decanoates, dodecanoates, myristates, palmitates and stearates
- 1,3-diketones for example their acetyl acetonates
- N-hydroxyphthalimide N-hydroxyphthalimide
- the catalyst or the catalyst mixture is preferably used in a total amount of at least 0.0001% by mass, more preferably at least 0.001% by mass, even more preferably at least 0.005% by mass, especially at least 0.01% by mass, based on 100 % by mass of the PE-containing mixture defined above, e.g. B. in a total amount of 0.0001 to 10.0% by mass, more preferably 0.001 to 5.0% by mass and particularly preferably 0.005 to 3.0% by mass.
- the PE-containing mixture defined above can, for example, contain the catalyst or the catalyst mixture in a total amount of preferably 0.0001 to 2.0% by mass, 0.0001 to 1.0% by mass, 0.001 to 3.0% by mass , 0.001 to 2.0% by mass, 0.001 to 1.0% by mass, 0.01 to 3.0% by mass, 0.01 to 2.0% by mass or 0.01 to 1.0% by mass % contain.
- the PE-containing mixture used according to the invention contains at least one of the catalysts defined above, the yield of oxidative cleavage products in a given time frame, the selectivity with regard to the formation of the desired linear a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length of at least Cs and the obtained Affect acid number in an advantageous manner.
- the catalysts thus influence the chemoselectivity as well as the speed of the oxidation reactions taking place under given physical conditions.
- the use of the catalysts mentioned above thus makes it possible to carry out the reaction economically with different physical parameters, which in turn is crucial for controlling the chain length of the a,m,n-alkyldicarboxylic acids obtained.
- keto-functionalized and/or hydroxy-functionalized a,mn-alkyldicarboxylic acids can also be obtained as coupling products.
- the functionalization of the polyethylene chain by keto groups and/or hydroxy groups represents an intermediate step before the oxidative cleavage to linear a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids.
- the catalysts defined above it is possible by influencing the ratio of chain functionalization by keto groups and/or hydroxy groups and subsequent chain cleavage of these same groups, the content of keto-functionalized and/or hydroxy-functionalized a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids can be controlled.
- the process described can be used flexibly for a wide range of accessible linear a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids of different chain lengths and also for keto functionalization or hydroxy functionalization.
- the mixture defined above also contains at least one aqueous reaction medium.
- the aqueous reaction medium is a medium which contains at least water, where the water can be, for example, drinking water or distilled water.
- the above reaction medium may contain one or more inorganic bases such as NaOH and/or KOH.
- the above reaction medium can also contain or consist of an organic acid.
- the above reaction medium (additionally) contains or consists of an organic solvent.
- the organic acid can be, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid or benzoic acid.
- the organic solvent can be, for example, benzonitrile or acetonitrile.
- the aqueous reaction medium particularly preferably consists of water. If the aqueous reaction medium consists of water and is contained in the mixture defined above, the process according to the invention uses (a) an environmentally friendly reaction medium and (b) the mixture can be purified directly after the heating according to the invention described below, for example via steam distillation, which in turn leads to an increase in efficiency of the method according to the invention.
- the reason for this lies in the fact that the purification of the reaction mixture can be carried out directly from the reaction medium. In addition, unwanted water-soluble by-products and impurities can be removed simultaneously.
- the mixture defined above preferably contains 0.1 to 100.0 equivalents by mass, more preferably 1 to 50.0 equivalents by mass and particularly preferably 2.5 to 10.0 equivalents by mass of the aqueous reaction medium defined above with respect to 1 mass equivalent of the plastic mixture defined above.
- the one defined above Mixture may be, for example, 0.1 to 50.0 equivalents by mass, 0.1 to 10.0 equivalents by mass, 1 to 100.0 equivalents by mass, 1 to 50.0 equivalents by mass, 1 to 10.0 equivalents by mass Equivalents, 2.5 to 100.0 mass equivalents, 2.5 to 50.0 mass equivalents, 2.5 to 10.0 mass equivalents of the aqueous reaction medium defined above with respect to 1 mass equivalent of the plastic mixture defined above contain.
- the process according to the invention does not have to be carried out in an aqueous reaction medium. It is also preferred to carry out the oxidative cleavage of the PE-containing mixtures in the polymer melt.
- the above mixture can contain further additives and foreign substances, provided these do not prevent the inventive oxidative cleavage of polyethylene with oxygen.
- additives and foreign substances can be, for example, liquid and solid plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants and mold release agents, compatibilizers, nucleating agents, fibrous or non-fibrous fillers, dyes, solvent residues, food residues, general product residues (e.g. shampoo), glass, ceramics, rubber, stones, wood , textiles, paper, cardboard, metal foil, polyether, polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, polycarbonate, PP, PS, PVC, or combinations thereof.
- initiators can be added to the mixture instead of or in addition to the catalysts before or while the mixture is being heated to the desired temperature.
- initiators such as ketones or radical starters, can accelerate the oxidative cleavage of mixtures containing PE. Initiators known in the prior art can be used for this.
- the method according to the invention further comprises heating the mixture provided at a temperature above the melting point of the plastics contained in the starting mixture and 300° C. or less and a pressure of 1 to 100 bar of an oxygen-containing reaction gas for at least 0.1 h, e.g. B. 0.1 to 16 hours, wherein the oxygen-containing reaction gas contains 5% by volume or more oxygen.
- the heating of the mixture defined above is not further restricted according to the invention, provided that the mixture is heated to a temperature above the melting point of the PE-containing mixture and a pressure of 1 to 100 bar of the oxygen-containing reaction gas defined above for at least 0.1 h, e.g . B. 0.1 to 16 h is heated.
- the mixture can be heated, for example, by means of a heating block, heating jacket or supply of a preheated gas stream.
- the heating of the mixture as defined above can be carried out, for example, in a reactor.
- the reactor is not restricted further, provided that a chemical reaction of the mixture defined above can be carried out in it under the specified process conditions.
- the reactor can be, for example, a V2A stainless steel autoclave or a general high-pressure reactor made of a similarly corrosion-resistant material.
- the mixture defined above is heated to a temperature above the melting point of the PE-containing mixture.
- the melting point of the mixture containing PE depends on the chemical composition of the plastic mixture used.
- the plastic mixture can be heated to a temperature of 140 to 300°C if the melting point is less than 140°C.
- the heating step occurs at a temperature of from 143 to 250°C, more preferably at a temperature of from 147 to 220°C, and most preferably at a temperature of from 150 to 200°C.
- the mixture according to the invention can, for example, at a temperature of 140 to 250 °C, 140 to 220 °C, 140 to 200 °C, 143 to 300 °C, 143 to 250 °C, 143 to 220 °C, 143 to 200 °C , 147 to 300 °C, 147 to 250 °C, 147 to 220 °C, 147 to 200 °C, 150 to 300 °C, 150 to 250 °C, 150 to 220 °C or 150 to 200 °C .
- the mixture defined above is heated at a pressure of 1 to 100 bar of the oxygen-containing reaction gas, preferably at a pressure of 5 to 70 bar, more preferably at a pressure of 10 to 50 bar and particularly preferably at a pressure of 20 to 30 bars.
- the mixture according to the invention can, for example, at a pressure of 1 to 70 bar, 1 to 50 bar, 1 to 30 bar, 5 to 100 bar, 5 to 70 bar, 5 to 50 bar, 5 to 30 bar, 10 to 100 bar, 10 to 70 bar, 10 to 50 bar, 10 to 30 bar, 20 to 100 bar, 20 to 70 bar, 20 to 50 bar or 20 to 30 bar of the oxygen-containing reaction gas are heated.
- the oxygen-containing reaction gas is not further restricted as long as the gas mixture contains 5.0% by volume or more oxygen.
- the oxygen-containing reaction gas defined above preferably contains 10.0% by volume or more, more preferably 15.0% by volume or more, and particularly preferably 20.0% by volume or more, oxygen.
- the upper limit in % by volume of the oxygen in the oxygen-containing reaction gas defined above is not further restricted.
- the oxygen-containing reaction gas defined above can, in particular, be air, synthetic air (20.0% by volume oxygen and 80.0% by volume nitrogen) or 100.0% by volume oxygen.
- the oxygen-containing reaction gas preferably contains less than 1% by volume of nitrous gases such as NO and NO2.
- the oxygen-containing reaction gas is particularly preferably atmospheric air, which increases the cost-effectiveness, sustainability and environmental friendliness of the method according to the invention.
- the mixture defined above is stirred for at least 0.1 h, in particular at least 0.5 h and especially at least 1 h, e.g. B. heated for 0.1 to 16 hours, preferably 0.5 to 8 hours, more preferably 1 to 4 hours and particularly preferably 1 to 3 hours.
- the mixture provided is heated at a temperature of 150 to 200° C. and an air pressure of 20 to 30 bar for 1 to 4 hours.
- the oxidative cleavage of the PE-containing mixtures used gives rise to a plurality of different linear ⁇ , ⁇ -alkyldicarboxylic acids having a carbon chain length of at least Cs.
- at least 50 mol% of the detectable products obtained in the product mixture have a carbon chain length in the range Cs to C34.
- the chain length distribution of the ⁇ z, «-alkyl dicarboxylic acids in the resulting product mixture can be determined by gas chromatography using linear ⁇ z, «-alkyl dicarboxylic acids as reference substances.
- the maximum and the width of the detectable chain length distribution of the product mixture can be set by varying the physical reaction conditions during the process and/or by using a catalyst.
- the average carbon chain length of the product mixture and its dispersity can be selectively adjusted by varying these reaction conditions.
- the distribution of the linear a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids in the product mixture can be adjusted in a targeted manner.
- Such a variation of the reaction conditions can consequently be regarded as a two or more step process.
- the process according to the invention can be carried out, for example, as a two-stage process in which the polyethylenes are first oxidized at higher temperatures and/or pressures and then, in a second step, under milder conditions, optionally in the presence of the at least one catalyst, the adjustment is carried out the chain length distribution takes place.
- These steps do not necessarily have to take place spatially separately and can only differ, for example, by a different temperature and/or pressure and/or by the use of a catalyst or another catalyst in the same reactor.
- the process according to the invention can first be carried out in the polymer melt, ie without an aqueous reaction medium, and then continued in a further step as an aqueous reaction.
- the method according to the invention also comprises: optional cooling of the heated mixture depending on the subsequent step; and purifying the (cooled) mixture by at least one selected from the group consisting of filtration, drying, precipitation, extraction, centrifugation, crystallization, fractional distillation, sublimation, steam distillation and column chromatography.
- the heated mixture cools down in the process.
- the heated mixture as defined above is cooled to a temperature of from 20 to 99°C.
- a catalyst is used in the process according to the invention which comprises at least one catalyst which is insoluble in the reaction product, this can be removed from the reaction mixture or the reaction product after the reaction with the oxygen-containing reaction gas. The separation can be achieved, for example, in that, in the case of reaction in the melt, the reaction product obtained is dissolved in aqueous base, e.g. B.
- the emulsion obtained is made alkaline by adding a base, for example by adding alkali metal hydroxides.
- a base for example by adding alkali metal hydroxides.
- the product mixture or the a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids contained therein and their keto- or hydroxy-functionalized derivatives go into solution.
- the base or the alkali metal hydroxide is preferably used in such a way that complete neutralization of the carboxyl groups present in the product mixture is achieved. In particular, the base is used in a superstoichiometric amount.
- the catalyst which is usually insoluble not only in the product mixture but also in water, can then be separated off in a simple manner by solid-liquid separations such as filtration, centrifugation or by decanting.
- the organic product mixture can be dissolved in an organic solvent in which the catalyst is likewise generally not soluble, and the catalyst can then be separated off from the solution by means of one of the aforementioned measures for solid-liquid separation.
- product mixtures which contain less than 150 ppm of the catalyst, based on the product mass, and, in the case of metal-containing catalysts, have a catalyst metal content of less than 100 ppm, based on the product mass.
- Purification processes such as filtration, drying, precipitation, extraction, centrifugation, crystallization, fractional distillation, sublimation, steam distillation and column chromatography are known to those skilled in the art and can be carried out in combination one after the other or else individually.
- the (cooled) mixture defined above may be dissolved in an organic solvent such as xylene, precipitated by adding the dissolved mixture into a further solvent such as methanol and then either filtered or centrifuged and then dried.
- the mixture can preferably be purified by aqueous extraction with, for example, a sodium hydroxide solution and the soluble fraction can be recovered as a solid by precipitation in a neutralization bath. This can then be filtered or centrifuged and dried.
- the (cooled) mixture defined above if it contains an organic solvent such as benzonitrile, can also be extracted directly with a basic aqueous solution, such as a sodium hydroxide solution.
- a basic aqueous solution such as a sodium hydroxide solution.
- the soluble fraction can be recovered as a solid by precipitation in a neutralization bath. This can then be filtered or centrifuged and dried.
- the (cooled) mixture defined above if it additionally contains water or water is added, can also be purified by steam distillation.
- the (cooled) mixture can either be reheated or the steam produced, containing the purified mixture, can be drawn off directly during the heat of reaction and cooled separately, so that the purified mixture precipitates as a solid and can then be filtered and dried.
- the (cooled) mixture defined above can be purified directly by means of fractional distillation or column chromatography.
- the heated mixture defined above can be purified immediately afterwards by means of fractional distillation or steam distillation, without having to cool the heated mixture beforehand. Therefore, in a further preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention further comprises: purification of the heated mixture by fractional distillation or by steam distillation if the heated mixture already contains water.
- the product mixture obtained by means of the purification process described above has an acid number (AN) of at least 100 mg KOH/g.
- the optionally purified mixture has an acid number of at least 150 mg KOH/g and more preferably at least 200 mg KOH/g.
- An example of an upper limit that can be mentioned is 600 mg KOH/g, preferably 500 mg KOH/g, particularly preferably 400 mg KOH/g.
- the AV of the resulting mixture can be determined, for example, by titration as described in the examples below.
- the product mixture contains at least 5% by mass, preferably 5 to 50% by mass, more preferably 5 to 20% by mass and particularly preferably 5 to 10% by mass of keto and/or hydroxy functionali - ized a,mn-alkyldicarboxylic acids, where the keto and/or hydroxy functionalization is defined by at least one ketone group and/or hydroxy group between the two carboxylic acid groups.
- the mixture defined above can contain, for example, 5 to 20% by mass, 5 to 10% by mass, 10 to 50% by mass, 10 to 20% by mass or 20 to 50% by mass of keto- and/or hydroxy-functionalized a, contain mn-alkyl dicarboxylic acids.
- the present invention accordingly also relates to a mixture of a homologous series of a plurality, in particular at least 4, especially at least 5, different linear a,m-alkyldicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length of at least Cs, in particular at least C9, which can be obtained with the aid of the process according to the invention and wherein at least 50 mol%, in particular at least 70 mol% of the detectable products obtained have a carbon chain length in the range Cs to C34 and especially a carbon chain length in the range C12 to C34, determined by gas chromatography using linear a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids as reference substances.
- Such products could not be obtained by conventional syntheses of linear a,co-alkyl dicarboxylic acids, nor by degradation reactions of polyolefins.
- the average carbon chain length of the mixture which is defined as the maximum of a distribution determined by gas chromatography using linear a,co-alkyl dicarboxylic acids as reference substances, is >C9.
- the maximum is in the range from C12 to C28 and especially in the range from C13 to C27.
- the maximum of a distribution obtained by gas chromatography which is referred to as the average carbon chain length of the mixture, can be at C15.
- mixtures or compositions of a homologous series of a plurality, in particular at least 4, especially at least 5, different linear a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids can be obtained with the process according to the invention, which have a high proportion of linear a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length of at least C19 exhibit.
- such mixtures and compositions contain at least 5% by mass, in particular at least 10% by mass, e.g. B. 5 to 80% by mass, in particular 10 up to 75% by mass of a,a>-alkyl dicarboxylic acids with a chain length > C19.
- such mixtures and compositions contain at least 10% by mass, in particular 10 to 80% by mass, of a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids with a chain length in the range from C19 to C34.
- mixtures or compositions of a homologous series of a plurality, in particular at least 4, especially at least 5 different linear a, co-alkyl dicarboxylic acids are obtainable with the method according to the invention, the at least 5% by mass, in particular at least 10% by mass, z. B. 5 to 80% by mass, in particular 10 to 75% by mass, of a,co-alkyldicarboxylic acids with a chain length in the range from C19 to C34 and their average carbon chain length, determined by gas chromatography using the method explained above, in the range from C12 to C28 and specifically in the range of C13 to C27.
- mixtures or compositions of a homologous series of a plurality, in particular at least 4, especially at least 5, different linear a, co-alkyldicarboxylic acids are obtainable with the process according to the invention, which contain at least 5% by mass, in particular at least 10% by mass, e.g. B.
- the mixture obtained contains not only the pentadecanedioic acid (C15) but also all homologues of the Cs, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, C14, Ci6, C17, Cis, C19, C20, C21, C22, C23, C24, C25, C26, C27, C28, C29 and C30 dicarboxylic acids.
- the mixture according to the invention advantageously consists essentially of a mixture of different linear a,m-alkyl dicarboxylic acids with a carbon chain length in the range from Cs to C34, the proportion of water-soluble compounds, such as water-soluble oxidation products, and Compounds with a carbon chain length of C35 or more is less than 10% by mass.
- the term "substantially” becomes so understood that the proportion of linear Cx-C - «, « - alkyl dicarboxylic acids in the composition is 80% by mass or more, preferably 85% by mass or more.
- the proportion of water-soluble compounds and compounds with a carbon chain length of C35 or more is less than 5% by mass, more preferably less than 1% by mass.
- mixtures or compositions according to the invention are preferably free from methyl ketone groups, which typically occur in the case of oxidative cleavage mixtures.
- the mixtures or compositions according to the invention contain at least 5% by mass of hydroxy- and/or keto-functionalized ⁇ ,m-n-alkyl dicarboxylic acids.
- such dicarboxylic acids have at least one hydroxy and/or keto group between the two carboxylic acid groups.
- the proportion of such a,m,n-alkyldicarboxylic acids functionalized with hydroxyl groups and/or keto groups is preferably 5 to 20% by mass, particularly preferably 5 to 10% by mass.
- the mixtures or compositions according to the invention are suitable for a large number of applications.
- the mixtures or compositions according to the invention in particular those mixtures or compositions which contain a,m,n-alkyldicarboxylic acids functionalized with hydroxyl groups and/or keto groups, are distinguished by good emulsifiability in water. Due to the amphiphilic properties of their salts, they are therefore particularly suitable for the production of emulsifiers, for example for detergents and cleaning agents, for example laundry detergents, hand dishwashing detergents, cleaning agents, and also for cosmetic applications.
- the salts here are in particular alkali metal salts, e.g. B.
- the carboxyl groups in the mixtures or compositions according to the invention are preferably neutralized to at least 50%, in particular completely, or even over-neutralized.
- estolides oligoesters of hydroxy fatty acids, e.g. from hydrogenated castor oil
- they are also suitable as a lubricant base for water-based lubricants, e.g. B. Cooling lubricant.
- these compositions and the a,mn-alkyldicarboxylic acids contained therein are suitable for the production of polymers, for example polyesters, in particular aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polyesters, in particular those which are compostable.
- the mixtures or compositions according to the invention should be characterized by good biodegradability within the meaning of the Detergents Ordinance (Regulation (EC) 648/2004 of March 31, 2004), determined according to the EN ISO 14593: 1999 method specified in Annex III to Regulation (EC) 648/2004.
- FIG. 1 shows a gas chromatogram of the chain length distribution of the product of a reaction which was carried out analogously to example 1 (vide infra) at 150° C., 30 bar and 16 h and worked up according to example 1.
- Sample preparation for GC analysis is described in the examples.
- the dashed lines show the respective retention times of a,m-alkyldicarboxylic acid standards.
- the peak of the solvent is marked with “LM”.
- FIG. 2 shows the development of the oxygen content in the gas phase after the reaction with manganese(II) palmitate (Mn(Palm)2) and MnO2 for varying reaction times.
- the activities of the homogeneous catalyst Mn(Palm)2 and the heterogeneous catalyst MnÜ2 are clearly comparable.
- the catalyst appears to have a slight induction phase, but thereafter the activities converge.
- FIG. 3 shows a comparison of the infrared spectra (1650 to 1850 cm -1 ) of reactions
- Dashed lines show the deconvolution (Lorentz curves) of the carbonyl band in ketone and ester band. It turns out that the homogeneous catalyst Mn(Palm)2 and the heterogeneous catalyst MnCF behave essentially analogously. Without a catalyst, a higher proportion of ketone is present, which is also a disadvantage.
- Figure 4 shows a comparison of the infrared spectra (1650 to 1850 cm -1 ) of reactions A: with fresh MnCl (Example 15) and B: with recovered MnCl (Example 24). Dashed lines show the deconvolution of the carbonyl bond in ketone and ester bond. It turns out that the reaction products are comparable with fresh and recycled catalyst. The same applies to the activities, as can be seen from the oxygen conversions in Table 4.
- the sample prepared in this way was titrated with freshly prepared standard KOH solution in z-PrOH (0.02 M) in an automated titration apparatus with optical endpoint detection.
- the optical end point was calibrated using a benzoic acid sample as a reference for each sample series and then used for evaluating the samples.
- GC-FID gas chromatography
- the samples were previously treated with basic hydrazine in order to separate interfering ketodicarboxylic acids for the GC analysis and then derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) as -COOTMS ester.
- ICP-OES inductively coupled plasma
- HOPE High Density Polyethylene
- MnCh manganese(IV) oxide
- Mn(Palm)2 manganese(II) palmitate
- Mn(acac)2 manganese(II) acetylacetonate
- NHPI N-hydroxyphthalimide
- T m melting point
- the steel autoclave was removed from the heating block and the pressure was released immediately to end the reaction.
- the melt cake was cooled to room temperature, then dissolved in 7 ml of hot xylene (130°C) and the resulting solution was precipitated in 30 ml of cold methanol (20°C).
- the insoluble components were centrifuged off and the solvents (xylene and methanol) of the separated centrifugate were again removed by distillation.
- the resulting residue of 73 mg was then analyzed by titration and has an acid number of 158 mg KOH/g product.
- Example 2 was carried out analogously to example 1, with a further 1.0% by mass of manganese(II) stearate being added to the granulated HDPE.
- Example 3 was produced analogously to example 1, with a further 1.0% by mass of iron(III) stearate being added to the granulated HDPE.
- Example 4 was prepared analogously to Example 1, with the granulated HDPE further 1.0% by mass of copper (II) stearate were added.
- Example 5 was produced analogously to Example 1, with the granulated HDPE further being added 0.1% by mass of ⁇ -hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and 2.5% by mass of 12-tricosanone as initiator. The results are summarized in Table 2.
- Examples 6 to 9 were carried out analogously to Examples 2 to 5, with the mixture of HDPE and catalyst (according to Examples 2 to 5) further adding water as a reaction medium (2.5 mass equivalents of water based on HDPE).
- Example 10 was carried out analogously to example 1, with 0.1% by mass of Whydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and 2.5 mass equivalents of water being added to the granulated HDPE. The results are summarized in Table 2.
- Example 11 was carried out analogously to example 1, with 0.1% by mass of manganese(II) stearate and 0.1% by mass of cobalt(II) stearate being added to the granulated HDPE. The results are summarized in Table 2.
- Examples 16, 17 and 18 were carried out analogously to Examples 12, 13 and 14, with 5% by weight of manganese(II) palmitate (Mn(Palm)2) being used instead of manganese(IV) oxide.
- the results are summarized in Table 3.
- Example 19 was carried out analogously to example 15, using 5% by weight of manganese(II) palmitate (Mn(Palm) 2 ) instead of manganese(IV) oxide. 103 mg of product were obtained. The results are summarized in Tables 3 and 4.
- Example 20 was carried out analogously to example 13, with an additional 10 mg of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) being added. The results are summarized in Table 5.
- the steel autoclave was removed from the heating block and the pressure released.
- the melt cake was then extracted with 400 ml of 1,2-dichlorobenzene (150° C.).
- the mixture was cooled to room temperature and the supernatant solution was siphoned off as completely as possible from the settled catalyst.
- the catalyst phase was centrifuged off (3500 rpm, 10 min).
- the insoluble catalyst residue was first extracted again while hot (150° C.) with 45 ml of 1,2-dichlorobenzene and then twice with 45 ml of chloroform and centrifuged off. The residue was dried at 5 mbar and 60° C. overnight.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| DE102021133861.1A DE102021133861A1 (de) | 2021-12-20 | 2021-12-20 | Verwertung von Polyethylen-haltigen Gemischen zu langkettigen Alkyldicarbonsäuren mittels oxidativer Spaltung |
| PCT/EP2022/086978 WO2023118135A1 (de) | 2021-12-20 | 2022-12-20 | Verwertung von polyethylen-haltigen gemischen zu langkettigen alkyldicarbonsäuren mittels oxidativer spaltung |
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| EP22843179.7A Pending EP4453077A1 (de) | 2021-12-20 | 2022-12-20 | Verwertung von polyethylen-haltigen gemischen zu langkettigen alkyldicarbonsäuren mittels oxidativer spaltung |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US20250059126A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4453077A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN118715272A (de) |
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| WO (1) | WO2023118135A1 (de) |
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| CN117304015B (zh) * | 2023-09-27 | 2026-07-17 | 浙江大学衢州研究院 | 一种太阳光热催化聚烯烃氧化解聚为短链脂肪族二元羧酸的方法 |
| WO2026022110A1 (en) | 2024-07-22 | 2026-01-29 | Syensqo Specialty Polymers Usa, Llc | Method for preparing a mixture of diamines or a diamine from plastic wastes containing an ethylene-based (co)polymer |
| EP4700078B1 (de) | 2024-08-19 | 2026-08-12 | Radical Dot GmbH | Verfahren und system zur umwandlung eines kunststoffrohmaterials |
| EP4703345A1 (de) | 2024-08-25 | 2026-03-04 | Universität Konstanz | Verfahren zur selektiven desoxygenierung von carbonsäuren oder derivaten davon |
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| NL250325A (de) | 1959-04-09 | |||
| DE2035706C3 (de) | 1970-07-18 | 1975-09-11 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Oxidationsprodukten von Äthylenpolymeren |
| BE794058A (fr) | 1972-01-15 | 1973-07-16 | Hoechst Ag | Procede de preparation de melanges d'acides mono- et dicarboxyliques aliphatiques |
| DE3720952A1 (de) | 1987-06-25 | 1989-01-05 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur oxidation von polyethylen |
| ES2209008T3 (es) | 1997-07-11 | 2004-06-16 | Clariant Gmbh | Procedimiento para la oxidacion de ceras polietilenicas. |
| DE10015880A1 (de) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-10-11 | Creavis Tech & Innovation Gmbh | Verfahren zur Oxidation von Kohlenwasserstoffen |
| WO2002010228A2 (en) | 2000-07-27 | 2002-02-07 | E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company | Transformation of polymers to useful chemicals by oxidation |
| CN101687784B (zh) | 2007-08-22 | 2014-11-12 | 埃克森美孚化学专利公司 | 烃的氧化 |
| EP3470440B1 (de) | 2017-10-10 | 2021-04-21 | Thai Polyethylene Co., Ltd. | Oxidiertes polyethylenwachs |
| HUE071121T2 (hu) * | 2018-04-19 | 2025-08-28 | Novoloop Inc | Eljárások szennyezett mûanyaghulladék lebontására |
| EP3781619B1 (de) | 2018-04-19 | 2025-03-19 | Novoloop, Inc. | Verfahren zur zersetzung von kontaminierten kunststoffabfällen |
| JP7738333B2 (ja) | 2019-12-11 | 2025-09-12 | ノボループ インコーポレイテッド | 廃ポリプロピレンの分解のための組成物および方法 |
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- 2022-12-20 CN CN202280092110.8A patent/CN118715272A/zh active Pending
- 2022-12-20 EP EP22843179.7A patent/EP4453077A1/de active Pending
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| WO2023118135A1 (de) | 2023-06-29 |
| DE102021133861A1 (de) | 2023-06-22 |
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