Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
  • A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
  • A01N43/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
  • A01N65/03—Algae

Definitions

• the invention relates to a phytosanitary composition
• a phytosanitary composition comprising (i) ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans, for example in the form of an extract containing ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans; and (ii) silicon, the use of said composition for activating plant defense and resistance reactions against biotic stresses, as well as a method for activating plant defense and resistance reactions against. biotic constraints, comprising applying to said plant an effective amount of the composition.
• Plants can be attacked by multiple pathogens (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, protozoa, nematodes, herbivores) with the consequences of yield losses and a drop in the quality of production.
• pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, protozoa, nematodes, herbivores
• the defense mechanisms of the plant can involve a series of events triggered in or on the surface of plant cells when the plant is attacked by a pathogen, such as recognition of the pathogen, sending this information to the nucleus, induction of defense genes followed by synthesis of anti-microbial compounds and so-called PR proteins (Pathogenesis-Related), the transmission of the alarm signal to the whole plant and its neighbors.
• a pathogen such as recognition of the pathogen
• one of the possible strategies consists in inducing the pathogen's attack before the defense reactions by using signal molecules.
• signal molecules which are of very varied chemical natures (proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, lipids and oligosaccharides) are capable of transmitting the information of an attack even at very low concentration.
• microbial origin for example harpin
• plant origin for example oligogalacturonic acids
• chemically synthesized for example benzothiadiazole
• mineral origin for example salts of phosphite
• the plant responds by synthesizing structural proteins, which strengthen the plant cell wall, enzymes involved in the synthesis of anti ⁇ microbial compounds such as phytoalexins, hydrolases such as chitinases or glucanases and inhibitory enzymes which act against the hydrolytic enzymes of pathogens.
• structural proteins which strengthen the plant cell wall
• enzymes involved in the synthesis of anti ⁇ microbial compounds such as phytoalexins, hydrolases such as chitinases or glucanases and inhibitory enzymes which act against the hydrolytic enzymes of pathogens.
• the establishment of these means of defense involves the activation, at the plant level of hormonal signaling (presence or increase in the concentration of phytohormones such as salicylic acid and / or its derivatives, and / or jasmonic acid and / or its derivatives), but also by the induction of defense genes, encoding defense enzymes (hydrolases, chitinases), encoding so-called "PR" proteins (Pathogenesis-Related), or of genes encoding enzymes for the biosynthesis of defense metabolites (phytoalexins), or for the reinforcement of structural barriers (ie wall reinforcement).
• Activation of the plant immune system by signal molecules causes the synthesis and deposition of phenolic compounds and defense proteins in the cell wall, the accumulation of antimicrobial compounds and the synthesis of "PR" proteins.
• Wall strengthening which can slow down or inhibit progression of the pathogen inside the plant results, for example, from the deposition of callose in the wall or the plasmodesmata, as well as from the synthesis of lignins. These mechanisms make it possible to slow down fungal or viral invasions.
• HRGP extensins Hydroxyprolin Rich GlycoProtein
• GRP Glycin Rich Protein
• PR proteins intra- or extra cellular ⁇
• PR proteins accumulate in the plants after their inoculation by pathogens and in the case of incompatible interactions, can constitute up to 10% of the soluble proteins of the sheet.
• an active role in the degradation of the wall of fungal pathogens (b-glucanase, chitinase) has been shown.
• the activation of the immune system of plants can also be accompanied by the synthesis of signaling molecules, such as salicylic acid and / or its derivatives, and / or jasmonic acid and / or its derivatives, phytohormones which are involved in the defense process of plants.
• signaling molecules such as salicylic acid and / or its derivatives, and / or jasmonic acid and / or its derivatives, phytohormones which are involved in the defense process of plants.
• oligosaccharides of marine origin have an eliciting effect on certain plant defense pathways.
• document WO 99/03346 describes the use of oligosaccharides of type 6 (1-3) glucans, in particular extracted from the brown alga Laminaria digitata, for the potentiation and stimulation of the natural defenses of wheat infected by septoria.
• PAL phenylammonialyase
• OMT O-methyl transferase
• carrageenan induces the expression of genes encoding sesquiterpene cyclase, chitinase and proteinase inhibitors.
• a phytosanitary composition comprising:
• ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans for example under the form of an extract containing ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans; and (ii) silicon made it possible to stimulate the expression of the defense genes of a plant, in particular to induce the production of salicylic acid and / or its derivatives, and / or jasmonic acid and / or its derivatives , and can therefore be used to activate plant defense and resistance reactions against biotic constraints.
• Such a composition can be used alone or in combination with pesticides, for example fungicides. In association with pesticides, it allows to activate reactions of defense of a plant and resistance against biotic constraints with a reduced quantity of pesticides compared to pesticides alone.
• the present invention which finds application in the agro-ecological and agricultural field, aims to provide a new phytosanitary composition, to activate reactions of defense of a plant and resistance against biotic constraints.
• the invention relates to a phytosanitary composition
• a phytosanitary composition comprising:
• the invention relates to the use of the composition as defined above, for activating reactions of defense of a plant and of resistance against biotic constraints.
• the invention relates to a method for activating the defense reactions of a plant and resistance against biotic constraints, comprising the application to said plant of an effective amount of the composition as defined. above. detailed description
• phytosanitary composition is intended to denote any product the use of which is intended to treat or prevent diseases of a plant.
• a phytosanitary composition makes it possible to activate the defense reactions of a plant and to induce resistance against biotic constraints.
• the term “ulvans” is intended to denote water-soluble polysaccharides, present in particular in the cell walls of green algae of the genera Ulva and Enteromorpha. Ulvans are defined more precisely as highly sulphated acidic polysaccharides and are essentially composed of units derived from rhamnose 3-sulphate, xylose, xylose 2-sulphate, glucuronic acid and iduronic acid.
• Formula (I) shows the group> 4) - beta-D-GIcA- (1> 4) - apha-L-Rha 3 sulfate (1>, again called ulvanobiouronic acid 3-sulfate type A:
• Formula (II) shows the group> 4) - alpha-L-IdoA- (1> 4) - alpha -L- Rha 3 sulfate (l>, also called ulvanobiuronic acid 3-sulfate type B:
• Formula (III) shows the group> 4) - beta-D-Xyl- (1> 4) - alpha-L-Rha 3 sulfate (l>, also called ulvanobiose 3-sulfate acid:
• Formula (IV) shows the group> 4) - beta-D-Xyl 2 -sulfate- (1> 4) - alpha-L-Rha 3 sulfate (1>, also called ulvanobiose acid 2 ', 3- disulfate:
• oligosaccharides derived from ulvans denotes, in the context of the invention, oligosaccharides obtained by acid hydrolysis of ulvans, for example by hot acid hydrolysis (eg at 85 ° C), or by enzymatic hydrolysis of ulvans , for example by using one or more glycosidases.
• extract denotes the product resulting from an extraction from a source, for example, from a biological source, such as cells. When it comes to cells, the term “extract” therefore designates the product resulting from the extraction of the contents of cells.
• Ulva extract refers to the product resulting from the extraction of the contents of Ulva cells.
• extract containing ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans and "extract of ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans” are interchangeable and denote an extract obtained from a source of 'ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans.
• An extract containing ulvans used in the context of the present invention is preferably an extract of algae containing ulvans, more preferably an extract of 'Ulva or an extract of' Enteromorpha, for example an extract of 'Ulva armoricana, an extract of 'Ulva rigida, an extract of' Ulva rotundata, an extract of Ulva lactuca, a extract ô! Enteromorpha intestinalis, or an extract of Enteromorpha compressa, preferably an extract of ô'Uiva armoricana, an extract of ô! Enteromorpha intestinalis or an extract ô! Enteromorpha compressa.
• An extract containing oligosaccharides derived from ulvans can be obtained by acid hydrolysis or by enzymatic hydrolysis of an extract containing ulvans, for example an extract containing ulvans as defined above.
• the extract containing ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans can be enriched in ulvans and / or in oligosaccharides derived from ulvans.
• Techniques for enriching ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans are described in the literature and easy to implement by those skilled in the art, for example precipitation by addition of ammonium sulfate, by addition ethanol or by filtration.
• the concentration of ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans in the extract is preferably at least 1 g / L, preferably at least 10 g / L, at least 11 g / L, at least 12 g / L, at least 13 g / L, at least 14 g / L, at least 15 g / L, at least 16 g / L, at least 17 g / L, at least 18 g / L, at least 19 g / L , for example between 1 and 200 g / L, preferably between 10 and 100 g / L, more preferably between 15 and 50 g / L, for example approximately 20 g / L.
• the extraction conditions and the nature of the algae will be chosen such that the extract obtained has the desired concentration in the envisaged application.
• concentration of ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans varies depending on the preparation process.
• the concentration of ulvans can in particular vary depending on the quantity of fresh and / or dry algae used (for example, during an aqueous extraction, when the alga / water ratio is increased, the concentration of ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans of the extract obtained also increases), the extraction time (for example, an increase in the extraction time during an aqueous extraction generally makes it possible to increase the concentration of ulvans and / or of oligosaccharides derived from ulvans of the obtained extract) and / or the extraction temperature (for example, an increase in the extraction temperature during an aqueous extraction generally makes it possible to increase the concentration of ulvans and / or of oligosaccharides derived from ul
• an extract of ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans does not present any particular difficulty, many extraction processes are described in the literature.
• the extraction process is not limited to a particular process, and the conventional processes can be used to prepare an extract containing ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans, such as for example aqueous extraction.
• An extract of ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans can for example be obtained by a process comprising the following steps: washing, grinding, extraction (solid-liquid separation) and optionally fractionation and concentration.
• the extract obtained can be more or less concentrated depending on the intended use. Total dehydration of this extract makes it possible to obtain an extract in water-soluble pulverulent form which can be obtained, for example, by a tumble dryer or by atomization.
• silica also known under the term “silicon oxide”
• silicates eg Si0 3 2 and Si0 4 4
• combined silicates Silica exists in the free state in crystalline or amorphous forms. In its crystalline form, silica is in the form of non-molecular crystals formed of tetrahedral Si0 4 units linked together by oxygen atoms in a regular manner, as in quartz. In its amorphous form, silica occurs as silica dioxide (S1O2), as in glass.
• the silicon may for example be in the form of solid mineral silica, such as diatomaceous earth or sand, in the form of liquid mineral silica, such as orthosilicic acid, in the form of vitreous products based on silicon, such as as powders or glass fibers, in the form of organic silica and / or in the form of a soluble salt.
• the silicon is in the form of a soluble salt.
• soluble salt is understood to mean a salt which is soluble in a solvent such as water.
• Silica is an acid oxide which reacts with basic oxides to give silicates, especially Si0 3 2 and Si0 4 4 .
• the silicates are able to combine with other metal atoms, such as for example aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium ( K).
• the combined silicates thus obtained are respectively aluminum silicate (Al 2 Si0 3 ), iron silicate (Fe 2 Si0 3 ), magnesium metasilicate (MgSi0 3 ), calcium silicate (Ca 2 Si0 3 ), sodium silicate (Na 2 Si0 3 ) and potassium silicate (K 2 Si0 3 ).
• the silicates can also be in the form of derivatives, for example K 2 Si0 4 , Na 2 Si0 4 , Mg 2 Si0 4 .
• the silicon is in the form of a soluble salt, preferably in the form of sodium silicate (Na 2 Si0 3 ), potassium silicate (K 2 Si0 3 ), metasilicate of magnesium (MgSi0 3 ) or a mixture of soluble salts.
• the silicon is in the form of a soluble salt chosen from sodium silicate (Na 2 Si0 3 ), potassium silicate (K 2 Si0 3 ), and their mixture.
• the potassium silicate marketed by the company Quaron, called “34.8% liquid potassium silicate” is particularly suitable for the implementation of the invention.
• fertilizer designates a substance, or a mixture of substances, natural or of synthetic origin, used in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, to improve soils, in particular their structure, and to fertilize cultivated plants. Fertilizers include fertilizers and soil improvers.
• pesticide denotes a substance used against one or more organisms considered harmful to the plant, called pathogens. This term includes in particular insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and parasiticides.
• the term "pesticidal agent” designates the ability to fight against a pathogen, for example by eliminating said pathogen or by repelling it.
• This term includes in particular insecticidal agents, fungicidal agents, herbicidal agents, parasiticidal agents. In the context of the present invention, it may be an ability to fight directly against the pathogen or indirectly against the pathogen, for example by activating the defense reactions of a plant and resistance against biotic constraints.
• the pathogen is preferably fungus, for example an ascomycete fungus, such as Septoria tritici (responsible for septoria) or Venturia inaequalis (responsible for apple scab).
• the expression “plant” is understood to mean the plant considered as a whole, including its root apparatus, its vegetative apparatus, seeds, seeds and fruits.
• the present invention results from the surprising advantages demonstrated by the inventors of the effect of the phytosanitary composition according to the invention on a plant, to activate reactions of defense of the plant and of resistance against biotic constraints.
• the invention relates to a phytosanitary composition
• a phytosanitary composition comprising
• the composition according to the present invention can be in the form of powder, granule or in liquid form, advantageously in liquid form.
• the preparation of such a composition can be carried out by a person skilled in the art using his general knowledge.
• ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans for example in the form of an extract containing ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans, may be in powder or liquid form and may be mixed with a solution of soluble salt (s) or silicon to form a liquid composition according to the invention.
• a particular method of preparing the composition according to the invention is detailed in the examples.
• the composition may comprise a concentration of ulvans and / or of oligosaccharides derived from ulvans of 0.01 to 100 g / L, for example of 0.1 g / L to 80 g / L, preferably from 0.1 g / L to 50 g / L, from 0.1 g / L to 40 g / L, from 0.1 g / L to 30 g / L, even more preferably from 1 g / L to 20 g / L, from 5 g / L to 15 g / L, for example from 8 g / L to 14 g / L.
• the composition may comprise a silicon concentration of 0.01 g / L to 100 g / L, in particular in the form of a soluble silicon salt or in the form of a mixture of soluble silicon salts, preferably from 0.1 g / L to 50 g / L, even more preferably from 1.0 g / L to 30 g / L, from 10 g / L to 30 g / L, from 20 g / L to 30 g / L, from 5 to 10 g / L, from 5 to 8 g / L, for example approximately 21 g / L +/- 1 g / L or 6 g / L + / - 1 g / L.
• the composition according to the invention can comprise from 10 to 90% (total v / v of the composition) of an extract containing ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans, preferably from 40 to 90%, for example from 40 to 80%, from 70 to 90% from 70 to 80%, said extract having a concentration of ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans of at least 1 g / L, preferably at least 10 g / L, at least 11 g / L, at least 12 g / L, at least 13 g / L, at least 14 g / L, at least at least 15 g / L, at least 16 g / L, at least 17 g / L, at least 18 g / L, at least 19 g / L.
• an extract containing ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans preferably from 40 to 90%, for example from 40 to 80%,
• said extract may have a concentration of ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans ranging from 1 to 200 g / L, preferably ranging from 10 to 100 g / L, more preferably ranging from 15 to 50 g / L. , for example a concentration of ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans of about 20 g / L +/- 2 g / L.
• the composition according to the invention may comprise from 1 to 25% (total v / v of the composition) of a solution of silicon, in particular of a solution of soluble silicon salt. or of a mixture of soluble silicon salts, preferably from 1 to 10%, for example from 1 to 5%, said silicon solution having a silicon concentration ranging from 0.1 to 500 g / L, preferably from 1 to 500 g / L, even more preferably from 10 g / L to 300 g / L, from 100 g / L to 300 g / L, from 200 g / L to 300 g / L, for example around 240 g / L +/- 10 g / L.
• the composition according to the invention is in liquid form and comprises:
• a concentration of ulvans and / or oligosaccharides derived from ulvans of 0.01 to 100 g / L, preferably from 0.1 g / L to 50 g / L, even more preferably from 1 g / L to 20 g / L, for example from 8 g / L to 14 g / L, and
• a silicon concentration of 0.01 g / L to 100 g / L in particular in the form of a soluble silicon salt or in the form of a mixture of soluble silicon salts, preferably 0.1 g / L to 50 g / L, even more preferably from 1.0 g / L to 30 g / L, from 10 g / L to 30 g / L, from 20 g / L to 30 g / L, from 5 to 10 g / L, from 5 to 8 g / L, for example approximately 21 g / L +/- 1 g / L or 6 g / L +/- 1 g / L.
• composition according to the invention is in liquid form and comprises:
• a silicon solution in particular of a solution of soluble silicon salt or of a mixture of soluble silicon salts, preferably from 1 to 10% , for example from 1 to 5%, said silicon solution having a silicon concentration ranging from 0.1 to 500 g / L, preferably from 1 to 500 g / L, even more preferably from 10 g / L to 300 g / L, from 100 g / L to 300 g / L, from 200 g / L to 300 g / L, for example approximately 240 g / L +/- 10 g / L, and possibly
• the composition is in liquid form and comprises:
• a silicon solution in particular of a solution of soluble silicon salt or of a mixture of soluble silicon salts, said silicon solution having a silicon concentration approximately 240 g / L, and
• the composition is in liquid form and comprises:
• a silicon solution in particular of a solution of soluble silicon salt or of a mixture of soluble silicon salts, said silicon solution having a silicon concentration of about 240 g / L, and
• composition according to the invention may comprise one or more fertilizing materials, which may be of various types such as urea, ammonium sulfate, rock phosphate, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate. ammonium, magnesium nitrate, manganese nitrate, zinc nitrate, copper nitrate, phosphoric acid, and / or boric acid.
• fertilizing materials may be of various types such as urea, ammonium sulfate, rock phosphate, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate. ammonium, magnesium nitrate, manganese nitrate, zinc nitrate, copper nitrate, phosphoric acid, and / or boric acid.
• composition according to the invention can comprise one or more pesticides, which can be of various types.
• the pesticide (s) can / can be chosen from insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and parasiticides.
• the composition according to the invention can comprise one or more fungicide (s).
• the fungicides which are suitable for the implementation of the invention are for example referenced in the catalog of plant protection products "e-phy” of the national agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (ANSES) or in the catalog "list of EPPO Al and" EPPO A2 list ”from the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO).
• the composition according to the invention may comprise one or more fungicide (s) chosen from chlorothalonil, fluxapyroxad, epoxiconazole, captan, dithlanon, fenbuconazole, pyradostrobin, dodine, prothioconazole , metconazole, propiconazole, cyproconazole, tebuconazole, bromuconazole, difenoconazole, propiconazole, tetraconazole, azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, picoxystrobin, fluystoboxinobastrofloxystrystoboxinobastrofloxystroboxze, mangoystroboxinobastro , penthiopyrad, bixafen, prochloraz, benzovindiflupyr, boscalid, fenpropidin, fluopyram, spiroxamine, flutriafol
• the association of the composition according to the invention with a pesticide is particularly advantageous because it makes it possible to reduce the doses (or quantities) of pesticide normally used in agriculture.
• a dose of pesticide normally used corresponds, for example, to a dose approved for a pesticide in question.
• the combination of the composition according to the invention with a pesticide can make it possible to reduce by half (50%) the dose of pesticide normally used. This makes it possible to reduce the impact of phytosanitary products on the environment, which constitutes an ecological and economic advantage.
• the invention also relates to the use of the phytosanitary composition described above for activating reactions for the defense of a plant and for resistance against biotic constraints.
• the invention relates to the use of the phytosanitary composition described above for stimulating the expression of the genes involved. in the defense of a plant.
• the phytosanitary composition according to the invention makes it possible to stimulate the expression by the plant of genes encoding:
• the phytosanitary composition of the invention makes it possible to stimulate the expression by the plant of genes encoding salicylic acid and its derivatives and / or jasmonic acid and its derivatives.
• the phytosanitary composition described above makes it possible to stimulate the expression of the ICSI, EDS1 (Disease resistance protein EDS1), WRKY (WRKY transcription factor 30), PR-1 and PR-3 genes, which induces the production of salicylic acid and / or its derivatives.
• the phytosanitary composition described above also makes it possible to stimulate the expression of the LOX2 (Lipoxygenase) genes; JAR (Resistant Jasmonate) which induces the product of jasmonic acid and / or its derivatives.
• the invention also relates to a method for activating the defense reactions of a plant and resistance against biotic constraints, characterized in that it comprises the application to said plant of an effective amount of the phytosanitary composition. according to the invention.
• an effective amount or “effective dose” is meant an amount sufficient to activate defense reactions of a plant and resistance, in particular by stimulating the expression of genes involved in the defense of the plant, against biotic constraints of at least 5%, advantageously at least 10%, for example at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40% , advantageously at least 30%.
• the composition according to the invention is supplied to the plant in an amount sufficient to activate reactions of defense of a plant and of resistance against biotic constraints, in particular by stimulating the expression of the genes involved in the defense of the plant, by at least 5%, advantageously at least 10%, for example at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, preferably at least 30%.
• the composition can be supplied to the plant by the foliar route or by the root route, preferably by the foliar route.
• the composition according to the invention is supplied to the plant in combination with one or more pesticides, preferably one or more fungicides.
• pesticides preferably one or more fungicides.
• the fungicides which are suitable for the implementation of the invention are for example referenced in the catalog of plant protection products “e-phy” of the national agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (ANSES ) or in the catalog "EPPO A1 list and” EPPO A2 list "of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO).
• the composition according to the invention is supplied to the plant in combination with one or more fungicides, chosen from chlorothalonil, fluxapyroxad, epoxiconazole, captan, dithlanon, fenbuconazole, pyradostrobin, dodine, prothioconazole, metconazole, propiconazole, cyproconazole, tebuconazole, bromuconazole, difenoconazole, propiconazole, tetraconazole, azoxystrobox, pyroboxintroboxrobox , dimoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin maneb, mancozeb, penthiopyrad, bixafen, prochloraz, benzovindiflupyr, boscalid, fenpropidin, fluopyram, spiroxamine, flutriafol, folpet, fenpropimorph, sulphur
• fungicides chosen from
• the method of the invention can further comprise the application to said plant of one or more pesticides, preferably one or more fungicides.
• pesticides preferably one or more fungicides.
• the fungicides which are suitable for the implementation of the invention are for example referenced in the catalog of plant protection products "E-phy” from the national agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (handles) or in the catalog “EPPO Al list and” EPPO A2 list "of the European Organization and Mediterranean for Plant Protection (EPPO).
• the composition according to the invention is supplied to the plant in combination with one or more fungicides, for example chosen from chlorothalonil, fluxapyroxad, epoxiconazole, captan, dithlanon, fenbuconazole, pyradostrobin, dodine, prothioconazole, metconazole, propiconazole, cyproconazole, tebuconazole, bromuconazole, difenoconazole, propiconazole, tetraconazole, azoxystrobox, pyroboxintroboxrobox , dimoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin maneb, mancozeb, penthiopyrad, bixafen, prochloraz, benzovindiflupyr, boscalid, fenpropidin, fluopyram, spiroxamine, flutriafol, folpet, fenpropimorph, s
• fungicides for example
• composition according to the invention is also applied to the plant in combination with one or more pesticides, preferably one or more fungicides.
• pesticides preferably one or more fungicides.
• a person skilled in the art will know how to choose the pesticide (s) that are the most suitable (s) for the plant to be treated.
• composition according to the invention and the pesticide (s) can be applied simultaneously or sequentially.
• the composition according to the invention can be applied during a first treatment, and one or more pesticides can be applied during a second treatment of the plant.
• Several successive treatments of the plant can thus be carried out.
• a person skilled in the art adapts the number of treatments and the nature of the treatment depending on the variety of the plant, the type of pesticide, the nature of the biotic constraint, etc.
• the amount (or dose) of pesticide applied to the plant may correspond to an amount normally used in agriculture (approved amount) or to a reduced amount.
• the dose of pesticide is a reduced amount, for example reduced by 50% compared to an amount normally used in agriculture.
• peas - protein crops
• the plant can also belong to the order of the monocots, preferably to the family of the poaceae.
• Poaceae commonly called grasses, include most of the species commonly called “grasses” and “cereals”. Cereals are widely cultivated, mainly for their grains, and are used as food and feed.
• the plant is a poaceae, preferably chosen from wheat, rice, barley, oats, rye, sugar cane, meadow or corn, preferably wheat.
• the composition according to the invention can be supplied to the plant in liquid form in foliar solutions in an amount ranging from 0.001 to 100 L / ha, preferably from 0, 01 to 25 L / ha, even more preferably from 0.1 to 10 L / ha, for example in a quantity of 1 L / ha.
• the farmer generally uses 1 L of a stock solution which corresponds to the composition according to the invention which he dilutes, for example in water between 1/10 th and 1/1000 th , so as to obtain a daughter solution which is then sprayed on the plants to be treated according to the quantities defined above (ie from 0.001 to 100 L / ha of stock solution).
• the invention relates to the use of the phytosanitary composition according to the invention for activating defense reactions of a plant (eg wheat or apple tree) and resistance against septoria and / or apple scab.
• a plant eg wheat or apple tree
• the composition according to the invention when the composition according to the invention comprises one or more pesticides, it can be used as a pesticidal agent against a pathogen.
• This use is particularly advantageous because it makes it possible to reduce the dose of pesticide used compared to a use of pesticide (s) alone (s). This makes it possible to reduce the impact of phytosanitary products on the environment, which constitutes an ecological and economic advantage.
• the composition according to the invention comprises one or more fungicides, it can be used as a fungicidal agent against a pathogen, for example chosen from Septoria tritici or Venturia inaequalis.
• the invention also relates to a method of treating a plant intended to promote its growth by reducing the access of pathogens to said plant or by eliminating pathogens present in the soil, said method comprising applying to said plant. of a composition according to the invention comprising one or more pesticides.
• the composition according to the invention comprising one or more fungicides is applied to said plant in order to promote the growth of a plant by reducing the access of Septoria tritici or Venturia inaequalis h said plant or by eliminating Septoria tritici or Venturia inaequalis present in the soil.
• the invention also relates to the use of the composition according to the invention for potentiating the pesticidal effect of a pesticide.
• the composition according to the invention is used to potentiate the fungicidal effect of a fungicide which can be chosen from chlorothalonil, fluxapyroxad, epoxiconazole, captan, dithlanon, fenbuconazole, pyradostrobin, dodine, prothioconazole, metconazole, propiconazole, cyproconazole, tebuconazole, bromuconazole, difenoconazole, propiconazole, tetraconazole, azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, fluinoboxinoboxystrobin, leproxinoboxystrobin the mancozeb, the penthiopyrad, bixafen, prochloraz, benzovindiflupyr, boscali
• the extract of ulvans was prepared according to a 3-step process:
• Step 1 50 kg of dry algae of Ulva spp type were crushed and passed through a 4 mm sieve in order to obtain fragments of size less than or equal to 4 mm, then mixed with 950 kg of water heated to 85 ° C. The mixture was maintained at a temperature of 85 ° C. for 3 hours with stirring, which made it possible to extract the ulvans.
• Step 2 The mixture obtained in step 1 was filtered using a 50 ⁇ m filter.
• Step 3 The filtered mixture was then acidified to pH 3.5 using a concentrated solution of sulfuric acid. This mixture corresponds to the extract of ulvans used in the examples, and which is used in particular for the preparation of the composition “ND” (composition according to the invention - Example IC).
• composition composition according to the invention
• the ND composition was prepared by mixing the extract obtained according to process described in Example IA with water, adjusting the pH of the mixture to 12, and slowly adding the silicon solution obtained in Example IB with vigorous stirring, according to the proportions shown in Table 1. [ 0083] [Table 1]
• the "ND" composition comprises 8 g / L of ulvans and 21.6 g / L of silicon.
• Example 2 Demonstration of the effects of the ND composition on the control of the development of septoria on wheat
• Example 1 A) Experimental Protocol The test was carried out in the open field so as to evaluate the effectiveness of the ND composition (obtained in Example 1) against septoria in wheat.
• the CAPO wheat variety Triticum aestivum which is a soft winter wheat with susceptibility to septoria was chosen.
• the pathogen involved in Septoria disease, a fungal disease, is Septoria tritici.
• the wheat was sown at a depth of 2 cm and at a sowing density of
• ND composition 50% a program called “ND composition 50%”, which consisted in applying the ND composition at a time Ti at a dose of 0.5 L / ha, then in a second application of the ND composition at a time T 2 at the same amount as the dose applied to Ti,
• composition ND 100% a program called "Composition ND 100%", which consisted in applying the composition ND at a time Ti at a dose of 1 L / ha, then in a second application of the composition ND at a time T 2 at the same dose as the dose applied to Ti.
• the ND composition was applied once at the first knot stage, that is to say at the stage known as “stage 31”, corresponding to the elongation. of the main stem (phenological stage BBCH31, i.e. the first node is at most 1 cm above the tillering plateau), then once at the phenological stage BBCH39 (at this stage, the blade of the last leaf is fully spread , the ligule is visible).
• Septoria is a leaf disease whose characteristic symptoms are brown spots in which black spots are observed, called “pycnidia”.
• stage 75 brown spots in which black spots are observed.
• milky seed content milky.
• the F0 and Fl leaves contribute a very important part to the yield at the end of cultivation and the phytosanitary treatments against septoria mainly aim to protect these two leaves from the appearance and development of septoria ( Figure 1). .
• the severity of septoria represents the level of manifestation of the symptoms of septoria, such as the presence of spots, presence of pycnidia, spread of spots and pycnidia on a single leaf observed. This severity is taken into account in a preponderant way for the evaluation of the presence and development of septoria.
• the frequency represents the number of infected samples compared to the total number of samples observed (here 25 samples). The severity was measured according to the standards of EPPO (European and Mediterranean Organization for the Protection of Plants) n ° PP 1/26 (4) called “Leaf and ear diseases in cereals.
• FIGS 2A and 2B show that in the absence of treatment (Control NT), septoria developed on wheat.
• NT control In the absence of treatment (NT control), the F0 and Fl leaves were infected respectively at 25% and 55% in terms of severity, and at 100% in terms of frequency.
• the treatment with the ND 50% composition made it possible to reduce the severity of septoria on the F0 and Fl leaves, respectively to 14% and 33% in terms of severity (compared to the 25% and 55% observed in the control NT).
• the frequency was not impacted (100% of infected leaves) after treatment with the composition ND 50%.
• the treatment with the 100% ND composition made it possible to reduce the severity of septoria on the F0 and Fl leaves, respectively to 10.5% and 25.5% in terms of severity (compared to 25% and 55% observed in the NT control, and compared to the 14% and 33% observed after the “ND 50%” treatment).
• the frequency of septoria was not impacted (100% of infected leaves) after treatment with the composition ND 100%.
• composition according to the invention makes it possible to significantly protect the wheat plants against wheat septoria.
• Example 3 Demonstration of the effects of the ND composition in combination with a fungicide rOlOOIA " ) Experimental protocol
• the test was carried out in the open field to evaluate the effectiveness of the ND composition (composition according to the invention, obtained in Example 1) in combination with a fungicide (preparation based on chlorothalonil).
• the variety of wheat chosen to conduct this test was the variety OREGRAIN, a variety of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivurri), which exhibits susceptibility to septoria as explained in Example 2.
• the wheat was sown at a depth of 2 cm and at a sowing density of 250 plants / m 2 .
• the experimental set-up in the plot was carried out according to a Fisher block design with four completely random replicates in the field. Wheat, grown in open fields, was naturally infested by septoria.
• fungicide a program called “Classic fungicide” or “Pr. Fongi. "(Positive control), which corresponds to a program commonly implemented by those skilled in the art, which consisted in applying a first fungicide treatment (chlorothalonil at its approved dose, i.e. 500 g / ha) to a time Ti, and by applying a second fungicide treatment (combination of epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad at their approved doses, ie 62.5 g / ha each) at a time T 2 ;
• a first fungicide treatment chlorothalonil at its approved dose, i.e. 500 g / ha
• second fungicide treatment combination of epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad at their approved doses, ie 62.5 g / ha each
• composition ND 50% + Pr. Fongi. al. » a program called “Composition ND 50% + Pr. Fongi. al. » Which consisted of a first application of 0.5 L / ha of composition ND (composition obtained in Example 1) in combination with chlorothalonil at half of its approved dose, ie 250 g / ha, at a time Ti, and in a second application of a fungicide treatment (combination of epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad at half of their approved doses, ie 31.25 g / ha each) at a time T 2 ;
• composition ND 100% + Pr. Fongi. al. » a program called “Composition ND 100% + Pr. Fongi. al. » Which consisted of a first application of 1 L / ha of composition ND (composition obtained in Example 1) in combination with chlorothalonil at half of its approved dose, ie 250 g / ha, at a time T and in a second application of a fungicide treatment (combination of epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad at half of their approved doses, ie 31.25 g / ha each) at a time T 2 .
• a fungicide treatment combination of epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad at half of their approved doses, ie 31.25 g / ha each
• the time Ti corresponds to stage 31, ie the stage of the first node, corresponding to the elongation of the main stem (phenological stage BBCH31, namely the first node is at most 1 cm above the tillering plateau. ), and the time T 2 corresponds to stage 33, called BBCH33, corresponding to an elongation of the main stem greater than 2 cm above the second node.
• septoria 25 wheat samples were observed for each type of treatment. The presence of septoria on the samples was observed by observing the frequency and severity of septoria (cf. Example 2) on the F0 and Fl leaves at the stage known as stage 75, corresponding to the mid-milky stage ( milky seed content).
• FIGS 3A and 3B The results obtained are shown in Figures 3A and 3B. [0110] They show that in the absence of treatment (Control NT), septoria has developed on wheat. In the absence of treatment (NT control), the F0 and Fl leaves were infected respectively at 25% and 55% in terms of severity, and at 100% in terms of frequency for the F0 and Fl leaves.
• the treatment with Prof. Fongi. made it possible to reduce the severity of septoria on the F0 and Fl leaves, respectively to 3% and 5% in terms of severity (compared to the 25% and 55% observed in the control NT).
• the frequency of septoria was also reduced to 55% and 82% respectively for the FO and F1 leaves, compared to the 100% frequency observed with the NT control.
• the treatment with Prof. Fongi. al. reduced the severity of septoria on the F0 and Fl leaves, respectively to 4.5% and 12.5% in terms of severity (compared to the 25% and 55% observed in the non-control). treaty).
• the frequency of septoria was reduced to 90% for the F0 leaf alone, compared to the 100% frequency observed in the untreated control.
• the frequency of septoria on the F1 leaf remained unchanged (100%).
• the ND composition when it is combined with a fungicide (Pr. Fongi. Al.), Gives the treated wheat plants better quality. protection against septoria of wheat than fungicide alone.
• the ND composition made it possible to potentiate the phytosanitary effect of the fungicide.
• Example 4 Demonstration of the effects of a composition according to the invention in comparison with an extract of ulvans or a solution of silicon applied individually
• the test was carried out in the open field to evaluate the effectiveness of a composition according to the invention (ND) in comparison with an extract of ulvans at a concentration of 8 g / L alone or of a solution. of silicon alone (Si0 2 K 2 0) at a concentration of 21.6 g / L.
• ND composition according to the invention
• silicon alone Si0 2 K 2 0
• a concentration of 21.6 g / L The variety of wheat chosen to conduct this trial was OREGRAIN, a variety of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), which is susceptible to septoria.
• the wheat was sown at a depth of 2 cm and at a sowing density of 250 plants / m 2 .
• the experimental set-up in the plot was carried out according to a Fisher block design with four completely random replicates in the field. Wheat, grown in open fields, naturally infested with septoria.
• composition ND 250 g / ha, at a time Ti, and in one second application of a dose of composition ND at 1 L / ha in combination with chlorothalonil at half of its approved dose, ie 250 g / ha, at a time T 2 ;
• composition Ulvanes 8 g / L + Pr. Fongi. Al which consisted of a first application of a dose of 1 L / ha of the extract of ulvans at a concentration of 8 g / L (that is to say the composition ND without the silicon) in combination with chlorothalonil at half of its registered dose, i.e. 250 g / ha, at a time Ti, and in a second application of a dose of 1 L / ha of the extract of ulvans at a concentration of 8 g / Len association with chlorothalonil at half of its approved dose, i.e. 250 g / ha, at a time T 2 ; and
• the time Ti corresponds to stage 31, ie the stage of the first node, corresponding to the elongation of the main stem (phenological stage BBCH31, namely the first node is at most 1 cm above the tillering plateau. ), and the time T 2 corresponds to stage 33, called BBCH33, corresponding to an elongation of the main stem greater than 2 cm above the second node.
• the six treatments are summarized in Table 4. [0122] [Table 4]
• the treatments were applied once (Ti) at the first node stage, that is to say the stage known as stage 31 corresponding to the elongation of the main stem (phenological stage BBCH31, namely the first node is at most 1 cm above the tillering plateau), then reapplied (T 2 ) at the third node stage, stage known as BBCH33, corresponding to an elongation of the main stem greater than 2 cm above the second knot. 25 wheat samples were observed for each type of treatment.
• septoria was observed by observing the frequency and severity of septoria (see example 2) on the FO leaf at the stage known as stage 85 corresponding to the ripening of the seeds, more particularly the soft pasty stage, when the content of the seed is tender and dry (BBCH85 stage).
• the fungicide program (Pr. Fongi.) Reduced the severity of septoria on the F0 leaf of the plants observed in terms of severity (40%) but not the frequency of the disease (100%).
• Pr Fongi al. Made it possible to reduce septoria on the F0 leaf of the plants observed in terms of severity, to a lesser extent than Pr. Fongi (50% instead of 40% with Pr. . Fongi.) But not the frequency of the disease (100%).
• Bion® 50 WG a commercial product called Bion® 50 WG, marketed by Syngenta, containing 50% benzolar-S-methyl acid, concentrated at 20 ⁇ g / ml.
• Bion® 50 WG is a plant defense stimulator (SDP), hereinafter “SDP control” (positive control)
• the 3rd spread sheet was used for gene expression analyzes by quantitative RT-PCR, 48 hours after treatment.
• the ND composition makes it possible to activate the defense reactions of a plant and of resistance against biotic constraints.
• Example 6 Demonstration of the effects of the ND composition on the control of the development of apple scab (“Apple scab”) [0142] A) Experimental protocol
• Apple scab is caused by an ascomycete fungus called Venturia inaequalis which causes black or brown lesions on the surface of apple leaves, buds or fruits and sometimes even on wood.
• the fruits and the lower part of the leaves are especially sensitive to it.
• the disease is favored by a humid climate, especially when the buds are developing (bud burst). Apple scab can significantly reduce fruit quality and production if left untreated.
• Trees of the Golden Delicious variety (Reinders clone, twelfth leaf) grafted onto M9-Emla rootstock, varieties very susceptible to apple scab were used.
• four types of foliar spray treatment were compared:
• PFI classic fungicide program
• Lean Fungicide a program called “Lean Fungicide” (called “Lean PFI”), which consisted of the application of fungicides in integrated fruit production (PFI) at three different times and alternating the types of fungicides, as summarized in Table 5 below,
• the percentage of scab fruit was calculated for each plot.
• the spotted fruits are characterized by spots and can crack.
• the "light PFI + ND composition” program made it possible to obtain improved protection of the orchard, compared with the light PFI, with less than 20% of the apples which were scabbed at the time of harvest.
• Example 7 Demonstration of the Effects of the ND Composition on the Quality of the Apple Harvest
• the "light PFI + ND composition" program made it possible to obtain a percentage of scab apples reduced to 20% with less than 3% of severely scab apples.
• the ND composition effectively protects apples.
• Example 8 Demonstration of the effects of the ND composition on the stimulation of defense reactions in apple trees
• composition ND obtained in Example 1 diluted to l / 200th (v / v),
• Example 1 - ND composition of Example 1 diluted to 1/66 (v / v).
• the young plants were treated twice (on D-3 and on D-1) before the plant samples were taken.
• the treated leaves were sampled 1 day (D 1) and 3 days (D3) post ⁇ treatment.
• the samples were used for level analysis expression of the defense genes of the apple tree (analysis carried out by quantitative RT-PCR).
• the list of apple genes, which were analyzed, can be found in Table 6, below.
• the results were expressed as log2 of the sum of the defense genes induced, after normalization with respect to a control (control: treatment of the seedlings with water). This analysis made it possible to precisely measure the effect of the application of the ND composition on the expression of several apple defense genes, genes described in the literature to activate the defense reactions of plants.
• Example 9 Demonstration of the effects of the ND composition on certain defense genes, very specific markers of defense reactions in apple trees
• Example 1 - ND composition of Example 1 diluted to 1/66 (v / v).
• the group of PR (Pathogenesis-Related) genes 1 to 14 are regularly used in the literature as markers for the activation of plant defenses.
• the treated leaves were sampled 1 day (D 1) post-treatment.
• the samples obtained were used for quantitative RT-PCR analysis.
• the results are expressed in log 2 . This analysis made it possible to measure precisely the effect of the application of the ND composition on the expression of several PR genes.
• results obtained are presented in FIG. 9 and show that the treatment of young apple plants with the composition ND activated the expression of the PR-1, PR-5, PR-8, PR-14 and PR genes. - 10. It has been observed for most of the PR genes an increase in the level of expression which is dose-dependent.
• Figure 1 illustrates the numbering of foal fo F1, F2, F3, F4 wheat leaves.
• FIG. 2A shows the severity of septoria (Figure left) on FO wheat leaves at stage 75 of wheat development and the frequency of septoria (Figure right) observed on leaves of FO wheat at stage 75 wheat development, for wheat plants which have not benefited from any fungicide treatment (Control NT), wheat plants having been treated with composition ND at 50% of its effective dose, i.e. 0.5 L / ha, and wheat plants having been treated with the ND composition at 100% of its effective dose, ie 1 L / ha.
• FIG. 2B shows the severity of septoria (Figure left) on leaves of Fl wheat at stage 75 of wheat development and the frequency of septoria (Figure right) observed on leaves of Fl wheat at stage 75 wheat development, for wheat plants which have not benefited from any fungicide treatment (Control NT), wheat plants having been treated with composition ND at 50% of its effective dose, i.e. 0.5 L / ha and plants of wheat having been treated with composition ND at 100% of its effective dose, i.e. 1 L / ha.
• Figure 3A represents the severity of septoria (left figure) and the frequency of septoria (right figure) observed on the leaves of FO wheat, for wheat plants which have not benefited from any fungicide treatment.
• Control NT wheat plants having been treated with a fungicidal program (Pr. Fongi.)
• Wheat plants having been treated with a light fungicidal program (Pr. Fongi. Al.)
• wheat plants having been treated with an ND composition program applied at 100% of its effective dose ie 1 L / ha in combination with Pr. Fongi. al.
• FIG. 3B represents the severity of septoria (left figure) and the frequency of septoria (right figure) observed on the leaves of wheat F1, for wheat plants which have not benefited from any fungicide treatment.
• Control NT wheat plants having been treated with a fungicidal program (Pr. Fongi.)
• Wheat plants having been treated with a light fungicidal program (Pr. Fongi. Al.)
• Wheat plants having been treated with an ND composition program applied at 50% of its effective dose, ie 0.5 L / ha in combination with Pr. Fongi. AL wheat plants having been treated with an ND composition program applied at 100% of its effective dose, ie 1 L / ha in combination with Pr. Fongi. al.
• Figure 4 represents the severity of septoria (left figure) and the frequency of septoria (right figure) observed on the leaves of F0 wheat, for wheat plants which have not benefited from any fungicide treatment.
• Control NT wheat plants having been treated with a conventional fungicidal program (Pr. Fongi.), Wheat plants having been treated with a light fungicidal program (Pr. Fongi. Al.), Wheat plants having were treated with an ND composition program applied at its effective dose (ie 1 L / ha) in combination with Pr. Fongi. al (ND + Pr. Fongi. al.), wheat plants having been treated with an "ulvan extract" program at 8 g / L applied in combination with Pr. Fongi.
• FIG. 5 shows the expression level of the ICSI gene, the PR-1 gene and PR-3 gene in wheat leaves BBCH13 stage (3rd leaf) measured by quantitative RT-PCR, for plants wheat which did not benefit from any treatment (NT control), wheat plants having been treated with a positive control (commercial product Bion® 50 WG), wheat plants having been treated with the ND composition diluted to l / 400 th (v / v) and wheat plants having been treated with the ND composition diluted to l / 100 th (v / v).
• Figure 6 represents the percentage of scab fruit, obtained on apple trees of the Golden Delicious variety, for apple trees which have been treated with a reference program called integrated fruit production (PFI), a light fungicide program (PFI light ), a light PFI program + Bion® 50 WG, or a light PFI program + ND composition.
• PFI integrated fruit production
• PFI light light fungicide program
• PFI program + Bion® 50 WG light PFI program + ND composition
• Figure 7 represents the percentage of healthy fruits, weakly scabbed and severely scabbed, for apple trees which have benefited from a fungicide treatment carried out in a conventional integrated fruit production (PFI) program, for apple trees which have benefited from a treatment in light modality (light PFI), apple trees which have benefited from a light treatment + Bion ® 50 WG or apple trees which have benefited from a light treatment + ND composition.
• PFI integrated fruit production
• FIG. 8 represents the activation of the defense genes of the apple tree expressed in log 2 of the sum of the defense genes induced, after normalization with respect to a control (the control corresponds to the treatment of the seedlings with water), for apple tree leaves having been sampled on day 1 (D1) and day 3 (D3) post-treatment. The leaves were treated with the ND composition diluted to 1/200 (v / v) or with the ND composition diluted to 1/66 (v / v). [0191] [Fig. 9] FIG.

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