EP4331725A1 - Tige de piston et procédé de fabrication d'une telle tige de piston - Google Patents

Tige de piston et procédé de fabrication d'une telle tige de piston Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4331725A1
EP4331725A1 EP22193005.0A EP22193005A EP4331725A1 EP 4331725 A1 EP4331725 A1 EP 4331725A1 EP 22193005 A EP22193005 A EP 22193005A EP 4331725 A1 EP4331725 A1 EP 4331725A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
piston rod
rod component
component
injection molding
piston
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP22193005.0A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jens Wilmer
Jörg SATTLER
Jianzhao Lue
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Eppendorf SE
Original Assignee
Eppendorf SE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eppendorf SE filed Critical Eppendorf SE
Priority to EP22193005.0A priority Critical patent/EP4331725A1/fr
Priority to CN202310935071.XA priority patent/CN117619468A/zh
Priority to US18/361,663 priority patent/US20240066517A1/en
Priority to JP2023138911A priority patent/JP2024035166A/ja
Publication of EP4331725A1 publication Critical patent/EP4331725A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/02—Burettes; Pipettes
    • B01L3/021—Pipettes, i.e. with only one conduit for withdrawing and redistributing liquids
    • B01L3/0217—Pipettes, i.e. with only one conduit for withdrawing and redistributing liquids of the plunger pump type
    • B01L3/0224—Pipettes, i.e. with only one conduit for withdrawing and redistributing liquids of the plunger pump type having mechanical means to set stroke length, e.g. movable stops
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/02—Burettes; Pipettes
    • B01L3/021—Pipettes, i.e. with only one conduit for withdrawing and redistributing liquids
    • B01L3/0217—Pipettes, i.e. with only one conduit for withdrawing and redistributing liquids of the plunger pump type
    • B01L3/0227—Details of motor drive means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
    • B01L2200/06—Fluid handling related problems
    • B01L2200/0689—Sealing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
    • B01L2200/12—Specific details about manufacturing devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/02—Burettes; Pipettes
    • B01L3/0275—Interchangeable or disposable dispensing tips

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a piston rod for a liquid transfer system, in particular a pipette or a multi-channel lower part for a pipette, a method for producing such a piston rod and a liquid transfer system with such a piston rod according to the preamble of the independent claims.
  • Pipettes are used particularly in the laboratory for the controlled collection and delivery of liquids.
  • a pipette tip with an upper opening is clamped onto a seat of the pipette.
  • the seat is preferably formed as a conical or cylindrical projection on the pipette housing.
  • the pipette tip can absorb and dispense liquid through a lower opening.
  • Air cushion pipettes include an air displacement device which is connected to the pipette tip through a hole in the seat. Using the displacement device, an air cushion is displaced so that liquid is sucked into the pipette tip and expelled from it.
  • the displacement device has a displacement chamber with a displaceable boundary.
  • the displacement device is usually a cylinder with a piston rod that can be moved therein.
  • a sealing element is arranged on the piston rod, which seals the piston rod from a cylinder surrounding the piston rod.
  • Multi-channel fluid transfer devices are in particular multi-channel pipettes and multi-channel dispensers which are intended for the calibrated suction of liquids and/or the subsequent dispensing of the liquids into containers.
  • the multi-channel fluid transfer device is held in the hand of an operator while the liquid is being sucked up and dispensed.
  • a multi-channel fluid transfer device has an upper part in which the operating elements and the mechanics or electronics required to suck in the liquid are arranged, as well as a multi-channel lower part with a plurality of metering channels arranged in parallel, which are set up to receive and/or dispense a liquid.
  • the precision and accuracy of the sucked volume depends on the ability for each displacement element to travel the same simultaneous path for a given volume setting reproduce.
  • the piston actuator tends to move without maintaining orthogonality to the sliding direction. This effect, known as tilt clearance, occurs during the reciprocating movement of the piston actuator and the displacers and results in a difference in the travel distance of one displacer relative to another displacer, thereby reducing the precision and accuracy of the volume sucked between the plurality of displacers.
  • the displacement elements each include a piston rod on which a sealing element is arranged.
  • From the DE 10 2006 031 460 B4 is a multi-channel pipette for dosing liquids with a piston actuator rod and several receptacles arranged at one end of the piston actuator rod, each for a piston head.
  • An elastic element is arranged between the pistons of the individual channels of the multi-channel pipette and the receptacle of the respective piston head, which supports centering of the piston in the receptacle.
  • the EP 2 633 915 B1 discloses a manual single-channel air cushion pipette with a housing in which a cylindrical displacement space is formed, in which a piston with a piston rod and a seal can be moved for receiving and subsequently dispensing a liquid.
  • the piston rod is designed as a one-piece injection molded part.
  • a tool separation is generally provided along a longitudinal axis of the piston rod, so that the piston rod has a separating ridge over its entire length due to the tool. This degree of separation can be at least partially removed in a deburring process following the injection molding process, for example by barreling, blasting or scrubbing.
  • the invention is based on the object of avoiding leaks between a piston rod and a sealing element arranged on the piston rod and thus improving the tightness and durability of a liquid transfer system, in particular a pipette.
  • the task is solved by a piston rod for a liquid transfer system.
  • the piston rod is designed in two or more parts and has a first piston rod component, which can be brought into operative connection with an actuating device of the liquid metering system.
  • the piston rod also has a second piston rod component that is different from the first piston rod component, and a sealing seat for receiving a sealing element for the piston rod.
  • a separation between the first piston rod component and the second piston rod component is designed such that the sealing seat is free of a separating ridge.
  • a multi-part design of the piston rod can prevent a tool separation of an injection molding tool and, associated therewith, a separating ridge in the area of the sealing seat. This can prevent a sealing element from not being in fluid-tight contact with the sealing seat of the piston rod and a leak occurring at this point, which leads to labor-intensive and cost-intensive rework during assembly, since such a leak is only detected during a final leak test of the liquid transfer device . Furthermore, a potential source of danger for wear on the sealing element can be eliminated, which reduces the durability of the sealing element and can negatively influence the service life of the liquid transfer device.
  • the second piston rod component is arranged or designed concentrically to the first piston rod component.
  • tight manufacturing tolerances are necessary for the piston rod.
  • deviations in roundness can result in the sealing element either not sealing sufficiently to the piston rod or to a cylinder wall of the cylinder.
  • the second piston rod component is arranged or designed concentrically to the first piston rod component.
  • the sealing seat is designed to receive the sealing element between the first piston rod component and the second piston rod component. This makes it easy to prevent tool separation from running through the sealing seat on the piston rod. Rather, by dividing it into two components, demolding can be made possible, which does not require any tool separation in the area of the sealing seat and is therefore free of a separating burr. This eliminates the risk of potential leakage due to poor contact of the sealing element with the sealing seat. Furthermore, the sealing element can be guided and held in its position in a simple manner thanks to such a design.
  • the first piston rod component has a fastening mechanism for a piston actuator of a pipette or a multi-channel lower part for a pipette at its end facing away from the sealing seat.
  • a so-called piston actuator is usually used, which engages in an end section of the respective piston rod and thus enables a parallel displacement of several piston rods, so that the same amount of liquid is absorbed in the different cylinders of the multi-channel lower part.
  • the second piston rod component is designed as a piston tip, which is arranged in the axial extension of the first piston rod component.
  • small pistons such as those used in the individual channels of a multi-channel lower part to absorb liquid
  • Small piston rods with a small diameter are required.
  • a two-component injection molding process is to be understood as meaning a two-stage injection molding process in which the second piston rod component is produced in the form of the piston tip in a first injection molding process and the second piston rod component is formed in a second injection molding process.
  • the same plastics or different plastics can be used for both injection molding processes.
  • the use of two identical plastics in a two-stage injection molding process is also to be understood as a two-component injection molding process within the meaning of this patent application.
  • a particularly precise centering of the piston tip to the first piston rod component is possible through a cohesive connection using a two-component injection molding process. This means that the roundness requirements for the sealing seat can be met particularly precisely and the seal on the piston rod can be improved.
  • the second piston rod component is designed as a cover or a plate, which is connected to the first piston rod component in a form-fitting or non-positive manner.
  • a piston rod made up of two or more components.
  • the piston rod is formed in two parts from a substantially elongated and cylindrical first piston rod component and a cover or plate arranged on this first piston rod component.
  • the removal of the lid or the plate from an injection molding tool is particularly easy due to the simple geometry, which can in particular be designed without undercuts. Furthermore, the first piston rod component can be made comparatively simple and the bevels necessary for demoulding can be provided without these extending over a sealing seat of the piston rod.
  • the first piston rod component has a shaft, with a recess on the shaft for the positive connection of the cover or the Plate is formed with the shaft by means of a snap connection.
  • a recess for the positive connection of the cover or the plate to the first piston rod component is formed on the shaft of the first piston rod component is.
  • the cover or the plate has a central opening, with at least one locking lug being formed on the central opening for locking into the recess on the shaft of the first piston rod component.
  • the plate or lid can be easily pushed onto the first piston rod component with little effort.
  • the locking lug allows the plate or cover to be locked in the recess of the first piston rod component, so that the cover or plate can be locked in a defined position relative to the first piston rod component.
  • the locking lug on the plate or lid as well as the recess on the shaft can in particular be integrated into the respective injection molding tools and thus produced essentially cost-neutrally.
  • the first piston rod component and the second piston rod component are made of a plastic, preferably of a thermoplastic, particularly preferably of polyoxymethylene (POM), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyaryl ether ketone (PAEK), polyamide (PA) or polyphenylene sulfide (PPS).
  • a plastic preferably of a thermoplastic, particularly preferably of polyoxymethylene (POM), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyaryl ether ketone (PAEK), polyamide (PA) or polyphenylene sulfide (PPS).
  • POM polyoxymethylene
  • PEEK polyether ether ketone
  • PAEK polyaryl ether ketone
  • PA polyamide
  • PPS polyphenylene sulfide
  • first piston rod component and the second piston rod component are made of the same plastic. This can ensure that the two components have the same shrinkage behavior after the injection molding process and the same thermal expansion. This can ensure that the components of the piston rod do not move relative to one another or do not become loose due to repeated heating and cooling, for example when autoclaving the liquid transfer device.
  • first piston rod component can also be made of a first plastic, in particular a first thermoplastic
  • second piston rod component can be made of a second plastic that is different from the first plastic, in particular a second thermoplastic. This allows the hardness and wear resistance of the components to be adapted to the respective requirements of the piston rod components.
  • a piston rod for a liquid transfer device can be produced which is free of a separating ridge in the area of the sealing seat and thus enables an improved seal on the shaft of the piston rod.
  • This can prevent a sealing element from not being in fluid-tight contact with the sealing seat of the piston rod and a leak occurring at this point, which leads to labor-intensive and cost-intensive rework during assembly, since such a leak is only detected during a final leak test of the liquid transfer device .
  • a potential source of danger for wear on the sealing element can be eliminated, which reduces the durability of the sealing element and can negatively influence the service life of the liquid transfer device.
  • the piston rod is produced in a two-component injection molding process, in which the second piston rod component is produced in a first injection molding process and this second piston rod component is partially encapsulated by the first piston rod component in a second injection molding process, such that the second piston rod component is designed concentrically to the first piston rod component and extends in the axial direction in an extension of the first piston rod component.
  • a cohesive connection using a two-component injection molding process ensures particularly precise centering of the second Piston rod component to the first piston rod component possible. This means that the roundness requirements for the sealing seat can be met particularly precisely and the seal on the piston rod can be improved.
  • the second piston rod component is inserted as an insert part into the injection molding tool for the second injection molding process for producing the first piston rod component.
  • particularly tight manufacturing tolerances can be achieved with regard to the position, roundness and concentricity between the first piston rod component and the second piston rod component.
  • the second piston rod component is pulled onto the first piston rod component through a central opening in the second piston rod component and is connected to it in a non-positive or positive manner.
  • the first piston rod component and the second piston rod component are cohesively connected to one another by a rotation welding process.
  • a rotation welding process is a suitable process, particularly for larger pistons, in order to materially connect the two piston rod components to one another with narrow manufacturing tolerances. It is provided that a welding point of the rotation welding process lies outside the sealing seat, so that the sealing seat is free of welding residues or material accumulations as a result of the welding process.
  • a liquid transfer device for receiving and subsequently dispensing a liquid with such a piston rod.
  • a piston rod according to the invention in a liquid transfer device.
  • the liquid transfer device can in particular be a pipette, in particular a manual or an electronic, hand-held pipette.
  • the liquid transfer device can also be or include a multi-channel lower part for a pipette.
  • the liquid transfer device can be a Dosing tool for an automatic dosing machine, in particular an automatic dosing machine in laboratory technology, particularly preferably an automatic pipetting machine.
  • Figure 1 shows a piston rod 10 known from the prior art for a pipette 102.
  • the piston rod 10 is designed in one piece as an injection molded part 48.
  • a separation in an injection molding tool 54 is necessary in order to enable the injection molded part 48 to be removed from the injection molding tool 54.
  • the tool separation 58 runs into a first tool half 126 and a second tool half 128 of the injection molding tool 54 along a longitudinal axis A of the piston rod 10, so that, due to production technology, a separating ridge 22 is created, which extends over the entire length L of the piston rod 10. Due to the separating ridge 22, there is a risk that a sealing element 18 will not rest in a fluid-tight manner on a sealing seat 16 of the piston rod 10 and a leak can therefore occur.
  • FIG 2 is a first exemplary embodiment of a piston rod 10 according to the invention for an in Figure 7 illustrated liquid transfer device 100 shown.
  • the piston rod 10 comprises a first piston rod component 12 and a second piston rod component 14 arranged concentrically to the first piston rod component 12, both piston rod components 12, 14 being designed as injection molded parts 48.
  • the piston rod 10 has a longitudinal axis A and has a length L.
  • the first piston rod component 12 has a shaft 38 on which a recess 40 for producing a locking connection 42 with the second piston rod component 14 is formed.
  • the second piston rod component 14 is designed as a cover 34 or a plate 36, which is arranged concentrically to the first piston rod component 12 and is mounted on the first piston rod component 12 in particular via the shaft 38.
  • a central opening 44 formed in the lid 34 or the plate.
  • a first stop 24 is formed on the first piston rod component 12 and a second stop 26 for a sealing element 18 is formed on the second piston rod component 14.
  • a sealing seat 16 for receiving the sealing element 18 is formed between the first stop 24 and the second stop 26.
  • first piston rod component 12 is shown in an individual part drawing before being connected to the second piston rod component 14 to form the piston rod 10.
  • a fastening mechanism 30 is provided at an end 28 of the first piston rod component 12 facing away from the sealing seat 16.
  • recess 40 on the shaft 38 of the first piston rod component 12 can be seen, which defines the position of the cover 34 or the plate 36 after it has been pushed onto the shaft and thus allows the cover 34 or the plate 36 to snap into this recess 40.
  • a cover 34 or a plate 36 is shown as a second piston rod component 12.
  • the cover 34 or the plate 36 has a central opening 44, with locking lugs 46 being formed on the plate 36 or the cover 34, which protrude into the central opening 44.
  • the locking lugs 46 are designed to snap into the recess 40 in the shaft 38 of the first piston rod component 12 and to establish a positive connection there, which determines the position of the cover 34 or the plate 36 relative to the first piston rod component 12 and thus the length of the sealing seat 16 Are defined.
  • FIG 5 an alternative embodiment of a piston rod 10 according to the invention for a liquid transfer device 100 is shown.
  • the illustrated embodiment is particularly helpful for small piston rods 10 with a small diameter, in particular for piston rods 10 of multi-channel lower parts of a multi-channel pipette.
  • the piston rod 10 in this embodiment is not built by assembling two piston rod components 12, 14, but is manufactured by a two-component injection molding process.
  • the second piston rod component 14 is produced in the form of the piston tip 32 and this piston tip 32 is positively connected to the first piston rod component 12 in a second injection molding process.
  • the piston tip 32 is designed concentrically and in the axial extension of the first piston rod component 12.
  • sealing seat 16 for the piston rod 10 and a lower stop 26 for an in Figure 6 shown sealing element 18 received on the sealing seat 16.
  • An upper stop 24 for the sealing element 18 is shown on the first piston rod component 12, which limits the sealing seat 16 in the axial direction.
  • FIG 6 is the one in Figure 5 Piston rod 10 shown with a sealing element 18 mounted on the sealing seat 16.
  • FIG. 7 shows a liquid transfer device 100 in the form of a pipette 102, which is designed as a mechanical single-channel pipette 104.
  • the pipette 102 comprises an actuating element 110, which is operatively connected to a piston rod 10 that can be moved in a cylinder 114 in order to suck up a liquid and release it again in a controlled manner in a subsequent work step.
  • the cylinder 114 is arranged in a housing 116 of the pipette 102.
  • the piston rod 10 is designed as a multi-part piston rod 10 consisting of a first piston rod component 12 and a second piston rod component 14 arranged concentrically to the first piston rod component 12.
  • Piston rod 10 described can be used in such a pipette 102.
  • a receptacle for receiving a pipette tip 118 is formed on a lower end section of the pipette 102.
  • a liquid transfer device 100 is shown in the form of a multi-channel lower part 108 for a multi-channel pipette 106.
  • the multi-channel lower part 108 comprises a support frame 124, in which a plurality of cylinders 114 of liquid transfer spaces 120 arranged parallel to one another are arranged.
  • a housing 116 of the multi-channel lower part 108 is attached to the support frame 124.
  • the multi-channel lower part 108 further comprises a piston actuator 112, which is in operative connection with the different piston rods 10 of the cylinders 114 arranged parallel to one another. For reasons of clarity, in Figure 8 only two of eight cylinders 114 are shown.
  • a sealing seat 122 is designed to accommodate a pipette tip.
  • the piston rod 10 includes, as in the Figures 5 and 6 shown, a first piston rod component 12 and a second piston rod component 14, which is designed as a piston tip 32 and is materially connected to the first piston rod component 12. Furthermore, a sealing seat 16 for receiving a sealing element 18 is formed on the piston rod 10 between the first piston rod component 12 and the second piston rod component 14. At an end 28 of the first piston rod component 12 facing away from the sealing seat 16, a fastening mechanism 30 for fastening the piston rod 10 to the piston actuator 112 is formed.
  • FIG. 9 A method for producing such a piston rod 10 is shown in a schematic representation.
  • the second piston rod component 14 in the form of a piston tip 32 is produced as an injection molded part 48 in a first injection molding machine 50 with a first injection molding tool.
  • a tool separation 58 is provided in order to demold the piston tip 32.
  • the piston tip 32 is inserted into a second injection molding tool 56, which is arranged in a second injection molding machine 52.
  • both injection molding processes can be carried out with the same injection molding machine 50.
  • the first piston rod component 12 is molded onto the piston tip 32, so that the finished piston rod 10 is created. By dividing the injection molding process, a separating ridge 22 in the area of the sealing seat 16 can be avoided.
  • a tool separation 20 is provided such that the sealing seat 16 lies in a first tool half 126 and the conical or truncated cone-shaped tip lies in a second tool half 128.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Devices For Use In Laboratory Experiments (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
EP22193005.0A 2022-08-30 2022-08-30 Tige de piston et procédé de fabrication d'une telle tige de piston Pending EP4331725A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP22193005.0A EP4331725A1 (fr) 2022-08-30 2022-08-30 Tige de piston et procédé de fabrication d'une telle tige de piston
CN202310935071.XA CN117619468A (zh) 2022-08-30 2023-07-28 柱塞杆和用于制作这种柱塞杆的方法
US18/361,663 US20240066517A1 (en) 2022-08-30 2023-07-28 Plunger rod and method for producing such a plunger rod
JP2023138911A JP2024035166A (ja) 2022-08-30 2023-08-29 プランジャロッド及びそのようなプランジャロッドの製造方法

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP22193005.0A EP4331725A1 (fr) 2022-08-30 2022-08-30 Tige de piston et procédé de fabrication d'une telle tige de piston

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4331725A1 true EP4331725A1 (fr) 2024-03-06

Family

ID=83151823

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP22193005.0A Pending EP4331725A1 (fr) 2022-08-30 2022-08-30 Tige de piston et procédé de fabrication d'une telle tige de piston

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US20240066517A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP4331725A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2024035166A (fr)
CN (1) CN117619468A (fr)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0455043A2 (fr) * 1990-05-04 1991-11-06 Eppendorf-Netheler-Hinz Gmbh Dispositif de pipettage
DE102006031460B4 (de) 2006-07-07 2008-10-30 Eppendorf Ag Pipettiervorrichtung
EP2633915B1 (fr) 2012-02-29 2016-09-21 Eppendorf Ag Pipette avec système de calibration
EP3932557A1 (fr) * 2020-07-02 2022-01-05 Eppendorf AG Tête de pipetage à canaux multiples

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0455043A2 (fr) * 1990-05-04 1991-11-06 Eppendorf-Netheler-Hinz Gmbh Dispositif de pipettage
DE102006031460B4 (de) 2006-07-07 2008-10-30 Eppendorf Ag Pipettiervorrichtung
EP2633915B1 (fr) 2012-02-29 2016-09-21 Eppendorf Ag Pipette avec système de calibration
EP3932557A1 (fr) * 2020-07-02 2022-01-05 Eppendorf AG Tête de pipetage à canaux multiples

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2024035166A (ja) 2024-03-13
US20240066517A1 (en) 2024-02-29
CN117619468A (zh) 2024-03-01

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