EP4430033A1 - Procede de preparation d'anhydride cyclique a partir d'un acide carboxylique insature - Google Patents
Procede de preparation d'anhydride cyclique a partir d'un acide carboxylique insatureInfo
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- EP4430033A1 EP4430033A1 EP22814364.0A EP22814364A EP4430033A1 EP 4430033 A1 EP4430033 A1 EP 4430033A1 EP 22814364 A EP22814364 A EP 22814364A EP 4430033 A1 EP4430033 A1 EP 4430033A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D307/60—Two oxygen atoms, e.g. succinic anhydride
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/04—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing carboxylic acids or their salts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
- B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/20—Carbonyls
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
- B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
- B01J2231/324—Cyclisations via conversion of C-C multiple to single or less multiple bonds, e.g. cycloadditions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/001—General concepts, e.g. reviews, relating to catalyst systems and methods of making them, the concept being defined by a common material or method/theory
- B01J2531/002—Materials
- B01J2531/004—Ligands
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/824—Palladium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/84—Metals of the iron group
- B01J2531/845—Cobalt
Definitions
- DESCRIPTION TITLE PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF CYCLIC ANHYDRIDE FROM AN UNSATURED CARBOXYLIC ACID
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a cyclic anhydride such as succinic anhydride and methyl succinic anhydride from of an unsaturated carboxylic acid such as acrylic acid or crotonic acid.
- the invention also relates to the use of this process in the manufacture of food additives, plasticizers, polymers of interest in particular polyurethanes and elastanes, resins, coatings, pharmaceutical products.
- Technical background Succinic anhydride is a molecule of industrial interest.
- Succinic anhydride is used as a monomer, for example, in the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters via catalytic copolymerization with an epoxide.
- Succinic anhydride can also be an intermediate in the synthesis of other molecules of interest: its hydration gives the corresponding diacid, succinic acid, and its dehydrogenation gives ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) then 1,4-butanediol (BDO), which in turn can be dehydrated to tetrahydrofuran (THF).
- succinic anhydride is based on the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride catalyzed by metal complexes typical of hydrogenation reactions, such as nickel of Raney or palladium, at temperatures ranging from 120 to 180°C, and hydrogen pressures ranging from 5 to 40 bar (Fumagalli, C. Succinic Acid and Succinic Anhydride. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology; 2006 ( doi:10.1002/0471238961.1921030306211301.a01.pub2) Other methods of synthesizing succinic anhydride are shown in Figure 2. Current synthetic routes of succinic anhydride have some drawbacks.
- This reaction requires a stoichiometric quantity of nickel, and particular conditions for the acrylic acid, in particular a temperature below room temperature (20 - 25°C) to prevent its polymerization.
- the other drawbacks of this synthetic route are the toxicity of the nickel used in stoichiometric quantity and the presence of multiple stages requiring intermediate purifications resulting in low yields, and the costs of treatments and important separation. There is therefore a real need for a process allowing the synthesis of succinic anhydride in a sustainable manner from reagents which can be biosourced and under relatively mild pressure and temperature conditions to reduce the energy consumption necessary for the synthesis of succinic anhydride.
- the process for the synthesis of succinic anhydride should be easy to implement and interesting from an industrial point of view. While the current industrial process requires the use of precious metals, a process which would offer the choice between precious and non-precious metals would be very advantageous. It should also be able to be applied to the synthesis of derivatives of succinic anhydride. Summary of the invention The object of the present invention is precisely to meet these needs by providing a process for the preparation of a cyclic anhydride of formula (I) [Chem 1].
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 25 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl radical containing 3 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 with 20 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, a nitrile group, an amine group, an amide group, a carbonyl group, a carboxylate group, a nitro group (NO 2 ), an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a halogen atom, said alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; characterized in that an acid of formula (II) [Chem 2] is reacted in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined above; with carbon monoxide (CO) or a mixture of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen (CO/H 2 ), in the presence of a metal catalyst of formula (III) [Chem 3] in which L represents
- R 4 , R 5 and R 6 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 with 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a ferrocenyl group, the said alkyl, aryl and ferrocenyl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- polyphosphines which mean a phosphine as defined above, of which at least one of the substituents R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , is substituted by one or more phosphinyl groups of formula -PR 11 R 12 , in which R 11 and R 12 , which are identical or different, represent an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, the said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- N-heterocyclic carbenes optionally derived from an imidazolium salt, chosen from 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called IPr), 1,3- bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called s-IPr), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3 -ium (also called IMes), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also s-IMes), 4,5-dichloro-1 ,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called Cl2 - IPr), 1,3-di-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called It
- R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and R 17 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms , said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 and R 25 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a radical aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted;
- M represents Co, Fe, Mn, Rh, Ru, Pd;
- M representing in particular Co or Pd;
- aromatic hydrocarbons chosen from benzene, toluene, . nitriles chosen from acetonitrile, propionitrile, benzonitrile, . linear or cyclic ethers chosen from diethyl ether, methyl vinyl ether, 1,1-diethoxyethane, dimethoxyethane, THF, methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, dioxane, . esters such as ethyl acetate, . carbonate esters such as propylene carbonate, . ketones chosen from acetone and butanone, . alkyl halides chosen from chloroform and methylene chloride, .
- aryl halides chosen from chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene; at a temperature less than or equal to 110°C.
- the conditions under which the process of the invention is implemented are particularly advantageous: - they make it possible to limit or even avoid the undesirable side reactions, namely, the oligomerization or the polymerization of the acid of formula (II) and its hydrogenation (in the case of acrylic acid, limiting or even avoiding its oligomerization/polymerization and its hydrogenation to propionic acid); - the conditions used are mild, which makes it possible to reduce the energy consumption necessary for the synthesis of the product; - easy separation of the cyclic anhydride of formula (I) from the other species of the reaction medium is possible in particular by a choice of solvent in which said cyclic anhydride has a very low solubility.
- Figure 1 represents the use of the succinic anhydride as an intermediate for the synthesis of molecules of industrial interest.
- Figure 2 represents the current synthetic routes of succinic anhydride.
- Figure 3 represents the synthesis of succinic anhydride by the carbonylation of acrylic acid carried out by Yamamoto et al. (Yamamoto, T., Igarashi, K., Komiya, S., & Yamamoto, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1980, 102(25), 7448-7456 (doi:10.1021/ja00545a009).
- Figure 4 represents the route of synthesis of acrylic acid starting from the biomass.
- Figure 5 represents the kinetics of the synthesis of succinic anhydride from acrylic acid under different conditions. Each point on the graph corresponds to a separate experiment.
- dppe 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane;
- dcpe 1,2-bis(dicyclohexyl-phosphino)ethane.
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a cyclic anhydride of formula (I) [Chem 6] in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 , which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 25 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl radical containing 3 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 with 20 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, a nitrile group, an amine group, an amide group, a carbonyl group, a carboxylate group, a nitro group (NO 2 ), an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an halogen, said alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; characterized in that an acid of formula (II) [Chem 7] is reacted
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined above; with carbon monoxide (CO) or a mixture of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen (CO/H 2 ), in the presence of a metal catalyst of formula (III) [Chem 8] in which L represents Na + , K + , Li + , Cs + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NH 4 + , [((C 6 H 5 ) 3 P) 2 N] + ; a ligand chosen from: .
- R 4 , R 5 and R 6 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 with 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a ferrocenyl group, the said alkyl, aryl and ferrocenyl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- polyphosphines which mean a phosphine as defined above, of which at least one of the substituents R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , is substituted by one or more phosphinyl groups of formula -PR 11 R 12 , in which R 11 and R 12 , which are identical or different, represent an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, the said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- N-heterocyclic carbenes optionally derived from an imidazolium salt, chosen from 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called IPr), 1,3- bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called s-IPr), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3 -ium (also called IMes), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also s-IMes), 4,5-dichloro-1 ,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called Cl2 - IPr), 1,3-di-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called It
- R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and R 17 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms , said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 and R 25 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a radical aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted;
- M represents Co, Fe, Mn, Rh, Ru, Pd;
- M representing in particular Co or Pd;
- aromatic hydrocarbons chosen from benzene, toluene, . nitriles chosen from acetonitrile, propionitrile, benzonitrile, . linear or cyclic ethers chosen from diethyl ether, methyl vinyl ether, 1,1-diethoxyethane, dimethoxyethane, THF, methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, dioxane, . esters such as ethyl acetate, . carbonate esters such as propylene carbonate, . ketones chosen from acetone and butanone, . alkyl halides chosen from chloroform and methylene chloride, .
- aryl halides chosen from chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene; at a temperature less than or equal to 110°C.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom
- the cyclic anhydride of formula (I) is succinic anhydride and the acid of formula (II) is acrylic acid.
- R 1 represents a methyl radical
- R 2 and R 3 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom
- R 3 represents a methyl radical
- R 1 and R 2 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom
- the cyclic anhydride of formula (I) is methyl succinic anhydride and the acid of formula (II) is crotonic acid.
- R 2 represents a methyl radical, and R 1 and R 3 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom
- the cyclic anhydride of formula (I) is methyl succinic anhydride and the acid of formula (II) is methacrylic acid.
- R 1 represents an ethyl radical
- R 2 and R 3 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom
- R 3 represents an ethyl radical
- R 1 and R 2 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom
- the cyclic anhydride of formula (I) is ethyl succinic anhydride and the acid of formula (II) is penten-2-oic acid.
- the process of the invention describes a new route for the synthesis of cyclic anhydrides of formula (I) in particular succinic anhydride, by the carbonylation of an acid of formula (II) in particular acrylic acid, with reagents which can be biobased.
- the acid of formula (II) is acrylic acid, although its main route of access is currently the oxidation of petro-based propylene, it can also be bio-based as described by Corma, A., Iborra, S., and Velty, A. (Chemical reviews, 2007, 107(6), 2411-2502 (doi:10.1021/cr050989d)), as represented schematically in FIG. 4.
- the method of the invention has the vocation to be easily applied at the industrial level and to be competitive with the processes already implemented on the industrial scale, since it implements metal carbonyl complexes, already proven in industrial hydroformylation processes, which can be used here under relatively mild pressure and temperature conditions (such as, for example, less than 20 bar and less than 100° C.).
- the process of the invention therefore has advantages vis-à-vis the most widely used synthesis process in industry, which is the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride, a petroleum-based compound, under high temperature conditions.
- acrylic acid under carbonylation conditions has been little developed. The inventors have noticed that no direct hydroformylation reaction of acrylic acid has been described so far.
- Tsuji tested the cobalt carbonyl-catalyzed carbonylation of acrylic acid to determine if acrylic acid was an intermediate in the carbonylation of propiolactone to succinic anhydride, but only observed no trace of succinic anhydride at the end of catalysis. Based on this experience, Tsuji ruled out the possibility that acrylic acid was an intermediate in the synthesis of succinic anhydride from propiolactone, thus suggesting that this type of reaction conditions would probably not allow the carbonylation of the acid. acrylic to obtain succinic anhydride. (Mori, Y.; Tsuji, J.; J. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.
- alkyl within the meaning of the present invention, means a linear or branched, saturated, optionally substituted carbon radical comprising 1 to 25 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 8 carbon atoms. carbon, for example 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- linear or branched alkyl mention may be made, for example, of the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, icosyl, henicosyl, docosyl, tricosyl, tetracosyl, pentacosyl, and their branched isomers.
- cycloalkyl or “cyclic alkyl”, within the meaning of the present invention, means a cyclic carbon radical, saturated, optionally substituted, comprising 3 to 12 carbon atoms, for example 3 to 10 carbon atoms, for example 3 to 8 carbon atoms.
- cycloalkyl mention may be made of the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, bicyclo[2,1,1]hexyl, bicyclo[2,2,1]heptyl and adamantyl radicals.
- aryl designates a mono- or poly-cyclic aromatic substituent comprising from 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the aryl group can comprise, for example, 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
- phosphine means a molecule of formula PR 4 R 5 R 6 , in which R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical comprising from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a ferrocenyl group, the said alkyl, aryl and ferrocenyl radicals being optionally substituted.
- polyphosphine means a phosphine as defined in the context of the present invention, of which at least one of the substituents R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , is, in turn, substituted by one or more phosphinyl groups of formula -PR 11 R 12 , in which R 11 and R 12 , which are identical or different, represent an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group , said alkyl, aryl and ferrocenyl radicals being optionally substituted.
- 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (dmpe), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp ), 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane(dcpe), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)benzene, tris-[2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]phosphine , (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5- diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane) (xantphos), bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene (dcpf), bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf), and bis(diisopropylphosphino
- amine is meant a group of formula NR 7 R 8 R 9 in which R 7 , R 8 and R 9 , which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a aryl radical comprising from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, with the alkyl and aryl radicals as defined in the context of the present invention.
- the alkyl and aryl radicals are optionally substituted.
- amide means a group of formula R 7 CO-NR 8 R 9 in which R 7 , R 8 and R 9 , which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 atoms of carbon, an aryl radical containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted.
- R 7 , R 8 and R 9 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 atoms of carbon, an aryl radical containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted.
- N,N-dimethylformamide or DMF
- cyclopentadienyl represents -C 5 H 5 , and its derivatives are chosen from 1,2,3,4,5-pentakis(methyl)cyclopentadienyl, 1,2,3,4 ,5-pentakis(1-methylethyl)cyclopentadienyl and 1,2,3,4,5-pentakis(1-dimethylethyl)cyclopentadienyl.
- Nirile means a molecule of formula NCR 10 in which R 10 represents an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted.
- ferrocenyl means a compound in which the iron is surrounded by two optionally substituted cyclopentadienyl rings, of formula Fe[(C 5 (R 27 R 28 R 29 R 30 R 31 ))(C 5 (R 32 R 33 R 34 R 35 R 36 ))] in which R 27 , R 28 , R 29 , R 30 , R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 34 , R 35 and R 36 , which are identical or different, represent a d hydrogen, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted.
- ferrocenyl group As an example of a ferrocenyl group, mention may be made of ferrocene (Fe(C 5 H 5 ) 2 ), methylferrocene, 1,2,4,1',2',4'-hexamethylferrocene, t-butylferrocene , phenylferrocene. “Pyridine” represents C 5 H 5 N and its derivatives are molecules of formula (IV) [Chem 11]
- R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and R 17 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms , said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted.
- the pyridine derivatives are, for example, chosen from 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 2,3-dimethylpyridine, 2,4-dimethylpyridine, 2,5-dimethylpyridine, 2 ,6-dimethylpyridine, 3,4-dimethylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine, 2,3,4-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,4 ,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 3,4,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,4,5-tetramethylpyridine, 2,3,4,6-tetramethylpyridine, 2,3, 5,6-tetramethylpyridine.
- “Bipyridines” designate molecules of formula (V) [Chem 12] in which R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 and R 25 , which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a radical aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted.
- carboxylate denotes a group of formula –OC(O)R 26 , in which R 26 is chosen from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, with the alkyl and aryl radicals as defined in the context of the present invention.
- alkyl and aryl radicals are optionally substituted.
- carbonyl group denotes a group of formula –C(O)R, in which R is chosen from an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms, with the radicals alkyl and aryl as defined in the context of the present invention.
- the alkyl and aryl radicals are optionally substituted.
- the alkyl, aryl and ferrocenyl radicals can be optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH), one or more alkoxy groups (-O-alkyl); one or more aryloxy (-O-aryl) groups; one or more halogen atoms chosen from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms; one or more nitro (-NO 2 ) groups; one or more nitrile groups (-CN); one or more carbonyl groups (–C(O)R); one or more carboxylate groups (–OC(O)R 26 ); one or more amine groups (NR 7 R 8 R 9 ); one or more amide groups (R 7 CO-NR 8 R 9 ); one or more alkyl radicals; one or more aryl radicals; with alkyl, aryl and all groups as defined within the scope of the present invention.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 25 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted.
- Said alkyl and aryl radicals are optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH), one or more alkoxy groups (-O-alkyl); one or more aryloxy (-O-aryl) groups; one or more halogen atoms chosen from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms; one or more nitro (-NO 2 ) groups; one or more nitrile groups (-CN); one or more carbonyl groups (–C(O)R); one or more carboxylate groups (–OC(O)R 26 ); one or more amine groups (NR 7 R 8 R 9 ); one or more amide groups (R 7 CO-NR 8 R 9 ); one or more alkyl radicals; one or more aryl radicals; with alkyl, aryl and all groups as defined within the scope of the present invention.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 25 atoms of carbon, chosen from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, icosyl, henicosyl, docosyl, tricosyl, tetracosyl, pentacosyl and their branched isomers; an aryl group comprising 6 to 10 carbon atoms, chosen from phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl.
- Said alkyl and aryl radicals are optionally substituted by one or more hydroxyl groups (-OH), one or more alkoxy groups (-O-alkyl); one or more aryloxy (-O-aryl) groups; one or more halogen atoms chosen from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms; one or more nitro (-NO 2 ) groups; one or more nitrile groups (-CN); one or more carbonyl groups (–C(O)R); one or more carboxylate groups (–OC(O)R 26 ); one or more amine groups (NR 7 R 8 R 9 ); one or more amide groups (R 7 CO-NR 8 R 9 ); one or more alkyl radicals; one or more aryl radicals; with alkyl, aryl and all groups as defined within the scope of the present invention.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 8 carbon atoms, for example 1 with 6 carbon atoms, chosen in particular from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl radicals, and their branched isomers, in particular from methyl, ethyl, propyl radicals, more particularly from methyl and ethyl radicals.
- R 3 represents a hydrogen atom
- R 1 and R 2 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 8 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 6 carbon atoms, chosen in particular from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl radicals, and their branched isomers, in particular from methyl, ethyl, propyl radicals, more particularly from methyl, ethyl radicals.
- R 3 represents a hydrogen atom
- one of R 1 and R 2 represents a hydrogen atom
- the other of R 1 and R 2 represents a hydrogen atom
- an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 8 carbon atoms, for example 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in particular chosen from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl radicals, and their branched isomers , in particular from methyl, ethyl and propyl radicals, more particularly from methyl and ethyl radicals.
- R 1 represents a methyl radical
- R 2 and R 3 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom.
- R 3 represents a methyl radical, and R 1 and R 2 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom.
- R 2 represents a methyl radical, and R 1 and R 3 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom.
- R 1 represents an ethyl radical, and R 2 and R 3 are identical and represent a hydrogen atom.
- the process of the invention takes place in the presence of a metal catalyst of formula (III) as defined above.
- the metal catalyst is of formula (III) [Chem 13] in which L represents Na + , K + , Li + , Cs + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NH 4 + , [((C 6 H 5 ) 3 P) 2 N] + ; a ligand chosen from: .
- R 4 , R 5 and R 6 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 with 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a ferrocenyl group, the said alkyl, aryl and ferrocenyl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- polyphosphines which mean a phosphine as defined above, of which at least one of the substituents R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , is substituted by one or more phosphinyl groups of formula -PR 11 R 12 , in which R 11 and R 12 , which are identical or different, represent an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, the said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- R 7 , R 8 and R 9 which are identical or different, represent an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a radical aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- N-heterocyclic carbenes optionally derived from an imidazolium salt, chosen from 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called IPr), 1,3- bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called s-IPr), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3 -ium (also called IMes), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also s-IMes), 4,5-dichloro-1 ,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called Cl2 - IPr), 1,3-di-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called It
- R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 and R 25 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a radical aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted;
- M represents Co, Fe, Rh, Pd; M representing in particular Co or Pd;
- the metal catalyst is of formula (III) [Chem 16] in which L represents Na + , K + , NH 4 + , [((C 6 H 5 ) 3 P) 2 N] + ; a ligand chosen from: .
- phosphines of formula PR 4 R 5 R 6 in which R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 with 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a ferrocenyl group, the said alkyl, aryl and ferrocenyl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- polyphosphines which mean a phosphine as defined above, of which at least one of the substituents R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , is substituted by one or more phosphinyl groups of formula -PR 11 R 12 , in which R 11 and R 12 , which are identical or different, represent an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, the said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- N-heterocyclic carbenes optionally derived from an imidazolium salt, chosen from 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called IPr), 1,3- bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called s-IPr), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3 -ium (also called IMes), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also s-IMes), 4,5-dichloro-1 ,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called Cl2 - IPr), 1,3-di-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called It
- R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 and R 25 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a radical aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted;
- M represents Co or Pd;
- d 0.
- X represents an acetylacetonate (or acac or C 5 H 7 O 2 ⁇ ); an acetate (or CH 3 COO ⁇ or AcO ⁇ ); a trifluoroacetate (or CF 3 COO ⁇ or TFAcO-), c being non-zero (c ⁇ 0).
- d 0
- X represents an acetylacetonate (or acac or C 5 H 7 O 2 ⁇ ); an acetate (or CH 3 COO ⁇ or AcO ⁇ ); a trifluoroacetate (or CF 3 COO ⁇ or TFAcO-), c being non-zero (c ⁇ 0).
- M is Pd.
- L is a ligand as previously defined.
- M is Pd, and L is a ligand as previously defined.
- M is Pd
- the metal catalyst is Co 2 (CO) 8 , NaCo(CO) 4 , or [(C 6 H 5 ) 3 P) 2 N]Co(CO) 4 .
- the metal catalyst is Pd(CF 3 COO) 2 .
- the amount of metal catalyst of formula (III) is from 0.1 to 10 mol%, preferably from 0.5 to 8 mol%, more preferably from 1 to 6 mol%, relative to the quantity of the acid of formula (II).
- the metal catalysts of formula (III) can, if necessary, be immobilized on heterogeneous supports, for example, in order to ensure easy separation of said catalyst and/or its recycling.
- Said heterogeneous supports can be chosen from supports based on silica gel or on plastic polymers such as, for example, polystyrene; carbon supports chosen from carbon nanotubes; silica carbide; alumina; titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) or magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ).
- the process of the invention can also take place in the presence of an additive or a ligand to improve the performance of the process.
- additive designates a compound capable of improving the reactivity of the reagents for the transformation of the acid of formula (II) into cyclic anhydride of formula (I).
- ligand is meant a molecule bearing chemical functions allowing it to bind to the metal center of the catalyst to form a coordination complex and thus improving the catalytic power of the catalyst.
- the process of the invention takes place in the presence of an additive of formula ZY in which. Y represents an anion chosen from F ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ , I ⁇ ; And .
- Z represents a cation chosen from Na + , K + , Li + , Cs + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NH 4 + ; and/or a ligand chosen from: .
- phosphines of formula PR 4 R 5 R 6 in which R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 with 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a ferrocenyl group, the said alkyl, aryl and ferrocenyl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- polyphosphines which mean a phosphine as defined above, of which at least one of the substituents R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , is substituted by one or more phosphinyl groups of formula -PR 11 R 12 , in which R 11 and R 12 , which are identical or different, represent an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; .
- N-heterocyclic carbenes optionally derived from an imidazolium salt, chosen from 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called IPr), 1,3- bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called s-IPr), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3 -ium (also called IMes), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also s-IMes), 4,5-dichloro-1 ,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called Cl2 - IPr), 1,3-di-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called It
- cyclopentadienyl and its derivatives chosen from 1,2,3,4,5-pentakis(methyl)cyclopentadienyl, 1,2,3,4,5-pentakis(1-methylethyl)cyclopentadienyl and 1,2,3, 4,5-pentakis(1-dimethylethyl)cyclopentadienyl; . nitriles of formula NCR 10 in which R 10 represents an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted; . pyridine and its derivatives of formula (IV) [Chem 19]
- R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and R 17 which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl radical containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms , said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted;
- the bipyridines of formula (V) [Chem 20] in which R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 and R 25 , which are identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a radical aryl containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, said alkyl and aryl radicals being optionally substituted.
- the additive may for example be KI.
- the ligand is triphenylphosphine, tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tris(pentafluorophenyl)phosphine, diphenyl(pentafluorophenyl)phosphine , 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (dmpe), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp), 1,2-bis( dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane (dcpe); more preferably 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), 1,3-flu
- Additives and ligands can be selected and used independently of each other.
- the quantity of additive is from 0.5 to 15 molar equivalents relative to the metal catalyst of formula (III), preferably from 1 to 10 equivalents, more preferably from 1 to 5 equivalents.
- the amount of ligand is: . 1 molar equivalent relative to the metal catalyst of formula (III) when the ligand is a polyphosphine; . from 1 to 2 molar equivalents relative to the metal catalyst of formula (III) when the ligand is a phosphine, preferably 1 molar equivalent; .
- the process of the invention can take place under pressure of carbon monoxide exclusively or of a mixture of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen.
- the process takes place under a total pressure of carbon monoxide (CO) or a mixture of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen (CO/H 2 ) of 5 to 60 bar, preferably between 5 and 50 bar, even more preferably 10 to 20 bar.
- CO carbon monoxide
- CO/H 2 carbon monoxide and dihydrogen
- the proportion of dihydrogen is from 1 to 50%, preferably from 1 to 10%, and more preferably from 5% to 10%.
- the process of the invention takes place at a temperature between 40 and 110°C, preferably between 60 and 110°C, and more preferably between 80 and 90°C.
- the concentration of the acid of formula (II) is 0.01 and 5 M, preferably between 0.05 and 2 M, more preferably between 0 , 1 and 2 M.
- the duration of the reaction depends on the rate of conversion of the acid of formula (II) into cyclic anhydride of formula (I) and of the metal catalyst used.
- the reaction time can be from 1 hour to 100 hours.
- the process of the invention takes place in one or a mixture of at least two solvent(s) chosen, preferably, from:. aromatic hydrocarbons chosen from benzene, toluene, .
- linear or cyclic ethers chosen from diethyl ether, methyl vinyl ether, 1,1-diethoxyethane, dimethoxyethane, THF, methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, dioxane, . esters such as ethyl acetate, . carbonate esters such as propylene carbonate, . ketones chosen from acetone and butanone, . alkyl halides chosen from chloroform and methylene chloride, . aryl halides chosen from chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene.
- the process of the invention takes place in one or a mixture of at least two solvent(s) chosen from aromatic hydrocarbons chosen from benzene and toluene; with a mixture of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen (CO/H 2 ); and in the presence of phosphine or polyphosphine ligands.
- the process of the invention takes place with carbon monoxide or a mixture of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen (CO/H 2 ); in one or a mixture of solvents chosen from nitriles, in particular chosen from acetonitrile, propionitrile, benzonitrile; and in the absence of ligand.
- the various reagents, catalysts, additives, ligands and solvents used directly or indirectly in the process of the invention in particular are, in general, commercial compounds/solvents or can be prepared by the processes already described in the literature and known to the skilled in the art.
- Another object of the invention is the use of a method according to the invention, in the manufacture of food additives, plasticizers, polymers of interest in particular polyurethanes and elastanes, resins, coatings, pharmaceutical products.
- the process for manufacturing food additives, plasticizers, polymers of interest, in particular polyurethanes and elastanes, resins, coatings, pharmaceutical products may comprise a step of preparation of a cyclic anhydride of formula (I), in particular of succinic anhydride, by the process of the invention.
- a cyclic anhydride of formula (I), in particular of succinic anhydride by the process of the invention.
- the various reagents and solvents used in the process of the invention and in the examples are, in general, commercial compounds or can be prepared by any process known to those skilled in the art. Unless specified, all the reactions were carried out under argon, in an anhydrous and inert atmosphere ( ⁇ 5 ppm of H 2 O and O 2 ) using standard techniques in Schlenk with a vacuum ramp or in a glove box (mBraun LabMaster DP).
- the glassware was dried for several hours at 120° C. in an oven before use.
- the reaction solvents were dried beforehand by usual methods, distilled and kept in an inert atmosphere over 4 ⁇ molecular sieves.
- the 4 ⁇ molecular sieve (Aldrich) was previously dried under dynamic vacuum at 250° C. for 48 h before use. All products were purchased from conventional suppliers (Sigma Aldrich, Strem, Alfa-Aesar, Acros, etc.), and dried or degassed beforehand if necessary. Carbon monoxide comes from Air Products 4.7 purity pressurized cylinders; the dihydrogen comes from Messer's 5.2 purity pressurized cylinders.
- the synthesized compounds were characterized and quantified by analysis and mass spectrometry techniques using the Shimadzu GCMS QP2010 Ultra instrument, equipped with a Supelco SLB-ms silica column (30 mx 0.25 mm x 0. 25 ⁇ m).
- the carrier gas is helium (purity 6.0) from Messer. Products were identified by comparison with commercial standards, and calibrated using mesitylene as an internal standard.
- Experimental protocol 1. Under an inert atmosphere, the catalyst (mol%), the ligand (mol%), the additive (mol%), the acrylic acid (mol/L) and the solvent are introduced into a previously purged autoclave three times with a flow of the gas or gas mixture used.
- the autoclave contains a glass tube to collect the reaction mixture and is fitted with a magnetic stirrer.
- an internal standard can be added. The order of introduction of acrylic acid, solvent, internal standard, catalyst, ligand or additive has no influence on the reaction.
- the autoclave is then sealed, and the gas or gas mixture is injected into the autoclave up to the desired total pressure.
- the autoclave is placed in a heating block with magnetic stirring.
- Conversion to acrylic acid and yield to succinic anhydride can be followed by GC-MS. The conversions and yields described are measured by GC-MS using an internal standard added at the start of the reaction, mesitylene, for which a calibration curve has been produced beforehand.
- Example 1 Dicobalt octacarbonyl (17.1 mg; 0.05 mmol; 0.05 eq), toluene (1 mL), mesitylene (14 ⁇ L; 0.1 mmol; 0.1 eq) and l Acrylic acid (68 ⁇ L; 1 mmol; 1 eq) are introduced into the autoclave purged three times with a stream of carbon monoxide.
- the autoclave is sealed and subjected to a pressure of 15 bar of carbon monoxide, then placed under magnetic stirring for 6 hours in a heating block at 80°C. A conversion of 43% and a yield of 18% are obtained, with a selectivity of 42% in favor of succinic anhydride.
- Example 2 Dicobalt octacarbonyl (17.1 mg; 0.05 mmol; 0.05 eq), potassium iodide (8.3 mg; 0.05 mmol; 0.05 eq), toluene ( 1 mL), mesitylene (14 ⁇ L; 0.1 mmol; 0.1 eq) and acrylic acid (68 ⁇ L; 1 mmol; 1 eq) are introduced into the autoclave purged three times with a flow of carbon monoxide carbon. The autoclave is sealed and subjected to a pressure of 15 bar of carbon monoxide, then placed under magnetic stirring for 6 hours in a heating block at 80°C.
- Example 3 Dicobalt octacarbonyl (17.1 mg; 0.05 mmol; 0.05 eq), triphenylphosphane (13.1 mg; 0.05 mmol; 0.05 eq), toluene (1 mL) , mesitylene (14 ⁇ L; 0.1 mmol; 0.1 eq) and acrylic acid (68 ⁇ L; 1 mmol; 1 eq) are introduced into the autoclave purged three times with a stream of carbon monoxide.
- the autoclave is sealed and subjected to a pressure of 15 bar of carbon monoxide, then placed under magnetic stirring for 6 hours in a heating block at 80°C. A conversion of 55% and a yield of 39% are obtained, with therefore a selectivity of 71% in favor of succinic anhydride.
- Example 4 Dicobalt octacarbonyl (17.1 mg; 0.05 mmol; 0.05 eq), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (19.9 mg; 0.05 mmol; 0.05 eq ), toluene (1 mL), mesitylene (14 ⁇ L; 0.1 mmol; 0.1 eq) and acrylic acid (68 ⁇ L; 1 mmol; 1 eq) are introduced into the autoclave purged three times by a stream of monoxide carbon/dihydrogen (95:5).
- the autoclave is sealed and subjected to a pressure of 16 bar of a mixture of carbon monoxide/dihydrogen (95:5), then placed under magnetic stirring for 6 hours in a heating block at 80°C. A conversion of 78% and a yield of 63% are obtained, with therefore a selectivity of 81% in favor of succinic anhydride.
- Example 5 Dicobalt octacarbonyl (17.1 mg; 0.05 mmol; 0.05 eq), 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane (21.1 mg; 0.05 mmol; 0.05 eq ), toluene (2 mL), mesitylene (14 ⁇ L; 0.1 mmol; 0.1 eq) and acrylic acid (68 ⁇ L; 1 mmol; 1 eq) are introduced into the autoclave purged three times by a stream of carbon monoxide/dihydrogen (95:5).
- the autoclave is sealed and subjected to a pressure of 16 bar of a mixture of carbon monoxide/dihydrogen (95:5), then placed under magnetic stirring for 6 hours in a heating block at 90°C. A yield of 96% is obtained.
- PPN bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium or [((C 6 H 5 ) 3 P) 2N ] + ).
- the addition of a triphenylphosphine ligand in an equimolar quantity with respect to Co 2 (CO) 8 does not allow an increase in the yield; doubling the amount of ligand has a deleterious effect on the yield.
- Raising the temperature from 80 to 110°C does not allow a significant increase in yield; increasing the temperature to 150°C has a deleterious effect on yield. [Table 2] - Optimization of the carbon monoxide pressure All the reactions were carried out in toluene, with an acrylic acid concentration of 1 mol/L, under CO pressure.
- Additives and ligands which have had a positive effect on the yield are: 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)benzene, tris(pentafluorophenyl)phosphine, potassium iodide, triphenylphosphine and 1,3-bis(2, 6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (also called s-IPr).
- the ligands having a very positive effect on the yield of succinic anhydride are the diphosphine ligands with an ethyl link and phenyl and cyclohexyl substituents on the phosphorus (yield greater than 49%).
- the ligands having a positive effect are the monophosphine or monophosphite ligands, as well as the diphosphine ligand with an ethyl linker and methyl substituents on the phosphorus (yield between 21 and 41%)
- the ligands having a negative effect or no effect are ligands diphosphines with a benzyl or propyl or xanthene link, and triphosphine or tetraphosphine ligands (yields less than 16%).
- NaCo(CO) 4 has a slightly positive effect on the yield compared to Co 2 (CO) 8 .
- the reaction In the presence of diphosphine ligands, the reaction has a very low yield under carbon monoxide alone (15 bar), and a very high yield under pressure of a mixture of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen (95:5, 16 bar). The presence of dihydrogen in the gaseous phase is therefore necessary for the catalytic system to be effective.
- the least to most effective solvents are: acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, dimethoxyethane, toluene.
- the solvents for which the addition of H and/or ligands has little or no effect are dimethylformamide, pyridine, dioxane.
- the solvents for which the addition of H and/or ligands has a slight effect are dimethoxyethane.
- the solvents for which the addition of H and/or ligands has a major effect are acetonitrile, toluene and 1,4-dioxane. [Table 11] – Study of the performances of the catalytic system in acetonitrile All the reactions were carried out in acetonitrile with 5 mol% in Co 2 (CO) 8 as catalyst.
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Abstract
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|---|---|---|---|
| FR2111996A FR3129152B1 (fr) | 2021-11-12 | 2021-11-12 | Procede de preparation d’anhydride cyclique a partir d’un acide carboxylique insature |
| PCT/EP2022/081174 WO2023083828A1 (fr) | 2021-11-12 | 2022-11-08 | Procede de preparation d'anhydride cyclique a partir d'un acide carboxylique insature |
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| US (1) | US20250109115A1 (fr) |
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