WO2023067275A1 - Procede d'ouverture d'un generateur electrochimique - Google Patents
Procede d'ouverture d'un generateur electrochimique Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023067275A1 WO2023067275A1 PCT/FR2022/051956 FR2022051956W WO2023067275A1 WO 2023067275 A1 WO2023067275 A1 WO 2023067275A1 FR 2022051956 W FR2022051956 W FR 2022051956W WO 2023067275 A1 WO2023067275 A1 WO 2023067275A1
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- electrochemical generator
- cutting element
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- cutting
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- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl-cyclopentane Natural products CC1CCCC1 GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- ICLMZQVLRKSOSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1.CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 ICLMZQVLRKSOSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009853 pyrometallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NLDYACGHTUPAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoethylene Chemical group N#CC(C#N)=C(C#N)C#N NLDYACGHTUPAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000701 toxic element Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMQDTYVODWKHNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate Chemical compound FC(F)(F)COP(=O)(OCC(F)(F)F)OCC(F)(F)F ZMQDTYVODWKHNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
- ABDKAPXRBAPSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N veratrole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1OC ABDKAPXRBAPSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/52—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste cells or batteries, e.g. recycling
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/008—Disposal or recycling of fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for opening an electrochemical generator, such as an accumulator, a cell or a battery, making it possible to open the electrochemical generator in complete safety and thus subsequently to recycle the recoverable fractions.
- an electrochemical generator such as an accumulator, a cell or a battery
- the invention is particularly advantageous for the recycling of electrochemical systems of the accumulator or battery type treated separately or as a mixture, and in particular for the recycling of batteries and accumulators of the Li-lon, Na-lon, or Lithium-metal type.
- An electrochemical generator is an electrical generating device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It may be, for example, batteries or accumulators.
- a lithium-ion battery comprises an anode, a cathode, a separator, an electrolyte and a casing.
- the anode is formed from graphite mixed with a PVDF type binder deposited on a copper foil and the cathode is a metallic lithium insertion material (for example, LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiNixCoi .x O 2 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, Li 3 NiMnCoO 6 , or LiFePO 4 ) mixed with a binder and deposited on an aluminum sheet.
- a metallic lithium insertion material for example, LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiNixCoi .x O 2 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, Li 3 NiMnCoO 6 , or LiFePO 4
- the electrolyte is a mixture of non-aqueous solvents and lithium salts, and possibly additives to slow down side reactions.
- the operation is as follows: during charging, the lithium deintercalates from the metal oxide and intercalates into the graphite, where it is thermodynamically unstable. During discharge, the process is reversed and the lithium ions are intercalated in the lithium metal oxide.
- the battery recycling process comprises several steps:
- - damaged cells can be damaged and for example have metallic lithium deposits on the anode, which, exposed to air or water, are very reactive.
- Electrochemical systems at the end of their life and/or damaged, to be recycled must therefore be treated with the greatest care.
- electrolyte salts such as lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6 , lithium tetrafluoborate LiBF 4 , lithium perchlorate LiCIO 4 , lithium hexafluoroarsenate LiAsF 6 can give off particularly toxic and corrosive fumes containing phosphorus , fluorine and/or lithium.
- electrolyte salts such as lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6 , lithium tetrafluoborate LiBF 4 , lithium perchlorate LiCIO 4 , lithium hexafluoroarsenate LiAsF 6 can give off particularly toxic and corrosive fumes containing phosphorus , fluorine and/or lithium.
- hydrofluoric acid (HF) hydrofluoric acid
- document WO 2005/101564 A1 describes a process for recycling a lithium anode battery by hydrometallurgical means, at ambient temperature and under an inert atmosphere.
- the atmosphere includes argon and/or carbon dioxide.
- the two gases will drive out the oxygen and form a protective gas sky above the crushed load.
- the presence of carbon dioxide will lead to the initiation of passivation of metallic lithium by formation of lithium carbonate on the surface, which slows down the reactivity of this metal.
- the hydrolysis of the ground charge containing lithium leads to the formation of hydrogen.
- the ground charge containing the lithium is added in a very controlled manner to the aqueous solution and a very strong turbulence above the bath is created. This operation is associated with a depletion of the atmosphere in oxygen.
- the water becomes rich in lithium hydroxide and the lithium is recovered by adding sodium carbonate or phosphoric acid.
- Document CA 2 313 173 A1 describes a process for recycling lithium ion batteries.
- the batteries are cut beforehand in an inert atmosphere devoid of water.
- a first organic solvent acetonitrile
- NMP second organic solvent
- the particulate insert material is then separated from the solution and reduced by electrolysis.
- Document EP 0 613 198 Al describes a process for recovering materials from lithium batteries.
- the batteries are cut either under a high-pressure water jet or under an inert atmosphere to prevent the outbreak of fire. Then, the lithium reacts with water, an alcohol or an acid to form, respectively, lithium hydroxide, a lithium alkoxide or a lithium salt (LiCI, for example).
- LiCI lithium salt
- the safety procedure carried out with high-pressure water jet cutting requires high water consumption and generates H 2 gases in air.
- An object of the present invention is to propose a method making it possible to remedy the drawbacks of the prior art, and in particular a method making it possible to open an electrochemical generator in complete safety, the method having to be easily industrialized and therefore compatible with high.
- a method for opening an electrochemical generator comprising a negative electrode containing lithium or sodium and a positive electrode optionally containing lithium or sodium, the method comprising the following successive steps: a) immersion of the electrochemical generator in a solution comprising an inert liquid and, optionally, a so-called oxidizing redox species capable of being reduced on the negative electrode so as to discharge the electrochemical generator, b) total or partial opening of the generator electrochemical with a cutting element having an electrical resistance of between 1 mQ and 1 kQ, and preferably between 5 mQ and 100 Q, the opening being made in the solution.
- the invention differs fundamentally from the prior art, on the one hand, by the controlled opening of the electrochemical generator (battery or accumulator) in a non-reactive liquid medium and, on the other hand, by the use of a special cutting tool.
- This is designed to have a defined electrical resistance allowing controlled discharge of the system into the inert liquid.
- the cutting tool makes it possible both to cut off a battery and simultaneously to act on the state of charge of this battery.
- the cutting element is kept in contact with the electrochemical generator after the opening of said generator in order to promote the electric discharge, in particular when the solution does not contain so-called oxidizing redox species.
- the inert liquid can be deionized water, an ionic liquid or a deep eutectic solvent (DES).
- DES deep eutectic solvent
- Deionized water has, for example, a resistivity between 18 MQ and 20 MQ.
- the cation of the ionic liquid is, for example, chosen from the family: imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, ammonium, piperidinium and phosphonium.
- it is a cation with a wide cationic window, large enough to envisage a cathodic reaction avoiding or minimizing the degradation of the ionic liquid, such as the imidazolium cation.
- the cation is associated with an anion which will be either organic or inorganic, preferably having a wide anodic window.
- anions will be used which make it possible to simultaneously obtain a wide electrochemical window, a moderate viscosity, a low melting temperature (liquid at room temperature), good solubility with the other species in the solution and not leading to hydrolysis (degradation) of the ionic liquid.
- the TFSI anion is an example that meets the previously mentioned criteria.
- the ionic liquid will advantageously be chosen from [BMIM][TFSI], [P66614][TFSI], the ionic liquid l-ethyl-2,3-trimethyleneimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([ETMIm][TFSI]), the ionic liquid N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-2-methoxyethyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide [DEME][TFSA], the ionic liquid N-Methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([PYR14] [TFSI]), the ionic liquid N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([PP13][TFSI]).
- the anion can also be of the bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSA or FSI) type.
- the ionic liquid with such anion is, for example, the ionic liquid N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium FSI ([P13][FSI]), N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium FSI (PP13][FSI]), the l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium FSI ([EM I][FSI]), etc.
- the deep eutectic solvent (DES) is, for example, formed from choline chloride and a hydrogen bond donor, such as a glycol (e.g. ethylene glycol or glycerol) or urea, in order to obtain a non-toxic DES and at very low cost.
- a hydrogen bond donor such as a glycol (e.g. ethylene glycol or glycerol) or urea
- the inert solution can include one or more inert liquids.
- Inert liquids can have one or more of the following properties: non-volatile and non-flammable, chemically stable at temperatures that can be above 200°C (for example between 200°C and 400°C) and/or with a large window of stability electrochemical.
- an inert liquid allows the introduction of the cutting element into the heart of the active material of the electrochemical generator to ensure its discharge during opening, while avoiding a violent reaction with water and/or the air, and also allows the calories to be evacuated during the discharge process and promotes the cooling of the environment.
- the inert liquid secures the opening of the electrochemical generator.
- the cutting element has an intrinsic electrical resistance, so as to avoid an electrical short circuit which could cause an excessive discharge brutal between the positive and negative elements of the electrochemical generator. It allows control of the unloading speed so that the temperature does not exceed the runaway limit from which the cell risks exploding.
- the resistances chosen for the cutting element are dependent on the objects to be processed and the discharge regimes that they can withstand. The use of such a cutting element according to the invention simultaneously allows the opening and the discharge of the treated objects and guarantees their safety.
- the method leads simultaneously to the opening of the electrochemical generator in the inert liquid medium and to its securing by the deactivation of the electrical capacity of the object.
- the present invention relates to a method for making batteries safe, for all electrochemical systems of the accumulator or battery type treated separately or as a mixture, whether they are still functional or faulty.
- the solution comprises a redox species capable of reacting with the lithium or the sodium of the negative electrode (anode).
- the opening of the electrochemical generator allows access to the electrodes: the redox species also performs a discharge action by oxidation-reduction with the electrodes containing lithium (or sodium). This reactive species thus contributes to the discharge of the electrochemical generator during opening, which further avoids the risk of ignition and/or explosion.
- the redox species is also able to be reduced on the negative electrode, that is to say that the redox species can react either directly on the negative electrode (anode), in the case where the case of the accumulator is open, either on another element electrically connected to the anode, such as the anode current collector, the terminal of the anode or else the mass when the anode is electrically connected to the mass.
- lithium when describing lithium, lithium can be replaced by sodium.
- the reduction reaction of the so-called oxidizing redox species leads to the oxidation of metallic lithium in ionic form.
- the reduction reaction of the so-called oxidizing redox species leads to the deinsertion of the lithium ion from the active material of the negative electrode.
- thermodynamically stable it is meant that the oxide does not react violently with water and/or air.
- the solution comprises a second so-called reducing redox species capable of being oxidized on the positive electrode, the so-called oxidizing redox species and the so-called reducing redox species forming a pair of redox species.
- redox couple also called redox mediator or electrochemical shuttle
- redox mediator an oxidizing/reducing couple (Ox/Red) in solution whose oxidant can be reduced on the anode (negative electrode) and the reducer can be oxidized on the cathode (positive electrode).
- the oxidation of the reducer and the reduction of the oxidant make it possible to form new oxidant/reducer species and/or to regenerate the species initially present in solution.
- the method is economical since the redox couple in solution simultaneously and simultaneously ensures the redox reactions at the electrodes/terminals of the electrochemical generator, so that the consumption of reagent is zero; the solution can be used to open several electrochemical generators successively and/or in a mixture.
- the redox species or species also make it possible to discharge the electrochemical generator. Moreover, when the electrochemical generator is opened, they will react with the internal components, so as to reduce the potential difference between the electrodes (anode and cathode). This internal discharge also participates in making the electrochemical generator safe by reducing the chemical energy of the electrodes (and therefore the potential difference) and by reducing the internal short-circuit effect.
- the pair of redox species is a metal pair, preferably chosen from Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ , Co 2+ /Co 3+ , Cr 2+ /Cr 3+ , Cr 3+ /Cr 6+ , V 2+ /V 3+ , V 4+ /V 5+ , Sn 2+ /Sn 4+ , Ag + /Ag 2+ , Cu + /Cu 2+ , Ru 4+ /Ru 8+ or Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ , a couple of organic molecules, a couple of metallocenes such as Fc/Fc + , or a couple of halogenated molecules such as for example C /CI" or CI /CI3".
- the opening of the electrochemical generator (step b)) is carried out under air.
- the opening of the electrochemical generator (step b)) is carried out under an inert atmosphere allowing control of the oxygen content.
- the whole is secure (vis-à-vis the triangle of fire).
- the process is not a thermal process and makes it possible to manage the step of opening the electrochemical accumulator. It can advantageously be carried out at room temperature (typically between 20 and 25° C.).
- the ionic liquid solution can optionally be stirred and/or cooled. It is also possible to add to the solution species with advantageous heat capacities favoring cooling.
- the cutting element When opening the electrochemical generator, the cutting element enters the electrochemical generator.
- the cutting element comprises a support covered with abrasive zones, preferably electrically insulating.
- the abrasive zones can be, for example, formed of grains.
- the abrasive zones can be, for example, made of silicate.
- the support is, for example, ceramic, resin, rubber, or metal.
- the cutting element comprises a support covered both by abrasive zones and electrically conductive zones.
- the electrically conductive zones are, for example, formed of electrically conductive grains.
- the abrasive zones and/or the electrically conductive zones can be arranged randomly or in a regular manner on the support.
- the abrasive zones and/or the electrically conductive zones can be fixed to the support by a binder.
- the cutting element used to open the electrochemical generator can be a blade, for example a guillotine-type blade, a circular or ribbon blade, cutting wires, knives, or a grinding wheel.
- the opening of the electrochemical generator is made with a grinding wheel or a cutting wire.
- the grinding wheel comprises a support disc covered with abrasive zones and electrically conductive zones, arranged randomly or in a regular manner, the abrasive zones and the electrically conductive zones being associated with the support by a binder.
- the abrasive zones are formed from abrasive grains and/or the electrically conductive zones are formed from electrically conductive grains.
- the cutting element can be part of a tool.
- tool is meant a tool that can pierce, grind and/or cut. Preference will be given to technologies that do not lead to excessive deformation (crushing) in order to avoid short circuits.
- the opening can be made by cutting, sawing, abrasion.
- the tool makes it possible to cut, partially or totally, the electrochemical generator.
- the method comprises, prior to step a), a dismantling step and/or a sorting step.
- the method comprises, subsequent to step b), a storage step and/or a pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical step.
- the method allows, via the opening of the electrochemical generator, direct access to the active materials ensuring a much faster discharge (no connection of the cells, no special electrical installation, etc.);
- the process makes it possible to treat all the materials (modules, cells, etc.) that may arrive at the recycling input, in the unloaded state or not (damaged cells for example due to mechanical degradation, degraded terminals (corrosion, etc.) .), having triggered internal safety devices, etc.) since it is not based on the use of the terminals of the cells to carry out the discharge;
- the treatment is not harmful with respect to the subsequent recycling of the components (degradation of the electrolyte, etc.); - the process allows the security and the opening of the cells to give access to the material of interest with a view to recycling by pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical means.
- the method also has the following advantages:
- active species simply having to have a redox potential greater than that of lithium (lithium is the species whose standard redox potential is the most negative and can therefore be extracted (oxidized) with any species capable of reducing to a potential greater than -3.05V vs. ENH);
- the invention also relates to a cutting element as described previously, for opening an electrochemical generator.
- the cutting element has an electrical resistance of between 1 m ⁇ and 1 k ⁇ , and preferably between 5 m ⁇ and 100 ⁇ .
- the cutting element comprises a support covered by abrasive zones (for example abrasive grains) and electrically conductive zones (for example grains or electrically conductive wires), the abrasive zones and the electrically conductive zones being arranged randomly or regularly and being associated with the support by a binder.
- abrasive zones for example abrasive grains
- electrically conductive zones for example grains or electrically conductive wires
- the cutting element is a cutting wire, a grinding wheel, a circular saw blade (also called a disk) or a saw blade.
- the invention also relates to a cutting tool comprising such a cutting element.
- the cutting tool is advantageously a grinder or a saw, for example a circular saw or a band saw.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents an abrasive wheel composition according to a particular embodiment of the invention
- FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2E represent, schematically and in section, abrasive grinding wheels having different distributions of conductive zones and of insulating zones, according to different embodiments of the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 3A is a photographic snapshot of an 18650 cell after opening and unloading, according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 3B is a scanning electron microscope image of the section of the cell in FIG. 3A.
- FIG. 4 is a graph representing voltage and temperature monitoring curves as a function of time, when opening a Lilon cell, according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
- the invention can be transposed to any electrochemical generator, for example to a battery comprising several accumulators (also called accumulator batteries), connected in series or in parallel. , depending on the nominal operating voltage and/or the quantity of energy to be supplied, or even to an electric battery.
- accumulators also called accumulator batteries
- the opening process concerns all electrochemical systems of the accumulator, battery and fuel cell type treated separately or as a mixture.
- electrochemical systems originating from portable devices or cells or modules originating from the automotive industry which have higher powers and greater reactivity, making their treatment more complex in terms of safety.
- These different electrochemical devices can be of the metal-ion type, for example lithium-ion or sodium-ion, or even of the Li-metal type, etc.
- It can also be a primary system such as Li/MnO 2 , or even a flow battery (“Redox Flow Battery”).
- an electrochemical generator having a potential greater than 1.5V will be chosen.
- the process for opening the electrochemical generator comprises the following steps:
- the solution includes at least one inert liquid. It may also contain a mixture of several inert liquids.
- the inert liquid according to the invention is characterized by good thermal stability, in particular in the temperature range between 10° C. and 150° C., and electrochemical stability making it possible to limit the effects of degradation of the medium during contact with the cells, mainly at high potentials, and during discharge.
- the inert liquid can be deionized water, an ionic liquid or a deep eutectic solvent or DES (“Deep Eutectic Solvent”). It can also be one of their mixtures.
- Deionized water (or demineralised water) has, for example, a resistance of 15MQ to 21 MQ, preferably of 18MQ to 20 MQ.
- ionic liquid is meant the association of at least one cation and at least one anion which generates a liquid with a lower melting temperature or close to 100°C. These are, for example, molten salts.
- the ionic liquid is thermally and electrochemically stable minimizing an effect of degradation of the medium during the discharge phenomenon.
- the cation is preferably chosen from the family: imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, ammonium, piperidinium and phosphonium.
- the anion is, for example, the anion TFSI or bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSA or FSI).
- the ionic liquid will advantageously be chosen from among l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [BMIM][TFSI], trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [P66614][TFSI], 1- ethyl-2,3-trimethyleneimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([ETMIm][TFSI]), N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-2-methoxyethyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide [DEME][TFSA], N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([PYR14][TFSI]), N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluorome
- DES have the advantage of being non-toxic, biodegradable and low cost.
- choline chloride used with an H bond donor of very low toxicity such as a glycol (glycerol or ethylene glycol for example) or urea, in order to obtain a non-toxic DES with very low cost.
- H bond donor of very low toxicity
- Such solutions have a limited window of electrochemical stability, but will make it possible to guarantee the immersion and the deactivation of an open accumulator.
- Proportions of components close to the eutectic points could also advantageously be selected in order to optimize the properties of the fluid such as its conductivity or its viscosity. Thus various molar mixtures of these components can be envisaged.
- it could be a mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol in molar proportions ranging from 1:1 to 1:5.
- choline chloride can be replaced with betaine.
- the solution may additionally include other components/agents to impart particular properties to the solution.
- the solution may comprise electrochemical shuttles or even flame retardants.
- the electrochemical shuttle also called redox mediator
- redox mediator can be added to reduce the degradation of the medium, by ensuring the redox reactions.
- redox mediator is meant an ion or species in solution capable of being reduced and oxidized on the terminals of accumulators or batteries.
- the mediator can be a metallic electrochemical pair chosen for example from: Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ , Co 2+ /Co 3+ , Cr 2+ /Cr 3+ , Cr 3+ /Cr 6+ , V 2+ /V 3+ , V 4+ /V 5+ , Sn 2+ /Sn 4+ , Ag + /Ag 2+ , Cu + /Cu 2+ , Ru 4+ /Ru 8+ or Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ .
- the solution may also contain several metallic electrochemical couples.
- the redox mediator can be an organic species such as: 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenoxyl, nitronyl nitroxide/2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO).
- TEMPO 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenoxyl, nitronyl nitroxide/2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy
- tetracyanoethylene tetramethylphenylenedi-amine, dihydrophenazine, aromatic molecules like methoxy, the N,N-dimethylamino group (anisole methoxybenzene, dimethoxybenzene, and N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylaminobenzene).
- MPT 10-methyl-phenothiazine
- DDB 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene
- PFPTFBDB 2-(pentafluorophenyl)-tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole
- the redox mediator can be from the family of metallocenes (Fc/Fc+, Fe(bpy) 3 (CIO 4 ) 2 and Fe(phen) 3 (CIO 4 ) 2 and its derivatives) or from the family of halogenated molecules (CI 2 /CI", CI /CI 3 "Br 2 /Br", l 2 /l", 1 /13), or it may be tetramethylphenylenediamine.
- Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ and/or Cu + /Cu 2+ will be used.
- the latter are soluble in their two oxidation states, they are not toxic, they do not degrade the inert liquid and they have adequate redox potentials to extract the lithium in the event of opening the accumulator.
- it is advantageous to use two redox couples such as the V 2+ /V 3+ and V 4+ /V 5+ association.
- the solution may comprise one or more so-called “active” species, for example an extinguishing agent and/or a flame retardant aimed at preventing thermal runaway, in particular when the accumulator is opened.
- active species for example an extinguishing agent and/or a flame retardant aimed at preventing thermal runaway, in particular when the accumulator is opened.
- It could be an optionally fluorinated alkyl phosphate (fluorinated alkyl phosphate), such as trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, or tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate).
- the concentration of active species can be between 5% and 80% by mass, preferably between 30% and 10% by mass.
- the solution can comprise a drying agent, and/or an agent promoting the transport of matter, and/or a protective agent which is a stabilizer/reducer of corrosive and toxic species such as for example PF 5 , HF, POF 3 ,...
- the material transport promoting agent is, for example, a fraction of a co-solvent added to reduce the viscosity of the medium.
- an organic solvent will be chosen in order to act effectively without generating risks with respect to discharge or flammability. It may be vinylene carbonate (VC), gamma-butyrolactone ( ⁇ -BL), propylene carbonate (PC), poly(ethylene glycol), dimethyl ether.
- VC vinylene carbonate
- ⁇ -BL gamma-butyrolactone
- PC propylene carbonate
- the concentration of the mass transport promoting agent advantageously ranges from 1% to 40% and more advantageously from 10% to 40% by mass.
- the protective agent capable of reducing and/or stabilizing corrosive and/or toxic elements is, for example, a compound of the butylamine type, a carbodiimide (N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide type), N,N-diethylamino trimethyl-silane, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite (TTFP), an amine-based compound such as 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, a fluorinated carbamate or hexamethyl-phosphoramide. It can also be a compound from the cyclophosphazene family such as hexamethoxycyclotriphosphazene.
- the cutting operation avoids a violent reaction with water and/or air.
- the inert liquid secures the opening of the battery/accumulator and allows, when the cutting tool is introduced into the active core of the material, to discharge the battery/accumulator during the opening.
- the inert liquid promotes the cooling of the medium and allows the calories to be evacuated during the discharge process.
- the inert liquid contributes to the maintenance of a controlled atmosphere (air, water), to the discharge in an advantageous way and acts as a cutting fluid (lubrication and cooling of the cutting zone).
- the cutting element 100 is sufficiently electrically conductive to allow the unloading operation and sufficiently resistive to avoid a dead short circuit leading to the explosion of the cell. In other words, the cutting element 100 has a very low electrical conductivity.
- the electrical conductivity of the cutting element will be an average conductivity seen by the sample to be cut, which will depend on the proportion of insulating zones and conductive zones, the speed of rotation, the speed of advance of the wheel, etc. .
- the electrical resistance of the cutting element is suitable for this method of opening an electrochemical generator and is between 1 mQ and 1 kQ, and preferably between 5 mQ and 100 Q.
- Resistance is the average resistance of the cutting element. At least the part of the cutting element intended to penetrate into the sample to cut it has such a resistance. Resistance can be measured with a multimeter by placing a sample between two identical conductive plates.
- the preferred technologies to achieve this opening are technologies that limit deformation (crushing, spreading of materials on neighboring materials, etc.) which would lead to a frank and uncontrolled short circuit leading to thermal runaway and explosion. cells.
- the cutting element 100 is part of a cutting tool.
- cutting tool is meant a tool that can be used to grind, and preferably to cut the material in order to partially or totally open the electrochemical generator in an inert medium.
- the cutting can be a guillotine-type cut (blades), a sawing operation (circular, with bands), by drilling and, preferentially, an abrasion method of the wire-cutting type or by cross-cutting using an abrasive wheel.
- the cutting element 100 comprises a base support 101 imparting the mechanical properties to the cutting element 100.
- the base support 101 can be electrically conductive or electrically insulating.
- Base support 101 can be metallic, resinoid, or rubber-like.
- the base support 101 is covered by abrasive zones 102.
- the abrasive zones 102 have a hardness adapted to the object and the material to be treated.
- the abrasive zones 102 are, for example, sandstone, emery, diamond, silicon carbide and/or alumina.
- the abrasive zones are formed of abrasive grains.
- the base support 101 is covered by abrasive zones 102 and electrically conductive zones 103.
- the abrasive zones 102 confer the mechanical properties on the tool and the electrically conductive zones 103 confer the electrical properties on the tool.
- the electrically conductive zones 103 are, for example, formed by electrically conductive grains.
- the electrically conductive zones 103 are, for example, made of a metal or a metal alloy. By way of illustration, it may be copper, iron, steel and/or aluminum more generally an electrical conductor.
- the electrically conductive zones 103 can be formed of metal grains 103 or of metal wires.
- the abrasive grains and/or the electrically conductive grains are preferably particles having a dimension ranging, for example, from a few micrometers to a few centimeters.
- the abrasive grains 102 and/or the electrically conductive grains 103 are advantageously held mechanically to the support 101 by a binder 104 (FIG. 1).
- the binder can be a resin, rubber, silicate, clay, or even a ceramic.
- the abrasive zones 102 and/or the electrically conductive zones can be distributed regularly or randomly on the support 101.
- 103 can be continuous or discontinuous.
- the opening of the electrochemical generator is made by abrasion using a wire 100.
- the wire 100 comprises a solid base 101, of wire form, conferring the mechanical properties.
- the abrasive properties are conferred by the addition of abrasive grains 102 of hardness adapted to the object and the material to be treated.
- the opening of the electrochemical generator is produced by abrasion using a grinder.
- the disc of the grinder comprises a circular base support 101.
- the support comprises a first main face and a second main face parallel to each other as well as a side face (also called an edge) connecting the two main faces.
- Support 101 can be metallic, resinoid or rubber-like.
- the support 101 is advantageously covered by electrically insulating abrasive zones 102 and by electrically conductive zones 103.
- FIGS. 2A to 2E different configurations can be envisaged in the case of a grinding wheel comprising abrasive zones 102 (preferably abrasive grains) and electrically conductive zones 103 (preferably wires or electrically conductive grains).
- abrasive zones 102 preferably abrasive grains
- electrically conductive zones 103 preferably wires or electrically conductive grains
- the abrasive zones 102 and the electrically conductive zones 103 are, for example, distributed randomly (FIG. 2A).
- the abrasive zones 102 and the electrically conductive zones can be distributed in a controlled manner (FIGS. 2B to 2E).
- the abrasive zones 102 and the electrically conductive zones are arranged in a controlled manner so as to form an alternation of abrasive zones and non-abrasive zones.
- the conductive zones 103 can be distributed concentrically with respect to the center of the disk 100 of the grinding wheel (FIG. 2C). According to another variant embodiment, the conductive zones 103 can be arranged along one or more radii or along one or more diameters (FIG. 2D), randomly or not.
- the conductive zones 103 can only be arranged on the perimeter of the disc 100 of the grinding wheel (FIG. 2E).
- the electrically conductive zones 103 are arranged on the edge of the disk 101 of the grinding wheel.
- abrasive zones 102 and conductive zones 103 can be obtained thanks to coatings (“coatings”) produced by techniques of deposition of thin layers, for example, by physical vapor deposition (or PVD for “physical vapor deposition”), by atomic layer deposition (ALD), by chemical vapor deposition (or CVD for “chemical vapor deposition”), by spin-coating or even by coating techniques such as for example by coating by dipping (“dip-coating”).
- coatings produced by techniques of deposition of thin layers, for example, by physical vapor deposition (or PVD for “physical vapor deposition”), by atomic layer deposition (ALD), by chemical vapor deposition (or CVD for “chemical vapor deposition”), by spin-coating or even by coating techniques such as for example by coating by dipping (“dip-coating”).
- the appropriate electrical resistance can also be conferred by means of a conductive fabric deposited on the external faces of the cutting tool, thus making it possible to dissociate the mechanical properties (abrasion, controlled hardness given by the abrasive grains contained in the resin ) and the electrical properties (adapted resistance, given by the outer web).
- the electrical resistances can also be modulated via the cutting fluid and the operating conditions (temperature, viscosity of the fluid, speed of abrasion, renewal of the fluid, etc.).
- the opening system can optionally be associated with a gas atmosphere control system (inert atmosphere or correctly sized extraction system) allowing the control of the oxygen content.
- a gas atmosphere control system inert atmosphere or correctly sized extraction system
- the assembly is secure (vis-à-vis the triangle of fire) and allows the discharge and the simultaneous opening of the batteries and accumulators while managing the production of gas induced by the opening of the cells.
- the process can be carried out under an inert atmosphere, for example under argon, carbon dioxide, nitrogen or a mixture thereof.
- the method can be implemented at temperatures ranging from 5°C to 80°C, preferably from 20°C to 60°C and even more preferably it is implemented at ambient temperature (20-25°C).
- the solution can be cooled to remove calories during the discharge process.
- the solution can be agitated to improve the reactant supply and/or to improve the cooling.
- the opening process makes it possible to cut the electrochemical generator in complete safety with a view to its recycling (by pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical or their combination) or its storage.
- it may be a temporary storage while waiting to transfer it, for example to a recycling plant to recover these different components.
- a recycling process may include the following steps:
- Recycling of materials by conventional means pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, etc.
- recycling of organic products of the solvent or electrolyte type preferably by securing them gently, without a rise in temperature which degrades the organic products.
- the recoverable fractions of the electrochemical generator in particular the metals constituting the active material, can then be recovered and reused.
- a Li-lon cell is opened with a copper resinoid wheel in a choline chloride/ethylene glycol medium.
- the grinding wheel comprises Al 2 O 3 abrasive grains and a discontinuous deposit of Cu on the edge.
- the solution in which the cutting is carried out is a mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol in a 1:3 molar ratio, further containing an electrochemical shuttle of iron making it possible to limit its degradation.
- the viscosity of the mixture is about 40 cP.
- a Li-ion 18650 cell of NMC 811 chemistry, containing one of the most reactive cathode materials, is charged at 100% (3Ah) and positioned in a tank filled with solution.
- the opening action is carried out using the copper-coated resinoid grinding wheel subjected to a rotation speed of 1000 revolutions/min for an exerted pressure of 7.5 N for 2 min.
- the cutting operation is carried out at ambient temperature (20-25°C) and under atmospheric pressure (lbar) without recirculation or thermalization of the cutting fluid (degraded conditions).
- the resistance of the grinding wheel is greater than lKOhms.
- the opening action by the grinding wheel creates a notch of approximately 1.5 cm 2 for a thickness of 500 ⁇ m (FIGS. 3A and 3B). Observation under a scanning electron microscope of the section highlights the absence of crushing and deformation of the different layers of the cell.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA3235112A CA3235112A1 (fr) | 2021-10-19 | 2022-10-17 | Procede d'ouverture d'un generateur electrochimique |
CN202280075784.7A CN118511337A (zh) | 2021-10-19 | 2022-10-17 | 用于打开电化学发电机的方法 |
EP22801852.9A EP4420175A1 (fr) | 2021-10-19 | 2022-10-17 | Procede d'ouverture d'un generateur electrochimique |
KR1020247015881A KR20240089696A (ko) | 2021-10-19 | 2022-10-17 | 전기화학적 발전기를 개방하기 위한 방법 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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FR2111071A FR3128144A1 (fr) | 2021-10-19 | 2021-10-19 | Procede d’ouverture d’un generateur electrochimique |
FR2111071 | 2021-10-19 |
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WO2023067275A1 true WO2023067275A1 (fr) | 2023-04-27 |
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PCT/FR2022/051956 WO2023067275A1 (fr) | 2021-10-19 | 2022-10-17 | Procede d'ouverture d'un generateur electrochimique |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP4420175A1 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20240089696A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN118511337A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA3235112A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3128144A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2023067275A1 (fr) |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0613198A1 (fr) | 1993-02-25 | 1994-08-31 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Procédé pour récupérer de matériaux de valeur à partir de piles au lithium |
US5888463A (en) | 1998-01-02 | 1999-03-30 | Toxco | Li reclamation process |
CA2313173A1 (fr) | 1997-12-23 | 1999-07-08 | Aea Technology Plc | Recyclage de piles galvaniques |
WO2005101564A1 (fr) | 2004-04-06 | 2005-10-27 | Recupyl | Procede de recyclage en melange des piles et batteries a anode a base de lithium |
JP2010198865A (ja) | 2009-02-24 | 2010-09-09 | Keihin Rika Kogyo:Kk | 蓄電池の切断装置および蓄電池の切断方法 |
WO2011113860A1 (fr) | 2010-03-16 | 2011-09-22 | Akkuser Ltd | Procédé de recyclage de batterie |
CN206010720U (zh) * | 2016-07-27 | 2017-03-15 | 陕西彩虹电子玻璃有限公司 | 一种玻璃基板研磨时磨轮槽清洗装置 |
US20200399737A1 (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-12-24 | William Marsh Rice University | Recycling li-ion batteries using green chemicals and processes |
-
2021
- 2021-10-19 FR FR2111071A patent/FR3128144A1/fr active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-10-17 KR KR1020247015881A patent/KR20240089696A/ko unknown
- 2022-10-17 CA CA3235112A patent/CA3235112A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-10-17 WO PCT/FR2022/051956 patent/WO2023067275A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2022-10-17 EP EP22801852.9A patent/EP4420175A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-10-17 CN CN202280075784.7A patent/CN118511337A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0613198A1 (fr) | 1993-02-25 | 1994-08-31 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Procédé pour récupérer de matériaux de valeur à partir de piles au lithium |
CA2313173A1 (fr) | 1997-12-23 | 1999-07-08 | Aea Technology Plc | Recyclage de piles galvaniques |
US5888463A (en) | 1998-01-02 | 1999-03-30 | Toxco | Li reclamation process |
WO2005101564A1 (fr) | 2004-04-06 | 2005-10-27 | Recupyl | Procede de recyclage en melange des piles et batteries a anode a base de lithium |
JP2010198865A (ja) | 2009-02-24 | 2010-09-09 | Keihin Rika Kogyo:Kk | 蓄電池の切断装置および蓄電池の切断方法 |
WO2011113860A1 (fr) | 2010-03-16 | 2011-09-22 | Akkuser Ltd | Procédé de recyclage de batterie |
CN206010720U (zh) * | 2016-07-27 | 2017-03-15 | 陕西彩虹电子玻璃有限公司 | 一种玻璃基板研磨时磨轮槽清洗装置 |
US20200399737A1 (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-12-24 | William Marsh Rice University | Recycling li-ion batteries using green chemicals and processes |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20240089696A (ko) | 2024-06-20 |
EP4420175A1 (fr) | 2024-08-28 |
CN118511337A (zh) | 2024-08-16 |
CA3235112A1 (fr) | 2023-04-27 |
FR3128144A1 (fr) | 2023-04-21 |
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