EP4226455A1 - Procede d'ouverture d'un generateur electrochimique - Google Patents
Procede d'ouverture d'un generateur electrochimiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP4226455A1 EP4226455A1 EP21801155.9A EP21801155A EP4226455A1 EP 4226455 A1 EP4226455 A1 EP 4226455A1 EP 21801155 A EP21801155 A EP 21801155A EP 4226455 A1 EP4226455 A1 EP 4226455A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ionic liquid
- electrochemical generator
- lithium
- opening
- solution
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/70—Chemical treatment, e.g. pH adjustment or oxidation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/30—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving mechanical treatment
- B09B3/35—Shredding, crushing or cutting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/006—Wet processes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
- H01M4/405—Alloys based on lithium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/52—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste cells or batteries, e.g. recycling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B2101/00—Type of solid waste
- B09B2101/15—Electronic waste
- B09B2101/16—Batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for opening an electrochemical generator, such as an accumulator or a Li-lon, Na-lon, or Lithium-metal battery, in particular with a view to its recycling and/or its storage. .
- the electrochemical generator can be safely opened and the recoverable fractions can be recycled.
- the invention is particularly advantageous for the recycling of electrochemical systems of the accumulator or battery type treated separately or as a mixture.
- An electrochemical generator is an electrical generating device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It may be, for example, batteries or accumulators.
- a lithium-ion battery comprises an anode, a cathode, a separator, an electrolyte and a casing.
- the anode is formed from graphite mixed with a PVDF type binder deposited on copper foil and the cathode is a metallic lithium insertion material (e.g., LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiNiO2, LiNixCoi- x O2 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, LisNiMnCoOe, or LiFePO/i) mixed with a binder and deposited on an aluminum sheet.
- a metallic lithium insertion material e.g., LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiNiO2, LiNixCoi- x O2 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, LisNiMnCoOe, or LiFePO/i
- the electrolyte is a mixture of non-aqueous solvents and lithium salts, and possibly additives to slow down side reactions.
- the operation is as follows: during charging, the lithium deintercalates from the metal oxide and intercalates into the graphite, where it is thermodynamically unstable. During discharge, the process is reversed and the lithium ions are intercalated in the lithium metal oxide.
- Li-SOCb primary lithium batteries
- Damaged cells must also be recycled. However, these cells may have metallic lithium deposits on the anode, which when exposed to air or water are very reactive.
- the battery recycling process comprises several steps:
- electrolyte salts such as lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPFe, lithium tetrafluoborate LiBF4, lithium perchlorate UCIO4, lithium hexafluoroarsenate LiAsFe can give off particularly toxic and corrosive fumes containing phosphorus, fluorine and /or lithium.
- hydrofluoric acid HF
- document WO 2005/101564 A1 describes a process for recycling a lithium anode battery by hydrometallurgical means, at ambient temperature and under an inert atmosphere.
- the atmosphere includes argon and/or carbon dioxide.
- the two gases will drive out the oxygen and form a protective gas sky above the crushed load.
- the presence of carbon dioxide will lead to the initiation of passivation of metallic lithium by formation of lithium carbonate on the surface, which slows down the reactivity of this metal.
- the hydrolysis of the ground charge containing lithium leads to the formation of hydrogen.
- the ground charge containing the lithium is added in a very controlled manner to the aqueous solution and a very strong turbulence above the bath is created. This operation is associated with a depletion of the atmosphere in oxygen.
- the water becomes rich in lithium hydroxide and the lithium is recovered by adding sodium carbonate or phosphoric acid.
- the UmiCore VAL'EASTM process described in the article by Georgi-Maschler et al. (“Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries”, Journal of Power Sources 207 (2012) 173-182) combines pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical treatments.
- the batteries, dismantled, are directly introduced into an oven.
- the pyrometallurgical treatment makes it possible to deactivate them: the electrolyte evaporates at almost 300°C; the plastics are pyrolized at 700°C and the rest is finally melted and reduced at 1200-1450°C.
- Part of the organic matter contained in the batteries serves as a reducing agent in the process. Aluminum and lithium are lost. Iron, copper, and manganese are recovered in aqueous solution.
- Cobalt and nickel are recovered as LiCoO2 and Ni(OH)2 and recycled to form cathode materials.
- this type of heat treatment generates high energy consumption and leads to significant degradation of the components of the battery.
- Document EP 0 613 198 Al describes a process for recovering materials from lithium batteries. The batteries are cut either under a high-pressure water jet or under an inert atmosphere to prevent the outbreak of fire. Then, the lithium reacts with water, an alcohol or an acid to form, respectively, lithium hydroxide, a lithium alkoxide or a lithium salt (LiCI, for example).
- LiCI lithium salt
- the safety procedure carried out with high-pressure water jet cutting requires high water consumption and generates H2 gases in air.
- An object of the present invention is to propose a method making it possible to remedy the drawbacks of the prior art, and in particular a method making it possible to open an electrochemical generator in complete safety, the method having to be easily industrialized.
- an electrochemical generator comprising a negative electrode containing lithium or sodium and a positive electrode optionally containing lithium or sodium
- the process comprising the following successive steps: a) immersion of the generator electrochemical, in a solution of ionic liquid comprising a solvent ionic liquid and, optionally, a so-called oxidizing redox species capable of being reduced on the negative electrode so as to discharge the electrochemical generator, b) opening of the electrochemical generator with an electrically insulating element , the opening being made in the ionic liquid solution.
- the invention differs fundamentally from the prior art by the implementation of the step of opening the electrochemical generator, in a solution of ionic liquid.
- Ionic liquids are non-volatile, non-flammable and chemically stable at temperatures which may be above 200° C. (for example between 200° C. and 400° C.).
- the ionic liquid solution is a non-reactive medium allowing the controlled and secure opening of the electrochemical generator by avoiding violent reactions with water and/or air.
- the opening is ensured by an element which is not electrically conductive, so as to avoid an electrical short-circuit and avoid the generation of too sudden a discharge between the positive and negative elements of the electrochemical generator.
- the ionic liquid solution comprises a redox species capable of reacting with the lithium or the sodium of the negative electrode (anode). Opening the electrochemical generator allows access to lithium: the chemical species performs the action of discharging by oxidation-reduction with lithium (or sodium). This reactive species discharges the electrochemical generator during opening, which further avoids the risk of ignition and/or explosion. During this discharge process, the ionic liquid promotes the cooling of the medium and makes it possible to evacuate the calories. This preferred embodiment simultaneously leads to the opening and securing of the electrochemical generator.
- the active species can react either directly on the negative electrode (anode), in the case where the battery case is open, or on another element connected electrically to the anode, such as the anode current collector, the terminal of the anode or even ground when the anode is electrically connected to ground.
- lithium when describing lithium, lithium can be replaced by sodium.
- thermodynamically stable it is meant that the oxide does not react violently with water and/or air.
- the solution comprises a second so-called reducing redox species capable of being oxidized on the positive electrode, the so-called oxidizing redox species and the so-called reducing redox species forming a pair of redox species.
- redox couple also called redox mediator or electrochemical shuttle
- redox mediator an oxidizing/reducing couple (Ox/Red) in solution whose oxidant can be reduced on the anode (negative electrode) and the reducer can be oxidized on the cathode (positive electrode).
- the oxidation of the reducer and the reduction of the oxidant make it possible to form new oxidant/reducer species and/or to regenerate the species initially present in solution.
- the method is economical since the redox couple in solution simultaneously and simultaneously ensures the redox reactions at the electrodes/terminals of the electrochemical generator, so that the consumption of reagent is zero; the solution can be used to secure several electrochemical generators successively and/or in a mixture.
- the redox species or species make it possible to discharge the electrochemical generator significantly or even completely. Moreover, when the electrochemical generator is opened, they will react with the internal components, so as to reduce the potential difference between the electrodes (anode and cathode). This internal discharge also participates in making the electrochemical generator safe by reducing the chemical energy of the electrodes (and therefore the potential difference) and by reducing the internal short-circuit effect.
- the pair of redox species is a metal pair, preferably chosen from Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ , Co 2+ /Co 3+ , Cr 2+ /Cr 3+ , Cr 3+ /Cr 6+ , V 2+ /V 3+ , V 4+ /V 5+ , Sn 2+ /Sn 4+ , Ag + /Ag 2+ , Cu + /Cu 2+ , Ru 4+ /Ru 8+ or Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ , a couple of organic molecules, a couple of metallocenes such as Fc/Fc + , or a couple of halogenated molecules such as for example Cb/CI′′ or Cl /C′.
- the ionic liquid solution comprises an additional ionic liquid.
- the ionic liquid solution forms a deep eutectic solvent.
- the opening of the electrochemical generator (step b)) is carried out under air.
- the opening of the electrochemical generator (step b)) is carried out under an inert atmosphere allowing control of the oxygen content.
- the whole is secure (vis-à-vis the triangle of fire).
- the process is not a thermal process and makes it possible to manage the step of opening the electrochemical accumulator. It can advantageously be carried out at ambient temperature (20-25° C.).
- the ionic liquid solution can optionally be stirred and/or cooled. It is also possible to add to the solution of ionic liquid species with advantageous heat capacities favoring cooling.
- the opening of the generator is made by an electrically insulating element.
- the electrically insulating element can be part of a tool.
- tool is meant a tool that can pierce, grind and/or cut. At least the part of the tool which penetrates into the electrochemical generator is not electrically conductive. Preference will be given to technologies that do not lead to excessive deformation (crushing) in order to avoid short circuits.
- the opening can be made by cutting, sawing, abrasion.
- the tool makes it possible to cut the electrochemical generator partially or totally.
- the electrically insulating element used to open the electrochemical generator can be a blade, for example a guillotine-type blade, a circular or strip blade, cutting wires, knives, ultrasound, a jet of liquid provided or devoid of electrically insulating abrasive particles or a gas jet containing electrically abrasive particles insulating.
- the electrically insulating abrasive particles can be, for example, silicate.
- the electrically insulating element is a blade, for example made of ceramic.
- the electrically insulating element is a jet of ionic liquid comprising electrically insulating abrasive particles allowing the abrasion and the opening of the electrochemical generator.
- the method comprises, prior to step a), a dismantling step and/or a sorting step.
- the method comprises, subsequent to step b), a storage step and/or a pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical step.
- the method also has the following advantages:
- the active species simply having to have an electrochemical potential higher than that of lithium (lithium is the species with the smallest electrochemical potential and can therefore be extracted with any species capable of reducing to a potential greater than -3.05V vs. ENH).
- FIG. 1 schematically represents a sectional view of a lithium-ion accumulator, according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a photographic negative representing an open battery with a ceramic blade in Ethaline medium, according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- the invention can be transposed to any electrochemical generator, for example to a battery comprising several accumulators (also called accumulator batteries), connected in series or in parallel. , depending on the nominal operating voltage and/or the quantity of energy to be supplied, or even to an electric battery.
- accumulators also called accumulator batteries
- the safety procedure concerns all electrochemical systems of the accumulator or battery type treated separately or as a mixture.
- These different electrochemical devices can be of the metal-ion type, for example lithium-ion or sodium-ion, or even of the Li-metal type, etc.
- It can also be a primary system such as Li/MnO2, or even a flow battery (“Redox Flow Battery”).
- an electrochemical generator having a potential greater than 1.5V will be chosen.
- FIG. 1 represents a lithium-ion (or Li-ion) accumulator 10.
- a single electrochemical cell is represented but the generator can comprise several electrochemical cells, each cell comprising a first electrode 20, here the anode, and a second electrode 30, here the cathode, a separator 40 and an electrolyte 50.
- the first electrode 20 and the second electrode 30 could be reversed.
- the anode (negative electrode) 20 is preferably carbon-based, for example made of graphite which can be mixed with a binder of the PVDF type and deposited on a copper sheet. It can also be a mixed lithium oxide such as lithium titanate Li/fFisO ⁇ (LTO) for a Li-ion battery or a mixed sodium oxide such as sodium titanate for a Na-ion battery . It could also be a lithium alloy or a sodium alloy depending on the chosen technology.
- the cathode (positive electrode) 30 is a lithium ion insertion material for a Li-ion battery. It may be a lamellar oxide of the UMO2 type, an UMPO4 phosphate of olivine structure or even a spinel compound LiMn2 ⁇ 4 and wherein M represents a transition metal.
- a positive electrode made of LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiNi x Coi- x O2 (with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiNiO2, LisNiMnCoOe, or LiFePO/i will be chosen.
- the cathode (positive electrode) 30 is a sodium ion insertion material for a Na-ion battery. It may be a material of the sodium oxide type comprising at least one transition metal element, a material of the sodium phosphate or sulphate type comprising at least one transition metal element, a material of the sodium fluoride type, or even a material of the sulphide type comprising at least one transition metal element.
- the insert material can be mixed with a binder of the polyvinylidene fluoride type and deposited on an aluminum sheet.
- the electrolyte 50 comprises lithium salts (LiPFe, LiBF4, LiCl ⁇ 4 for example) or sodium salts (NsNa for example), depending on the accumulator technology chosen, dissolved in a mixture of non-aqueous solvents.
- the mixture of solvents is, for example, a binary or ternary mixture.
- the solvents are, for example, chosen from solvents based on cyclic carbonates (ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate), linear or branched (dimethyl carbonate, di-ethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate , dimethoxyethane) in various proportions.
- polymer electrolyte comprising a polymer matrix, in organic and/or inorganic material, a liquid mixture comprising one or more metal salts, and optionally a mechanical reinforcement material.
- the polymer matrix may comprise one or more polymer materials, for example chosen from a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a polyacrylonitrile (PAN), a polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP), or a poly(ionic liquid) of the poly( N-vinylimidazolium)bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylamide)), N,N-diethyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (DEMM-TFSI).
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- PVDF-HFP polyvinylidene fluoride he
- the cell can be wound on itself around a winding axis or have a stacked architecture.
- a box 60 (“casing”), for example a polymer pocket, or a metal packaging, for example steel, makes it possible to ensure the tightness of the accumulator.
- Each electrode 20, 30 is connected to a current collector 21, 31 passing through the box 60 and forming, outside the box 60, the terminals 22, 32 respectively (also called output terminals or electrical poles or terminals).
- the function of the collectors 21, 31 is twofold: to provide the mechanical support for the active material and the electrical conduction to the terminals of the cell.
- the terminals, also called poles or electrical terminals, form the output terminals and are intended to be connected to an “energy receiver”.
- one of the terminals 22, 32 (for example that connected to the negative electrode) can be connected to the ground of the electrochemical generator.
- the mass is the negative potential of the electrochemical generator and that the positive terminal is the positive potential of the electrochemical generator.
- the positive potential is therefore defined as the positive pole/terminal and all metallic parts connected by electrical continuity from this pole.
- An intermediate electronic device may optionally be disposed between the terminal which is connected to ground and the latter.
- the method for opening the electrochemical generator 10 comprises the following steps:
- the ionic liquid solution 100 comprises at least one ionic liquid Lli, called solvent ionic liquid.
- ionic liquid By ionic liquid is meant the association comprising at least one cation and one anion which generates a liquid with a melting point below or close to 100°C. These are, for example, molten salts.
- solvent ionic liquid means an ionic liquid which is thermally and electrochemically stable, minimizing an effect of degradation of the medium during the discharge phenomenon.
- the ionic liquid solution 100 can also comprise an additional ionic liquid denoted Lh or several (two, three, etc.) additional ionic liquids, ie it comprises a mixture of several ionic liquids.
- additional ionic liquid is understood to mean an ionic liquid which promotes one or more properties with respect to the safety and discharge step. It may be, in particular, one or more of the following properties: extinction, flame retardant aimed at preventing thermal runaway, redox shuttle, salt stabilizer, viscosity, solubility, hydrophobicity, conductivity.
- the ionic liquid, and optionally, the additional ionic liquids are liquid at ambient temperature (from 20 to 25° C.).
- the cation is preferably chosen from the family: imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, ammonium, piperidinium and phosphonium.
- a cation with a wide cationic window will be chosen, large enough to envisage a cathodic reaction avoiding or minimizing the degradation of the ionic liquid.
- Lli and LI2 will have the same cation to increase the solubility of LI2 in Lli.
- anions will be used which make it possible to simultaneously obtain a wide electrochemical window, a moderate viscosity, a low melting temperature (liquid at room temperature) and good solubility with the ionic liquid and the other species of the solution, and this does not not leading to hydrolysis (degradation) of the ionic liquid.
- the TFSI anion is an example that meets the previously mentioned criteria for numerous associations with, for example, for Ll 1: [BMIM][TFSI], or the use of an ionic liquid of the type [P66614][TFSI] , the ionic liquid l-ethyl-2,3-trimethyleneimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([ETMIm][TFSI]), the liquid ionic N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-2-methoxyethyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide [DEME][TFSA], the ionic liquid N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([PYR14] [TFSI ]), the ionic liquid N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (
- the anion can also be of the bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSA or FSI) type, such as the ionic liquid N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium FSI (P13-FSI), N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium FSI (PP13-FSI ), l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium FSI (EMI-FSI), etc.
- FSA or FSI bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide
- P13-FSI the ionic liquid N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium FSI
- PP13-FSI N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium FSI
- EMI-FSI l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium FSI
- the anion of the solvent ionic liquid Lli and/or the anion of the additional ionic liquid Lh can advantageously be provided with a complexing anion to form a complex with the electrochemical shuttle.
- the ionic liquid solution advantageously forms a deep eutectic solvent (or DES for "deep eutectic solvents"). It is a liquid mixture at room temperature obtained by forming a eutectic mixture of 2 salts, of general formula [Cat] + .[X]'.z[Y] with:
- Eutectics can be divided into three categories depending on the nature of Y.
- the first category corresponds to a type I eutectic:
- the second category corresponds to a type II eutectic:
- the third category corresponds to a type III eutectic:
- DES is choline chloride in combination with an H-bond donor of very low toxicity, such as glycerol or urea, which guarantees a non-toxic and very low-cost DES.
- the choline chloride can be replaced by betaine. Even if these systems have a limited window of electrochemical stability, they make it possible to guarantee the flooding and the deactivation of a possibly open accumulator.
- a compound “Y” which can act as an electrochemical shuttle, which can be oxidized and/or reduced, will be chosen.
- Y is a metal salt, which can be dissolved in the ionic liquid solution to form metal ions.
- Y contains iron.
- a eutectic can be formed between an ionic liquid with a chloride anion and metal salts FeCb and FeCh for different proportions and with different cations.
- an additional ionic liquid LI2 of the [BM I M][Cl] type can be associated which will promote the solubilization of a metal salt in the form of a chloride by complexation with the anion of LI2.
- the ionic liquid solution also comprises a redox species (also called redox mediator), making it possible to secure (discharge) the electrochemical generator 10 during and after its opening.
- a redox species also called redox mediator
- the redox species is, for example, an ion or a species in solution which can be oxidized on the negative electrode 20, or on the terminal 22 linked to the negative electrode 20.
- the ionic liquid solution also called ionic liquid solution, not only prevents contact between the waste (batteries or accumulators) / water / air but can also ensure the discharge of the waste through the intermediary of the species electrochemical redox present in the ionic liquid.
- the assembly is therefore secure with respect to the fire triangle (oxidant, fuel, energy), avoiding/or minimizing the presence of water at the origin of the formation of an explosive atmosphere (gas H2, O2 with heat).
- discharge it is meant that the method makes it possible to significantly reduce the electrical charge of the electrochemical generator 10, by at least 50% and preferably by at least 80%, or even completely discharge the electrochemical generator (100%).
- the rate of unloading depends on the initial state of charge.
- the electrochemical generator 10 is completely discharged.
- the free ions are immobilized in the cathode 30, where they form a thermodynamically stable metallic lithium oxide which does not react violently with water or air. This is done at low environmental and economic cost.
- the treatment is compatible with the recycling of the various components of the electrochemical generator 10 (in particular the electrolyte is not degraded).
- the discharge time will be estimated according to the nature of the batteries and accumulators and the charge rate.
- the method makes it possible in particular to extract the lithium from the negative electrode to make the accumulator non-reactive to air.
- an electrochemical shuttle makes it possible to operate the device in a closed loop. It may be an electrochemical couple or their association. Preferably, it is a redox couple acting as an electrochemical shuttle (or redox mediator) to reduce the degradation of the medium, by ensuring the redox reactions.
- redox couple an oxidant and a reducing agent in solution capable of being, respectively, reduced and oxidized on the electrodes/terminals of the batteries.
- the oxidant and the reducing agent can be introduced in equimolar or non-equimolar proportion.
- the redox couple can be a metallic electrochemical couple or one of their associations: Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ , Co 2+ /Co 3+ , Cr 2+ /Cr 3+ , Cr 3+ /Cr 6+ , V 2+ /V 3+ , V 4+ /V 5+ , Sn 2+ /Sn 4+ , Ag + /Ag 2+ , Cu + /Cu 2+ , Ru 4+ /Ru 8+ or Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ .
- one of the redox species may come from the generator itself. It may be in particular cobalt, nickel and/or manganese.
- the redox species and the redox couple can also be chosen from organic molecules, and in particular from: 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenoxyl, nitronyl nitroxide/2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-l-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO), tetracyanoethylene, tetramethylphenylenedi-amine, dihydrophenazine, aromatic molecules for example having a methoxy group, an N,N-dimethylamino group such as methoxybenzene anisole, dimethoxybenzene, or else an N,N-dimethylaniline group such as N,N-dimethylaminobenzene.
- TEMPO 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenoxyl
- TEMPO nitronyl nitroxide/2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-l-piperidinyloxy
- tetracyanoethylene tetramethylphenylenedi-amine
- dihydrophenazine
- PFPTFBDB 10-methyl-phenothiazine
- DDB 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene
- PFPTFBDB 2-(pentafluorophenyl)-tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole
- It can also be the family of metallocenes (Fc/Fc+, Fe(bpy)3(CIO4)2 and Fe(phen) 3(0104)2 and its derivatives) or the family of halogenated molecules (Cb/CI -, CI /CI3 -, Br2/Br, I2/I l /h).
- a bromide or a chloride will be chosen.
- it is a chloride, which can easily complex metals.
- iron complexed by the chloride anion, forms FeC which can decrease the reactivity of the negative electrode.
- It may also be tetramethylphenylenediamine.
- Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ and/or Cu + /Cu 2+ will be chosen.
- the latter are soluble in their two oxidation states, they are not toxic, they do not degrade the ionic liquid and they have adequate redox potentials to extract the lithium in the event of the cell being opened. It will also be possible to choose the association V 2+ /V 3+ and V 4+ /V 5+ .
- the solution may comprise one or more so-called “active” species, for example an extinguishing agent and/or a flame retardant aimed at preventing thermal runaway, in particular when the accumulator is opened.
- active for example an extinguishing agent and/or a flame retardant aimed at preventing thermal runaway, in particular when the accumulator is opened.
- It may be an optionally fluorinated alkyl phosphate (fluorinated alkyl phosphate), such as trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, or tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate).
- the concentration of active species can be between 5% and 80% by mass, preferably between 30% and 10% by mass.
- the ionic liquid solution can comprise a drying agent, and/or an agent promoting the transport of matter, and/or a protective agent which is a stabilizer/reducer of corrosive and toxic species such as for example PFs, HF, POF3 ,...
- the material transport promoting agent is, for example, a fraction of a co-solvent added to reduce the viscosity of the medium.
- an organic solvent will be chosen in order to act effectively without generating risks with respect to discharge or flammability. It can be vinylene carbonate (VC), gamma-butyrolactone (y-BL), propylene carbonate (PC), poly(ethylene glycol), dimethyl ether.
- VC vinylene carbonate
- y-BL gamma-butyrolactone
- PC propylene carbonate
- the concentration of the material transport promoting agent advantageously ranges from 1% to 40% and more advantageously from 10% to 40% by mass.
- the protective agent capable of reducing and/or stabilizing corrosive and/or toxic elements is, for example, a compound of the butylamine type, a carbodiimide (N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide type), N,N-diethylamino trimethyl-silane, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite (TTFP), an amine-based compound such as 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, a fluorinated carbamate or hexamethyl-phosphoramide. It can also be a compound from the cyclophosphazene family such as hexamethoxycyclotriphosphazene.
- the opening of the electrochemical generator is made with an electrically insulating element.
- the electrically insulating element makes it possible to fully or partially open the electrochemical generator.
- the opening can be obtained by drilling, by grinding or by cutting.
- the technologies to be favored are technologies that avoid excessive deformation (crushing) which would lead to a short circuit.
- the electrically insulating element can be part of a cutting tool (also called cutting tool).
- the cutting tool comprises at least one electrically insulating part intended to be in contact with the interior of the electrochemical generator.
- tools comprising blades for cutting, for example blades of the guillotine type, blades for sawing, for example circular or strip blades, wires or knives for cutting.
- the opening of the electrochemical generator can also be carried out by cutting with ultrasound, by laser beam, by drilling, or even by abrasion with a jet of liquid (comprising, preferably, non-conductive abrasive particles).
- the liquid jet is preferably an ionic liquid jet.
- the liquid can be an ionically non-conductive liquid.
- a component of the discharge liquid such as, for example, a polyol (such as ethylene glycol).
- Mention may also be made of solvents such as 2-Octanone, OctCO2Me, AcOBu, AcOHex or bio-based amide solvents (e.g. N,N-dimethyldecanamide or N,N-dimethyldec-9-enamide).
- the process can be carried out under an inert atmosphere, for example under argon, carbon dioxide, nitrogen or a mixture thereof.
- the method can be implemented at temperatures ranging from 5°C to 80°C, preferably from 20°C to 60°C and even more preferably it is implemented at ambient temperature (20-25°C).
- the ionic liquid solution can be cooled to remove calories during the discharge process.
- the ionic liquid solution can be agitated to improve reactant supply and/or improve cooling.
- the opening process makes it possible to cut the electrochemical generator in complete safety with a view to its recycling (by pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical or their combination) or its storage.
- it may be a temporary storage while waiting to transfer it, for example to a recycling plant to recover these different components.
- a recycling process may comprise the following steps: sorting, dismantling, opening according to the process described above, recycling by conventional means (pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, etc.).
- the recoverable fractions of the electrochemical generator can then be recovered and reused.
- the ionic liquid solution is an Ethaline-type ionic liquid mixture (mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol in a 1:2 ratio).
- Ethaline-type ionic liquid mixture mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol in a 1:2 ratio.
- the solution is dried to remove the water initially present at 2% by weight.
- a 26650 Li-ion battery is immersed in the ionic liquid solution.
- a zirconia-type ceramic blade is used to operate the opening action. The opening is made by penetration of the blade into the battery immersed in the ionic liquid solution with a controlled shock at 8mm/s. All of the opening device is at ambient temperature and atmosphere.
- the cutting action by an electrically non-conductive blade allows the battery to be opened without explosion. After opening, the reaction between the lithium and the ionic liquid solution ensures both the discharge action and the safety of the battery.
- the pile has been cleanly opened (Figure 1) and can be treated without risk.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| HRP20241248TT HRP20241248T1 (hr) | 2020-10-09 | 2021-10-05 | Postupak za otvaranje elektrokemijskog generatora |
| RS20241006A RS65976B1 (sr) | 2020-10-09 | 2021-10-05 | Postupak za otvaranje elektrohemijskog generatora |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2010323A FR3115160B1 (fr) | 2020-10-09 | 2020-10-09 | Procede d’ouverture d’un generateur electrochimique |
| PCT/FR2021/051723 WO2022074328A1 (fr) | 2020-10-09 | 2021-10-05 | Procede d'ouverture d'un generateur electrochimique |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP4226455A1 true EP4226455A1 (fr) | 2023-08-16 |
| EP4226455C0 EP4226455C0 (fr) | 2024-06-19 |
| EP4226455B1 EP4226455B1 (fr) | 2024-06-19 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP21801155.9A Active EP4226455B1 (fr) | 2020-10-09 | 2021-10-05 | Procede d'ouverture d'un generateur electrochimique |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240009719A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4226455B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2023545100A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20230109136A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3195187A1 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2994694T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3115160B1 (fr) |
| HR (1) | HRP20241248T1 (fr) |
| HU (1) | HUE068323T2 (fr) |
| PL (1) | PL4226455T3 (fr) |
| RS (1) | RS65976B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022074328A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3138007A1 (fr) * | 2022-07-12 | 2024-01-19 | Tes Recupyl | Procédé de démantèlement d’une batterie au lithium |
| DE102023119712A1 (de) * | 2022-07-26 | 2024-02-01 | Liofit Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Tiefentladen einer Batterie sowie Batterie |
| CN117438682B (zh) * | 2023-12-21 | 2024-02-27 | 深圳市杰成镍钴新能源科技有限公司 | 一种废旧锂离子电池完全放电的方法 |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2721467B2 (ja) | 1993-02-25 | 1998-03-04 | キヤノン株式会社 | リチウム電池材回収方法 |
| JP3069306B2 (ja) * | 1997-02-10 | 2000-07-24 | アサカ理研工業株式会社 | 使用済みリチウム−コバルト二次電池の不活性化方法、及びこれを用いた使用済みリチウム−コバルト二次電池からのコバルト回収法 |
| JPH10255861A (ja) * | 1997-03-13 | 1998-09-25 | Toshiba Corp | 廃棄物の処理方法 |
| GB9727222D0 (en) | 1997-12-23 | 1998-02-25 | Aea Technology Plc | Cell recycling |
| US5888463A (en) | 1998-01-02 | 1999-03-30 | Toxco | Li reclamation process |
| JP3080606B2 (ja) * | 1998-03-11 | 2000-08-28 | アサカ理研工業株式会社 | 非水電解液電池の不活性化装置 |
| JP4358954B2 (ja) * | 1999-12-28 | 2009-11-04 | 株式会社アサカ理研 | 使用済み密閉型電池の開口方法 |
| FR2868603B1 (fr) | 2004-04-06 | 2006-07-14 | Recupyl Sa Sa | Procede de recyclage en melange de piles et batteries a base d'anode en lithium |
| CA2793142C (fr) | 2010-03-16 | 2018-05-22 | Akkuser Ltd | Procede de recyclage de batterie |
| JP2015178046A (ja) * | 2012-07-25 | 2015-10-08 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 組電池の処理装置 |
| JP6744239B2 (ja) * | 2017-02-22 | 2020-08-19 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 非水系二次電池の処理方法 |
| CN109536713B (zh) * | 2018-11-21 | 2020-03-13 | 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 | 一种利用离子液体分离废旧锂离子电池正极活性物质与铝箔的方法 |
| CN114127318A (zh) * | 2019-07-17 | 2022-03-01 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 锂电池的处理方法及失活剂 |
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- 2020-10-09 FR FR2010323A patent/FR3115160B1/fr active Active
-
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- 2021-10-05 RS RS20241006A patent/RS65976B1/sr unknown
- 2021-10-05 KR KR1020237015674A patent/KR20230109136A/ko active Pending
- 2021-10-05 HR HRP20241248TT patent/HRP20241248T1/hr unknown
- 2021-10-05 CA CA3195187A patent/CA3195187A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-10-05 PL PL21801155.9T patent/PL4226455T3/pl unknown
- 2021-10-05 HU HUE21801155A patent/HUE068323T2/hu unknown
- 2021-10-05 WO PCT/FR2021/051723 patent/WO2022074328A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-10-05 EP EP21801155.9A patent/EP4226455B1/fr active Active
- 2021-10-05 JP JP2023521688A patent/JP2023545100A/ja active Pending
- 2021-10-05 US US18/248,173 patent/US20240009719A1/en active Pending
- 2021-10-05 ES ES21801155T patent/ES2994694T3/es active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20240009719A1 (en) | 2024-01-11 |
| JP2023545100A (ja) | 2023-10-26 |
| HUE068323T2 (hu) | 2024-12-28 |
| PL4226455T3 (pl) | 2025-01-07 |
| ES2994694T3 (en) | 2025-01-30 |
| FR3115160B1 (fr) | 2022-10-28 |
| CA3195187A1 (fr) | 2022-04-14 |
| EP4226455C0 (fr) | 2024-06-19 |
| KR20230109136A (ko) | 2023-07-19 |
| WO2022074328A1 (fr) | 2022-04-14 |
| EP4226455B1 (fr) | 2024-06-19 |
| HRP20241248T1 (hr) | 2024-12-20 |
| FR3115160A1 (fr) | 2022-04-15 |
| RS65976B1 (sr) | 2024-10-31 |
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