EP4357549B1 - Nichtporöses und hydrophobes dachelement und dach eines bauwerks mit einem solchen dachelement - Google Patents

Nichtporöses und hydrophobes dachelement und dach eines bauwerks mit einem solchen dachelement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4357549B1
EP4357549B1 EP23201301.1A EP23201301A EP4357549B1 EP 4357549 B1 EP4357549 B1 EP 4357549B1 EP 23201301 A EP23201301 A EP 23201301A EP 4357549 B1 EP4357549 B1 EP 4357549B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
roofing element
roofing
roof
thickness
reliefs
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EP23201301.1A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP4357549A1 (de
Inventor
Damien Thomasson
Guillaume TERREAU
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Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA
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Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA
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Publication of EP4357549A1 publication Critical patent/EP4357549A1/de
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D1/00—Roof covering by making use of tiles, slates, shingles, or other small roofing elements
    • E04D1/12—Roofing elements shaped as plain tiles or shingles, i.e. with flat outer surface
    • E04D1/20—Roofing elements shaped as plain tiles or shingles, i.e. with flat outer surface of plastics; of asphalt; of fibrous materials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of covering or roofing elements intended for the creation of construction roofs.
  • the invention relates to a roofing element made of synthetic material.
  • a “synthetic” material means a material that does not occur naturally in the external environment.
  • the roof of the structure In the construction of structures, especially buildings, the roof of the structure must be able not only to protect the interior of the structure from the external environment, but also to provide a desired aesthetic appearance.
  • roofing materials have been used to achieve these goals, such as asphalt shingles, wood shingles, ceramic tiles, slate tiles, fiber cement tiles, etc.
  • Natural slate tiles are generally cut into a roughly rectangular shape and are laid on battens fixed side by side to rafters.
  • the battens together form a continuous floor configured to support roofing elements, particularly slates.
  • Slate tiles can also be laid on a batten such as a discontinuous support of pieces of wood onto which hooks are fixed.
  • roofing elements made from synthetic materials that have been developed to improve waterproofing compared to natural materials, while maintaining the desired aesthetic appearance of these natural materials.
  • transverse grooves generate exclusively lateral rainwater flow, which can cause rainwater to spill between two slate covering areas and thus generate a roof leak.
  • the number of transverse grooves does not allow all the fluids present in the covering area to be drained.
  • roofing elements have other shortcomings, particularly in terms of the evacuation of fluids or particles present between two superimposed roofing elements.
  • the objective of the invention is to improve the evacuation of fluids or to avoid the retention of fluids which could promote the concentration of particles, or even the development of vegetation between two superimposed roof elements.
  • Another objective is to reduce the environmental impact linked to the manufacture of roofing elements, while facilitating the installation of said roofing elements.
  • the present invention relates to a roofing or covering element, in particular intended to cover a framework of a construction, and comprising an exterior surface extending along an extension plane and an interior surface opposite the exterior surface, having the characteristics of claim 1.
  • the interior surface is advantageously intended to rest on the frame of the construction.
  • the roof element is delimited by two longitudinal sides or edges and two transverse sides or edges, said sides delimiting a closed peripheral contour of said roof element.
  • the roofing element is made of non-porous and hydrophobic materials.
  • the roofing element advantageously comprises a single layer of non-porous and hydrophobic material.
  • At least the entire exterior surface of the roofing element comprises a plurality of reliefs extending in an unordered and multidirectional manner within the plane of extension of the exterior surface.
  • the plurality of reliefs characterizes the surface roughness of the exterior surface of the roofing element.
  • the plurality of reliefs may include grooves or furrows, and projections.
  • the reliefs may be regularly or unevenly spaced from each other over the entire exterior surface of the roof element.
  • the plurality of reliefs extend multidirectionally in the plane of the outer surface.
  • the reliefs can form straight and/or curved profiles.
  • the reliefs can have different shapes and/or different heights and depths.
  • the roofing element made of non-porous and hydrophobic material has the advantage of eliminating the problem of fluid movement by capillarity known in natural slates and from fiber cement.
  • Hydrophobic refers to a material that tends to repel water molecules, meaning that water does not penetrate the material and remains on its surface primarily in the form of droplets of generally spherical shape.
  • the contact angle of droplets on the surface of a hydrophobic material is greater than 90°.
  • Non-porous means a material with a closed structure comprising pores that are not connected to each other and are inaccessible to water and air.
  • a so-called non-porous material is impermeable to external molecules, i.e., external molecules do not penetrate the interior of the material.
  • the pore size of a non-porous material is less than 100 nanometers, preferably less than 80 nanometers.
  • roofing elements can be easily installed on low-sloped roofs with the same coverage rate as a roof with a steeper slope.
  • the table comprises three main columns, namely a first main column grouping data of a known synthetic tile, a second main column grouping data of a roofing element according to the invention, and a third main column grouping data concerning the reduction in the overlap rate between the known synthetic tile and the roofing element according to the invention.
  • Each main column includes three sub-columns defining three geographic areas.
  • the first geographical zone Zone 1 corresponds to a geographical zone located at an altitude lower than 200m, at a distance greater than 20km from the coast.
  • the second geographical zone Zone 2 includes geographical areas located at an altitude between 200m and 500m and geographical areas on the Atlantic coast.
  • the third geographical zone Zone 3 includes geographical areas located at an altitude between 500m and 900m and geographical areas on the coast of the English Channel, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea.
  • the roofing element according to the invention makes it possible to considerably reduce the overlap rate between superimposed roofing elements, which makes it possible to reduce the total mass of the roof.
  • a known synthetic tile in the first geographical area Zone 1, taking a roof slope between 45% and 49%, a known synthetic tile must have an overlap of 120mm, while a roof element according to the invention has an overlap of 60mm, i.e. a reduction in the overlap of 50%.
  • the area of the Z2 gauge, illustrated in the figures 2 And 6 i.e. the area of a roof element not covered by one or more overlapping roof elements, is thus significantly increased.
  • the number of roof elements per square meter can therefore be reduced by 20% in the case of a roof with a slope of between 45% and 49%.
  • the multidirectional surface roughness promotes the flow of fluids between two superimposed roof elements.
  • the surface roughness thus makes it possible to drain fluids which infiltrate into the false eaves, that is to say into the central part of a first roof element which is covered by a second upper roof element.
  • the surface roughness helps to avoid suction phenomena observed between hydrophobic roof elements with smooth exterior surfaces, to improve fluid evacuation and to avoid fluid retention which can promote the concentration of particles, or even the development of vegetation between two superimposed roof elements. This increases the lifespan of the roof elements and the waterproofing of the roof.
  • the hydrophobicity of the roofing element prevents fluids from rising to the upper part of the roof by capillarity.
  • the plurality of reliefs has a variation in thickness around the plane of extension of the outer surface of between 0.1 mm and 2 mm, preferably between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm.
  • the variation in thickness of the plurality of reliefs corresponds to the maximum distance between the protrusions and the hollows characterizing the surface roughness.
  • the entire interior surface of the roofing element comprises a plurality of reliefs extending in an unordered and multidirectional manner in the plane of the interior surface of the roofing element.
  • the multidirectional surface roughness of the inner surface has the same advantages as that of the outer surface.
  • the plurality of reliefs of the interior surface have a variation in thickness around the plane of the interior surface of between 0.1mm and 2mm, preferably between 0.1mm and 0.5mm.
  • At least each of the longitudinal sides or edges comprises a reduction in thickness or a chamfer fitting to the outer surface and defined by an end length and thickness.
  • Chamfers prevent the concentration and coalescence of drops on the lower edge of the roof element and thus prevent the concentration of dust, as well as the growth of plants.
  • the fluid flow is directed from the upper transverse edge of the roof element to the lower transverse edge of the roof element, which prevents the concentration of fluids on the lower transverse edge.
  • the chamfers thus further improve the lifespan of the roofing elements and the waterproofing of the roof.
  • the length defining the chamfer is equal to the distance measured between the start of the variation in thickness of the reliefs and a longitudinal side of the roofing element, said distance being between 1mm and 15mm, preferably between 2mm and 10mm.
  • the end thickness is equal to the thickness of the longitudinal side of the roofing element and depends on the thickness of the roofing element.
  • the end thickness is between 0.5mm and the thickness of the roof element minus 0.5mm, preferably between 1mm and half the thickness of the roof element.
  • the sides or transverse edges of the roofing element each include a thickness reduction or chamfer connecting to the exterior surface and defined by the end length and thickness.
  • all four sides of the roofing element include a reduction in thickness or chamfer.
  • each of the chamfers is flat and extends obliquely from a longitudinal edge toward the outer surface of the roofing element.
  • the chamfers prevent the concentration and coalescence of drops on the lower edge of the roof element and thus prevent the concentration of dust, as well as the growth of plants.
  • the roofing element is made from a plastic material, in particular a thermoplastic, for example a polyolefin, for example Polyvinyl Chloride, acronym PVC, for example acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, acronym ABS, for example polystyrene, acronym PS, or other types of thermoplastics.
  • a thermoplastic for example a polyolefin, for example Polyvinyl Chloride, acronym PVC, for example acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, acronym ABS, for example polystyrene, acronym PS, or other types of thermoplastics.
  • the roofing element is made from a mixture of a plastic material, in particular thermoplastic, with a powder of tire particles, called "micronized rubber powder" in English terms.
  • Polyvinyl Chloride is recycled from used woodwork.
  • Such a plastic material has both good rigidity provided by the use of thermoplastic and good flexibility and tolerance to deformation provided by the tire particle powder.
  • This type of roofing element is lighter than a natural slate tile, so it can be fitted to roof frames designed to accommodate shingles covering certain roofs. In addition, it is installed like a natural slate tile, using the same hooks and tools.
  • Such a roofing element has increased mechanical resistance compared to natural slate and offers better waterproofing than natural slates.
  • the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a roofing element as described above in which the roofing element is manufactured by injecting a plastic material into a mold.
  • the roofing element is manufactured by extruding a smooth plate and applying a surface texturizing roller or by compressing the surface, or stamping to form the plurality of reliefs on at least the exterior surface of the roofing element.
  • the invention relates to a roof or roof of a building or construction comprising a plurality of roofing elements as described above, wherein said roofing elements are juxtaposed in a direction perpendicular to the slope of said roof and arranged to overlap in the direction of said slope.
  • the roof comprises crosspieces or battens secured to stringers or rafters forming the roof frame and in which the roof elements are arranged in a staggered pattern on the crosspieces and each fixed using a hook secured to a crosspiece.
  • the fixing hooks comprise, for example, a central part extending on one side by a first curved part for retaining a roof element and on the other side by a second part fixed to a crosspiece.
  • the overlapping area of a roof element is held by the hook of the roof element above which is placed on top.
  • Installing a roofing element is similar to installing natural slate on a roof. Such an installation is known and will not be described further.
  • lower and upper refer to the lower and upper parts along the longitudinal axis X of the roof element.
  • the roof element 10 has a rectangular shape delimited by two large lateral sides 10a, 10b and two small lateral sides 10c, 10d.
  • the longitudinal direction X corresponds to a direction parallel to the large lateral sides 10a, 10b and the transverse direction Y is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
  • the roof element 10 may have a square shape.
  • the roof element 10 has the shape of a quadrilateral whose four angles are right angles.
  • THE figures 1 And 2 very schematically represent a partial plan of a roof 1 made using roofing elements 10 according to the invention.
  • the roof or roof 1 is here inclined and comprises a plurality of roof elements 10 in the form of rectangular plates juxtaposed in a direction Z perpendicular to the slope of said roof 1 and arranged to overlap in the direction of said slope.
  • the roofing elements 10 are laid in a staggered pattern on wooden crosspieces or battens 2 secured to stringers or rafters 3 forming the roof frame (not shown). Alternatively, the roofing elements could be laid on a boarding.
  • each roof element 10 comprises a first zone Z1 called “covering”, placed on a crosspiece 2, a second zone Z2 called “exposure”, in contact with a roof element superimposed in the direction of the slope, and a third intermediate zone Z3 called “false exposure”. All of the zones Z1, Z2, Z3 delimit the total length L of the roof element 10.
  • Each roof element 10 is held in its second area Z2 of gauge, in particular its lower side 10d, using a fixing hook 4 fixed to the crosspieces 2.
  • the fixing hooks 4 comprise a central part 4a extending on one side by a first curved part 4b for retaining a roof element 10 and on the other side by a second part 4c fixed to a crosspiece 2.
  • the first covering zone Z1 of a roof element is held by the hook of the roof element 10 above which is placed on top.
  • roofing element 10 The installation of a roofing element 10 is similar to the installation of natural slate on a roof. Such an installation is known and will not be described further.
  • each of the roof elements 10 is delimited by two longitudinal sides 10a, 10b of large dimension, two transverse sides 10c, 10d of small dimension, smaller than that of the longitudinal sides 10a, 10b. Said sides 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d delimit a closed peripheral contour of said roof element 10.
  • Each of the roof elements 10 is further delimited by an exterior face or surface 12, intended to be exposed to the weather and an opposite, interior face or surface 14, advantageously intended to rest on the roof frame 1.
  • the outer surface 12 extends here along an XY extension plane.
  • each roof element 10 comprises a plurality of reliefs 16 extending in a non-ordered manner inside the extension plane XY of the outer surface 12.
  • the plurality of reliefs 16 characterizes the surface roughness of the outer surface 12 of the roofing element 10.
  • the reliefs 16 may form straight and/or curved line profiles and some reliefs 16 may or may not have the same shape.
  • the plurality of reliefs 16 includes grooves or furrows, and projections.
  • the reliefs 16 are here not regularly spaced from each other over the entire exterior surface 12 of the roof element 10.
  • the plurality of reliefs 16 extend multidirectionally in the XY plane of the outer surface 12.
  • the plurality of reliefs 16 has a variation in thickness ⁇ e around the XY plane of extension of the outer surface 12 of between 0.1 mm and 2 mm, preferably between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm.
  • the XY plane of extension is here a mean plane.
  • the thickness variation ⁇ e of the plurality of reliefs 16 corresponds to the maximum distance between the projections and the hollows characterizing the surface roughness of the outer surface 12.
  • Multidirectional surface roughness promotes fluid flow between two overlapping roof elements.
  • the inner face 14 of the roofing element 10 is smooth, which forms a variant which does not correspond to the claimed invention.
  • each roof element 10 provision will be made for the inner face 14 of each roof element 10 to comprise a plurality of reliefs (not shown) extending in a non-ordered manner within the plane of extension of the inner surface 14 so as to characterize a multidirectional surface roughness of said inner surface 14.
  • the plurality of reliefs of the interior surface 14 has a variation in thickness around the plane of the interior surface 14 of between 0.1 mm and 2 mm, preferably between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm.
  • each roof element 10 comprises a reduction in thickness or chamfer 12a connecting to the outer surface 12 and defined by a length c and an end thickness b.
  • Each of the chamfers 12a is flat and extends obliquely from a longitudinal edge 10a, 10b towards the outer surface 12 of the roofing element 10.
  • the length c corresponds to the distance measured between the start of the variation in thickness ⁇ e of the reliefs 16 and a longitudinal edge 10a of the roof element 10.
  • the distance c is between 1mm and 15mm, preferably between 2mm and 10mm.
  • the end thickness b corresponds to the thickness of the longitudinal edge 10a of the roof element 10.
  • the end thickness b depends on the average thickness E of the roof element 10 and is between 0.5mm and E-0.5mm, preferably between 1mm and half of the average thickness E.
  • each roof element 10 comprises a thickness reduction or chamfer 12b connecting to the outer surface 12 and defined by the length c and the end thickness b, according to the equations above.
  • Each of the chamfers 12b is flat and extends obliquely from a longitudinal edge 10c, 10d towards the outer surface 12 of the roofing element 10.
  • the four sides of the roofing element 10 include a thickness reduction or chamfer 12a, 12b.
  • the chamfers 12a, 12b make it possible to avoid the concentration and coalescence of drops on the lower edge 10d of the roofing element and thus to avoid the concentration of dust, as well as the development of plants. Indeed, the flow of fluid is oriented from the upper transverse edge 10d of the roofing element 10 towards the lower transverse edge 10d of said roofing element 10, which makes it possible to avoid the concentration of fluids on the lower transverse edge 10d.
  • the roof element 10 is made of non-porous and hydrophobic synthetic material.
  • the roofing element 10 is made from a plastic material, in particular thermoplastic.
  • Such a plastic material has good rigidity provided by the use of thermoplastic.
  • Polyvinyl Chloride is recycled from used woodwork.
  • Tire particle powder provides good flexibility and deformation tolerance.
  • Such a roofing element 10 is lighter than a natural slate, so that it can be fitted onto frames intended to receive shingles covering certain roofs. In addition, it is installed like a natural slate tile, using the same hooks and the same tools.
  • Such a roofing element 10 has increased mechanical resistance compared to a natural slate tile and offers better sealing than natural slate tiles.
  • the roof element 10 is manufactured by injecting a plastic material into a mold.
  • the roofing element 10 may be manufactured by extruding a smooth plate and applying a surface texturizing roller or by compressing the surface, or stamping to impart the rough surface condition to the exterior and/or interior surface of the roofing element 10.
  • the method of manufacturing the roofing element 10 is not limited to the methods described.
  • roofing element made of non-porous and hydrophobic material, the problem of fluid movement by capillarity known in natural slates and from fiber cement is eliminated.
  • Surface roughness helps prevent suction phenomena observed between hydrophobic roof elements with smooth exterior surfaces, improve fluid drainage and prevent fluid retention that can promote particle concentration or even the growth of vegetation between two overlapping roof elements. This increases the lifespan of the roof elements and the watertightness of the roof.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Roof Covering Using Slabs Or Stiff Sheets (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Dachelement (10), das insbesondere dazu bestimmt ist, ein Tragwerk eines Bauwerks zu bedecken, beinhaltend eine Außenoberfläche (12), die sich gemäß einer Erstreckungsebene (XY) erstreckt, und eine Innenauflageoberfläche (14), die zu der Außenoberfläche (12) entgegengesetzt ist, wobei das Dachelement (10) durch zwei Längsseiten (10a, 10b) und zwei Querseiten (10c, 10d) begrenzt wird, wobei die Seiten (10a, 10b, 10c, 10d) eine geschlossene Umfangskontur des Dachelements begrenzen, wobei das Dachelement (10) aus einem nichtporösen und hydrophoben Material hergestellt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die gesamte Außenoberfläche (12) eine Vielzahl von Reliefs (16), die sich ungeordnet und multidirektional innerhalb der Erstreckungsebene (XY) der Außenoberfläche (12) erstrecken, beinhaltet und dass die gesamte Innenoberfläche (14) des Dachelements (10) eine Vielzahl von sich ungeordnet erstreckenden Reliefs beinhaltet, die eine multidirektionale Oberflächenrauheit charakterisieren.
  2. Dachelement (10) nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Vielzahl von Reliefs (16) um die Erstreckungsebene (XY) der Außenoberfläche (12) eine Dickenänderung (Δe) zwischen 0,1 mm und 2 mm, vorzugsweise zwischen 0,1 mm und 0,5 mm, aufweist.
  3. Dachelement (10) nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei das Dachelement (10) eine einzige Schicht beinhaltet, die aus nichtporösem und hydrophobem Material hergestellt ist.
  4. Dachelement (10) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei mindestens die Längsseiten (10a, 10b) jeweils eine Abschrägung (12a) beinhalten, die an die Außenoberfläche (12) anschließt und durch eine Länge (c) und eine Enddicke (b) definiert ist.
  5. Dachelement (10) nach den Ansprüchen 2 und 4, wobei die Länge (c), die die Abschrägung (12a) definiert, gleich dem Abstand ist, der zwischen dem Anfang der Dickenänderung (Δe) der Reliefs (16) der Außenoberfläche (12) und einer Längsseite (10a) des Dachelements (10) gemessen wird, wobei der Abstand (c) zwischen 1 mm und 15 mm, vorzugsweise zwischen 2 mm und 10 mm, beträgt, und wobei die Enddicke (b) gleich der Dicke der Längsseite (10a) des Dachelements (10) ist und von der Dicke (E) des Dachelements (10) abhängt.
  6. Dachelement (10) nach Anspruch 5, wobei die Enddicke (b) zwischen 0,5 mm und der Dicke (E) des Bedeckungselements minus 0,5 mm, vorzugsweise zwischen 1 mm und der Hälfte der Dicke (E) des Dachelements, beträgt.
  7. Dachelement (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 6, wobei die Querseiten (10c, 10d) des Dachelements (10) jeweils eine Abschrägung (12b) beinhalten, die an die Außenoberfläche (12) anschließt und durch die Länge (c) und die Enddicke (b) definiert ist.
  8. Dachelement (10) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das Dachelement (10) aus einem Kunststoffmaterial hergestellt ist.
  9. Verfahren zur Fertigung eines Dachelements (10) nach Anspruch 8, wobei das Dachelement (10) durch Spritzgießen eines Kunststoffmaterials in eine Form gefertigt wird.
  10. Verfahren zur Fertigung eines Dachelements (10) nach Anspruch 8, wobei das Dachelement (10) durch Extrudieren einer glatten Platte und Anwenden einer Oberflächentexturierungswalze oder durch Komprimieren der Oberfläche oder Stempeln gefertigt wird, um die Vielzahl von Reliefs (16) auf mindestens der Außenoberfläche des Dachelements (10) zu bilden.
  11. Dach (1) eines Bauwerks, beinhaltend eine Vielzahl von Dachelementen (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, wobei die Dachelemente (10) in einer zu der Neigung des Daches (1) senkrechten Richtung (Z) nebeneinander liegen und in der Richtung der Neigung überlappend angeordnet sind.
  12. Dach (1) nach Anspruch 11, beinhaltend Querträger (2), die fest mit Längsträgern (3) verbunden sind, die das Tragwerk des Daches bilden, und wobei die Dachelemente (10) versetzt auf den Querträgern (2) eingerichtet sind und jeweils mit Hilfe eines Hakens (4) befestigt sind, der mit einem Querträger (2) fest verbunden ist.
EP23201301.1A 2022-10-07 2023-10-02 Nichtporöses und hydrophobes dachelement und dach eines bauwerks mit einem solchen dachelement Active EP4357549B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR2210316A FR3140639B1 (fr) 2022-10-07 2022-10-07 Elément de toiture non poreux et hydrophobe, et toiture d’une construction comprenant un tel élément de toiture

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4357549A1 EP4357549A1 (de) 2024-04-24
EP4357549B1 true EP4357549B1 (de) 2025-05-14

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EP23201301.1A Active EP4357549B1 (de) 2022-10-07 2023-10-02 Nichtporöses und hydrophobes dachelement und dach eines bauwerks mit einem solchen dachelement

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EP (1) EP4357549B1 (de)
FR (1) FR3140639B1 (de)

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2724961A1 (fr) 1994-09-23 1996-03-29 Fanimeca Sarl Ardoise artificielle destinee a la realisation de toitures de constructions
US8206807B2 (en) * 2003-06-02 2012-06-26 Certainteed Corporation Synthetic roofing shingle or tile
US6808785B1 (en) * 2003-06-02 2004-10-26 Certainteed Corporation Synthetic roofing shingle or tile
US7934346B2 (en) * 2007-03-29 2011-05-03 Certainteed Corporation Process of treating a synthetic shingle and shingle made thereby
US8136322B2 (en) * 2009-08-25 2012-03-20 Tamko Building Products, Inc. Composite shingle
US20110056148A1 (en) * 2009-09-10 2011-03-10 Certainteed Corporation Panel For Use As Exterior Covering For Roofing Or Siding And Building Structure Having Same
US9416540B2 (en) * 2013-11-27 2016-08-16 Tapco International Corporation Dual-arch roof tile
US11702840B2 (en) * 2018-12-19 2023-07-18 Zinniatek Limited Roofing, cladding or siding module, its manufacture and use

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EP4357549A1 (de) 2024-04-24
FR3140639B1 (fr) 2024-12-13
FR3140639A1 (fr) 2024-04-12

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