EP4111518A1 - Biopile bi-cathodique à combustible - Google Patents
Biopile bi-cathodique à combustibleInfo
- Publication number
- EP4111518A1 EP4111518A1 EP21709358.2A EP21709358A EP4111518A1 EP 4111518 A1 EP4111518 A1 EP 4111518A1 EP 21709358 A EP21709358 A EP 21709358A EP 4111518 A1 EP4111518 A1 EP 4111518A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- anode
- cathode
- contact
- biofuel
- biofuel cell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1025—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon and oxygen, e.g. polyethers, sulfonated polyetheretherketones [S-PEEK], sulfonated polysaccharides, sulfonated celluloses or sulfonated polyesters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the invention relates to an enzymatic fuel cell, or biopile, and its uses for the production of electricity, to kits comprising it as well as to electrical or electronic devices incorporating it.
- the invention also relates to methods of manufacturing this biofuel cell as well as to assemblies comprising at least two biofuel cells according to the invention.
- Fuel cell technology is based on the conversion of chemical energy into electronic energy.
- An organic molecule such as glucose is one of the most important sources of energy for many living organisms and can be considered a safe, easy to handle, biodegradable and consumable biofuel.
- Biofuel enzyme cells also called biofuel cells
- Biofuel cells convert the biofuel in the presence of enzymatic compounds, which produces power.
- the most well-known biofuel cells work by oxidation of glucose (GBFC) are batteries of this type which convert glucose by oxidation at the anode for the production of power using an enzyme incorporated therein and having a catalytic function of the reaction.
- the function of the cathode is generally to reduce oxygen and may or may not include an enzyme that catalyzes this reaction.
- Enzymes are promising alternatives to noble metal catalysts since most of them are operational at neutral pH and at room temperature and offer little or no toxicity, which is not the case. other catalysts based on metals.
- Biofuel cells therefore offer an attractive means of delivering environmentally friendly and sustainable energy to electronic devices, in particular small portable, and / or single-use devices, for applications such as healthcare, health monitoring. environment, biodefense, etc.
- enzyme-based fuel cells can operate using substrates (such as glucose) which are abundant in biological fluids (saliva, blood, urine), of animal or vegetable origin (fruit juice) etc. as activator and / or fuel.
- substrates such as glucose
- biological fluids saliva, blood, urine
- fruits juice fruit juice
- these cells can also make use of environmental effluents (eg glucose and oxygen) while exhibiting power densities which are often greater than microbial power densities.
- Fuel cells offer an interesting proposition for increasing the power or self-powering portable or implantable miniaturized devices [1, 2, 3]
- devices based on paper or natural fibers are gaining popularity as that proposals for these types of applications due to their low mass, plasticity and flexibility, which allows them to conform to a variety of different surfaces.
- biofuel cells One of the important characteristics of these biofuel cells is a small size (for example from 1 to 10 cm 2 of surface), even very small (less than 0.5 cm 2 of surface) in order to be able to replace batteries of types " button ”frequently used in disposable devices.
- they should advantageously be of low weight, and preferably inexpensive.
- Fuel cells offer an interesting proposition for increasing the power or self-powering miniaturized portable or implantable devices [1, 2,3]
- a common strategy for balancing the performance of the fuel cell electrodes is to increase the size of the electrode. This approach is commonly used for microbial biofuel cells which require a very large anode [8,9] More anecdotally, this strategy has also been applied to the cathode of an enzymatic hydrogen biofuel cell [10]
- the performance of power sources for portable and / or disposable devices is often measured in terms of power per unit area (the power density (mW. cm 2 )), power per mass of catalyst (mW.mg 1 ) or power per catalyst activity (mW.kU 1 ). These parameters are very difficult to increase. [0013] However, it is extremely desirable to improve the performance of biofuel batteries, while avoiding or minimizing the increase in the surface area, volume and / or mass of the device, this in particular for portable applications or disposable. In this context, a predetermined condition of the area, volume and / or mass of a particular device (or unit) may be referred to as the "footprint" of that device.
- the invention aims in particular to solve the problem of providing a biofuel cell with a gas supply, in particular of a design allowing its use in disposable, inexpensive devices (battery type buttons or “wedges”) and / or disposable, preferably of small size, while having optimized power.
- the object of the invention is in particular to increase the supply of gas for the cathodic reaction and makes it possible to improve the production of energy for a given geometric footprint, by increasing the oxidizer, or substrate, (by oxygen) at the electrode-solution interface.
- the lateral footprint of the fuel cell is increased only minimally, if not negligible. Likewise preferably, only one dimension of the stack can be affected.
- the increase in the footprint (for example the increase in thickness) is less than 40%, preferably less than 35% (for example is less than or equal to 30%) with respect to the original dimensions, for example with respect to the thickness.
- the device according to the invention it is also possible, thanks to the device according to the invention, to increase the stability of a glucose / O 2 fuel cell by reducing or reducing, or even eliminating, the consumption of oxygen at the anode.
- the biopile according to the invention can also produce sufficient power to replace a lithium battery of the CR2032 type.
- the invention also aims to increase / maximize the power of a biopile while maintaining the same footprint and for the same total mass of enzyme.
- An object of the invention is a biofuel cell comprising an electrochemical cell, said electrochemical cell comprising:
- anode consisting of a solid agglomerate having a first contact surface and a second contact surface, said first and second contact surface being opposed to one another and intended to be brought into contact with a liquid medium, said liquid medium optionally comprising a fuel, said anode comprising a conductive material mixed with a first enzyme capable of catalyzing the oxidation of a fuel and, optionally, mixed with a mediator allowing the transfer of electrons, by example to an electrode; and
- a first cathode and a second cathode each made of a solid agglomerate and each having a first contact surface and a second contact surface, said first and second contact surface being opposed to each other with respect to the other, said first contact surfaces being intended to be brought into contact with a liquid medium and said second contact surfaces being intended to be brought into contact with a gas comprising an oxidizer, said first and second cathodes comprising a conductive material, optionally mixed with a second enzyme capable of catalyzing the reduction of said oxidant, and
- a first and a second separating and porous membrane each electrically insulating, and permeable to a liquid medium, said first membrane being placed between the first contact surface of the anode and the first surface of the first cathode and said second membrane being placed between the second contact surface of the anode and the first surface of the second cathode;
- said biopile further comprises means for electrically switching on said biopile with an electrical receiver, said electric switching means allowing current to flow between the anode and the first and second cathodes.
- the electrochemical cell is a bi-cathode cell (comprising an anode and two cathodes) and the biocell which is the subject of the invention advantageously comprises a number of cathodes strictly greater than the number of anodes.
- biopile is used in its broadest sense.
- battery is understood to mean, among other things, a device having only a single electrochemical cell and / or a device, which may or may not be rechargeable.
- a biofuel cell comprising a stack of several electrochemical cells is envisaged insofar as the cathodes can always be supplied with gas.
- most electronic devices considered to be powered require a voltage of 1.5 or 3 V.
- About 3 to 5 biofuel cells, each having a voltage around 0.7 V, connected in series allow this required voltage to be obtained.
- An alternative is the use of a voltage converter which can allow the use of a single biopile reducing the size of the assembly.
- the electrochemical cell included in the biopile according to the invention comprises an anode and two cathodes.
- the anode is positioned between the cathodes.
- These electrodes are in the form of a solid agglomerate which comprises at its base a conductive material, preferably porous, and at least one enzyme of the half-reaction to be catalyzed.
- This porous material can be any porous conductive material, preferably recyclable, recyclable such as carbon felt, microporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, carbon black mesoporous carbon, conductive polymers, etc.
- pellets based on carbon nanotubes with walls single or more preferably multi-walled (MWCNT), or carbon black offer excellent porosity associated with excellent conductivity.
- carbon nanotube is meant a carbon nanotube, at least one dimension of which is less than 1500 nm.
- the carbon nanotubes have a length (L) to diameter ratio denoted L / diameter of between 100 and 5000.
- the carbon nanotubes have a length of approximately 1.5 ⁇ m and for example a diameter of approximately 10 nm.
- the fuel chosen is glucose
- the oxidizer is oxygen from the air due to the great availability of these compounds and their little impact on the 'environment.
- the structure of the biofuel cell according to the invention can be adapted to substrates other than glucose insofar as the associated enzymatic compounds (enzymes) are also suitable.
- the fuel for the biofuel according to the invention is advantageously chosen from the group consisting of a sugar (for example: sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactose, etc.), methanol, starch and their mixtures.
- the oxidizer is not necessarily the dioxygen and / or the dioxygen of the air but can be another gas, for example be chosen from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen and their mixtures.
- Biopile 2 glucose + 0 2 2 gluconolactone + 2 H 2 0
- an enzymatic system used at the anode can comprise at least one glucose oxidase.
- Glucose oxidases are oxidoreductase enzymes of the EC 1.1.3.4 type (April 2018 classification) which catalyze the oxidation of glucose, more particularly bD-glucose (or Dextrose) into hydrogen peroxide and D- glucono-5-lactone, which then hydrolyzes to gluconic acid.
- Glucose oxidases bind specifically to bD-glucopyranose (the hemiacetal form of glucose) and do not act on Ga-D-glucose.
- glucose mainly adopts its cyclic form (at pH7: 36.4% aD-glucose and 63.6% bD-glucose, 0.5% in linear form).
- the oxidation and consumption of form b shifts the aD-glucose ⁇ -D-glucose balance towards this form.
- the term GOx extends to native proteins and their derivatives, mutants and / or functional equivalents. This term extends in particular to proteins which do not differ substantially in structure and / or in enzymatic activity.
- Glucose oxidases include and require a cofactor to allow catalysis.
- This co-factor is Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD), a major oxidation-reduction component in cells.
- FAD serves as an initial electron acceptor, it is reduced to FADH 2 which will be re-oxidized to FAD (regeneration) by molecular oxygen (0 2 , more reducing than FAD).
- the O 2 is finally reduced to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 0 2 ).
- the cofactor is included in the commercially available GOx enzyme and the term GOx and FAD-GOX are equivalent.
- the most widely used glucose oxidase is that extracted from Aspergillus niger.
- GOx from other sources can be used, for example certain strains of the species Penicillium or Aspergillus terreus.
- Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase is a dimer composed of 2 equal subunits with a molecular weight of 80 kDa each (by gel filtration). Each subunit contains a flavin adenine dinucleotide and an iron atom. This glycoprotein contains approximately 16% neutral sugar and 2% amino sugars. It also contains 3 cysteine residues and 8 potential sites for N-glycosylation.
- the specific activity of GOx is preferably greater than or equal to 100,000 units / g solid (without addition of O 2 ).
- catalase can be added to the enzyme system.
- Catalase is a tetrameric enzyme catalyzing the reaction: 2 H 2 0 2 0 2 + 2 H 2 0.
- Each subunit contains iron bonded to a type IX protoheme group.
- Each subunit is equivalent and comprises a polypeptide chain of approximately 500 amino acids.
- the molecular weight of each subunit is generally 60 kDa (gel filtration).
- Catalase can bind strongly to NADP and NADP and the heme group are then positioned 13.7 ⁇ from each other. She can react with others Hydrogenated alkyl peroxides such as methyl peroxide or ethyl peroxide.
- Catalase activity is generally constant over a pH range of 4 to 8.5.
- catalase extends to native proteins and their derivatives, mutants and / or functional equivalents. This term extends in particular to proteins which do not differ substantially in structure and / or in enzymatic activity.
- the catalase used is preferably of bovine origin.
- FAD-GDH Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide - Glucose DeHydrogenase
- FAD-GDH Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide - Glucose DeHydrogenase
- an enzymatic protein GDH having an amino acid sequence having at least 75%, preferably 95% can be used and even more preferably 99% identity with the GDH sequence (s) as listed in the databases (for example SWISS PROT).
- GcGDH Glomerella cingulata
- Pichia pastoris could also be used.
- the FAD-GDH used in an exemplified embodiment is an FAD-GDH from Aspergillus sp. (SEKISUI DIAGNOSTICS, Lexington, MA, Catalog No. GLDE - 70 - 1192) which has the following characteristics: Appearance: lyophilized yellow powder.
- Solubility readily dissolves in water at a concentration of: 10mg / mL.
- a unit of activity quantity of enzyme that will convert one micromole of glucose per minute at 37 ° C.
- K m value 5.10 2 M (D-Glucose).
- the porous conductive material can also comprise an aromatic molecule acting as a redox mediator, such as 1,4-naphthoquinone, to improve electronic exchanges.
- aromatic molecule acting as a redox mediator such as 1,4-naphthoquinone
- Other molecules selected from the group formed by 9,10-phenanthroline, 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione, 9,10-anthraquinone, phenanthrene, 1,10-phenanthroline, 5- methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, pyrene, 1-aminopyrene, pyrene-1-butyric acid, and mixtures of two or more thereof can also be considered.
- the use of such compounds prove to be particularly advantageous in the case of enzyme systems comprising an FAD-GDH or a GOx.
- the oxidizer of the biofuel cell can advantageously be an oxidant, such as molecular oxygen, and in particular oxygen contained in the air or in the water.
- the enzymatic system which can be used at the cathodes can advantageously comprise a bilirubin oxidase (BOD), a polyphenol oxidase (PPO) [12] or a laccase (LAC) [ 13]
- BOD is an oxidoreductase enzyme (EC Classification 1.3.3.5, CAS number 80619-01-8; April
- BOD bilirubin oxidase
- the activity of BOD is advantageously greater than 15 units / mg of protein, preferably greater than 50 units / mg, for example around 65 units / mg of protein.
- One unit is defined as the ability to oxidize 1.0 micromoles of bilirubin per minute at pH 8.4 at 37 ° C.
- BOD extends to native proteins and their derivatives, mutants and / or functional equivalents. This term extends in particular to proteins which do not differ substantially in structure and / or in enzymatic activity.
- Protoporphyrin IX (CAS number 553-12-8; April 2018), is a compound with a porphyrinic unit of the crude formula C 34 H 34 N 4 O 4 [14] It is used to functionalize the porous conductive material, and in particular nanotubes, and allow better orientation of enzymes such as BODs. It is therefore advantageously included in the material constituting the cathode.
- enzyme used here includes enzyme systems, as described above, which are characterized by a set of molecules and proteins allowing the catalysis of redox reactions which are involved at the anode and cathodes.
- the conductive material is mixed with a promoter (or mediator) facilitating the transfer of electrons, for example to an electrode.
- the solid agglomerate forming the electrodes advantageously combines a porous conductive material and at least one enzyme and / or an enzymatic system and is preferably in the form of a thin film, for example circular or ovoid, but can also be in the form of blocks or thicker pellets.
- These electrodes are advantageously obtained by compressing the mixture of their constituent elements.
- the agglomerate can be obtained easily by compression and take any particular desired shape.
- the bioanodes and / or biocathodes according to the invention can take the form of small (1 to 2 cm in diameter), or even very small (less than 0.5 cm in diameter), pellets, for example circular or polygonal.
- Such electrodes may have a thickness varying from 5 mm to 0.1 mm, for example 0.25 mm.
- the biofuel cell according to the invention can be of varied shape and of small size. In particular, it can occupy only a volume less than or equal to 2 cm 3 , preferably less than or equal to 1 cm 3 , or even less than or equal to 0.75 cm 3 . It can in particular be designed to be able to replace “button type” batteries.
- the anode therefore comprises a GOx enzyme, preferably combined with a catalase, or an FAD-GDH enzyme.
- the biofuel is therefore glucose.
- the bioanode also includes a glucose oxidation mediator, for example a 1,4-naphthoquinone compound.
- the biocathodes comprise an oxygen reducing enzyme, and more particularly BOD, advantageously combined with protoporphyrin IX.
- the terms biocathodes and bioanode refer to the presence of biological material, for example an enzyme, in their structure. In the context of the biofuel cell of the invention, they are to be used in an equivalent manner to the cathodes and to the anode.
- the device according to the invention comprises separating and porous membranes, electrically insulating, and permeable to the liquid medium, which are placed between the anode on the one hand and the cathodes on the other hand.
- These membranes which are advantageously of the same material, allow the passage in particular of ionic species and, advantageously, substrates between the anode and the cathodes.
- said first and, optionally, second membrane are based on cellulose, that is to say that they are made up of more than 80%, advantageously more than 95% , by mass of cellulose.
- They can be a thin sheet (less than 1 mm thick), and in particular a thin sheet of paper, which has a low surface weight (for example less than or equal to 100 g / m 2.
- a membrane has a thickness of less than 50 ⁇ m, preferably less than 500 ⁇ m, preferably less than 150 ⁇ m of paper, and / or is advantageously biodegradable.
- the thickness range of the paper can advantageously be chosen from 900 to 75 ⁇ m, preferably 500.
- the weight of the paper for its part can vary from 300 g / m 2 to 25 g / m 2 , preferably from 200 g / m 2 to 50 g / m 2.
- the paper can be chosen from the group consisting of a paper having 0.83 mm in thickness and a basis weight of 291 g / m 2 , 0.42 mm in thickness and a basis weight of 183 g / m 2 g, 0.19 mm thick a basis weight of 88 g / m 2 , 0.19 mm thick a basis weight of 90 g / m 2 , 0.16 mm thick a basis weight of 90 g / m 2 and 0, 35 mm thick sseur a basis weight of 195 g / m 2 .
- said first and, optionally, second, separating membrane, porous, electrically insulating, and permeable to the liquid medium is also a fuel storage means and / or provision of said liquid.
- this storage means is as described above and further comprises fuel, for example a biofuel such as glucose.
- the biofuel cell according to the invention also comprises electrical switching means which generally incorporates an electrically conductive material.
- electrical switching means can be in the form of layers, tabs, films or threads.
- a layer, tab, film (foil) or wire advantageously has a low thickness, a high thermal and / or electrical conductivity and can comprise, or be (substantially) made of, highly oriented and preferably flexible graphite.
- the use of graphite is advantageous because it combines stability, lightness and electrical and thermal conductivity.
- Its thickness can be chosen as ranging from 10 to 500 ⁇ m, preferably from 17 to 300 ⁇ m, and advantageously from 40 to 2000 ⁇ m. It can be chosen from the group consisting of thicknesses of 10, 17, 25, 40, 50, 70, 100 and 200 ⁇ m. Its thermal conductivity (in the longitudinal plane of the sheet) may be
- This layer may also have an electrical conductivity greater than 5,000 S / cm, preferably greater than or equal to 8,000 S / cm, for example around 10,000 S / cm. However, it can have a higher conductivity, for example around 20,000 S / cm, in particular if the thickness of the layer is less than 40 ⁇ m.
- This layer can also have a heat resistance, for example a resistance to a temperature of more than 200 ° C, advantageously of more than 300 ° C, for example of about 400 ° C.
- a heat resistance for example a resistance to a temperature of more than 200 ° C, advantageously of more than 300 ° C, for example of about 400 ° C.
- Such materials can be brought into contact with the anode and the cathodes to enable them to be put into circuit.
- an electrically conductive material can comprise, be combined with, or be made of a material also allowing gas diffusion at the cathodes.
- Such a material can comprise, for example, a layer of carbon fiber covered with a layer of carbon black (carbon black) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- the biofuel cell advantageously comprises terminals (for example at least one positive terminal and at least one negative terminal) connecting the switching means with the exterior of the biocell.
- Such terminals allow electric current to enter or exit.
- These terminals may be a portion of the switching means which are suitably sized and positioned.
- these terminals can comprise an extension of a circuit means (for example a tab projecting outwards) or be a portion of the circuit means made accessible by an opening of a possible external covering.
- the means for switching on said biopile can comprise a conductive element in contact with the anode and a conductive element in contact with the first and the second cathode, said conductive element in contact with the first and the second cathode, comprising a material also allowing gaseous diffusion at the cathodes of said oxidant.
- said conductive element in contact with the first and the second cathode comprises two distinct layers, each being in contact with an anode.
- the biopile according to the invention advantageously comprises an external coating which can be a support, a layer, or a protective film which partially covers the electrochemical cell (s) of the device.
- This is preferably flexible, adhesive, non-toxic, chemically stable, electrically insulating, insensitive to radiation and / or has a wide operating temperature range (for example from -150 ° C to 200 ° C, or even around temperature of 260 ° C).
- This coating, or outer protective film can comprise, or be (substantially) made of a fabric of glass fibers impregnated with a relatively inert material such as a perfluorinated polymeric material of the PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) type or a silicone-based material. .
- the PTFE can be Teflon® from Du Pont de Nemours, Fluon® from Asahi Glass, Hostaflon® from Dyneon.
- the film or coating is preferably impregnated with more than 50% by weight of said material, advantageously from 50 to 70%, preferably from 57 to 64% relative to the total weight of the film. Its thickness can be a few tenths or even hundredths of a millimeter. For example, it can be chosen from a range of 0.03 to 0.50 mm, preferably 0.05 to 0.30 mm and preferably 0.06 to 0.14 mm, for example be 0 , 07 mm (NF EN ISO 2286 - December 3, 2016).
- the coating, or protective film comprises an adhesive layer, preferably water resistant, allowing it to adhere to the outer surface of the electrochemical cell (s) ( s) of the biofuel according to the invention.
- an adhesive layer preferably water resistant
- Another material which can be used as an outer covering may be of the non-woven adhesive tape type comprising a layer of synthetic fibers (eg a polyester / rayon blend) and an adhesive layer (eg based on acrylate). This type of material generally for medical use is well suited as an external coating.
- this protective film can be affixed directly to one face of the cathode, or directly to part of the circuitry means.
- this outer covering which is preferably flexible and insulating, comprises one or more openings positioned and dimensioned so as to allow in particular the access of a liquid and / or of a gas at the anode and / or cathode.
- This opening can be precut in the coating: for example it can take the form of a series of small circular openings positioned opposite the biocathodes. Additionally, or alternatively, this opening may be formed by the fact that the coating does not completely surround the biopile comprising the electrochemical cell (s) but leaves an opening giving access to these elements.
- the biofuel cell according to the invention can advantageously comprise an external coating, preferably flexible, insulating and / or impermeable to the liquid, comprising openings positioned and dimensioned so as to allow access of the liquid to the anode and / or gas comprising the oxidizer at the cathodes.
- an external coating preferably flexible, insulating and / or impermeable to the liquid, comprising openings positioned and dimensioned so as to allow access of the liquid to the anode and / or gas comprising the oxidizer at the cathodes.
- these openings allow a gas to directly access each of the cathodes or through, which may be the only one, the switching means.
- the electrochemical cell can comprise a series of layers, preferably thin, flexible and / or mechanically strong, forming a multilayer (or multilayer) stack, preferably self-supporting.
- the shape and / or size of these layers, and in particular the presence of at least one opening and / or recess, are advantageously determined so as to constitute, or allow, an electrical connection, an inlet for the fuel and / or or an inlet for the oxidizer.
- These layers include the anode, cathodes, separating layers and switching means, as described in the present application.
- the electrochemical cell according to the invention comprises means for allowing contact between the gas comprising the oxidizer and the second surfaces of the cathodes.
- These means may comprise either a material with a porous structure, as described above, and / or a structure comprising an access path between the second surface of the cathode and a source of gas comprising the oxidizer.
- An object of the invention is also a method of manufacturing a biofuel cell as described in the present application.
- This method comprises positioning and securing the constituent elements of said biopile.
- This method can comprise the use of at least one outer covering (or support) sheet as described and comprises the step of positioning on an inner face, preferably adhesive, of the outer covering: the switching means, at the at least two cathodes surrounding an anode; and separating, porous and insulating membranes separating the anode from the cathodes.
- the positioning is a superposition of said elements.
- the outer covering sheet can be sized so that once the elements of the biofuel cell are positioned on the adhesive surface, a free surface is present around the periphery of these elements. This free surface is positioned and dimensioned to allow these elements to be joined together and to constitute the biopile.
- the sheet can be folded back on itself to cover the other elements of the biofuel cell and / or another covering sheet can be used to cover the elements already positioned on the first covering sheet.
- these two parts are joined together by the presence of an adhesive on the internal part of the external coating.
- the invention also relates to a biofuel as described in the present application and further comprising an aqueous liquid, said liquid optionally comprising a biofuel.
- the fuel may however already be present in the device in a dry and / or solid and / or non-solubilized form and / or capable of migrating to the enzymatic sites. as described in patent publications FR1855014 and WO2019234573. For example, it can be incorporated into, or positioned near, fuel storage means. When water (pure or not) is added, the fuel thus present (for example sugar) is dissolved in the medium, which allows electrochemical exchanges to take place.
- the added liquid includes fuel.
- This can be, for example, a physiological fluid such as blood, urine or saliva or an alcoholic or glucose drink.
- An object of the invention is also a process for obtaining a biofuel cell comprising bringing together a biofuel cell according to the invention as described in the present application with a liquid, preferably an aqueous liquid, optionally comprising a fuel such as a sugar (for example glucose, fructose, sucrose and / or lactose etc.), starch and / or ethanol.
- a liquid preferably an aqueous liquid, optionally comprising a fuel such as a sugar (for example glucose, fructose, sucrose and / or lactose etc.), starch and / or ethanol.
- Another object of the invention is an apparatus comprising a biofuel according to the invention, and an electrical receiver (that is to say to an apparatus which uses (receives) electric current), said biofuel being connected electrically to said electrical receiver.
- Such an apparatus can be a test, in particular a test of the biological fluid: for example a pregnancy test or a blood sugar test.
- the biofuel cell (and / or the device) according to the invention can be incorporated into an electronic device with electronic display and / or light emission.
- the device according to the invention is of the type operating with button-type batteries using metal derivatives, such as a point-of-service test device (POCT), the Internet of things (loT) or a sensor. environmental.
- POCT point-of-service test device
- LoT Internet of things
- environmental a sensor.
- Such a device according to the invention can advantageously be disposable and / or biodegradable.
- Another object of the invention is a kit for the manufacture of a biofuel cell as described in the present application and which comprises a biofuel cell as described in the present application, associated with instructions for use and optionally a container comprising an aqueous liquid as described above.
- Another object of the invention is the use of a blotting paper, as described above for the manufacture of a biopile or the manufacture of a device for obtaining a biofuel according to the invention. .
- Another object of the invention is a use of a biopile according to the invention for the generation of an electric current.
- Another subject of the invention is an electrochemical cell as described above.
- Another object of the invention is an electrochemical cell as described above. Brief description of the figures
- Fig. 1 is a diagram showing the conventional configuration of a single cathode cell (SC) and a single cathode air cell (SABC) as well as the configuration of the double air cathode (DABC) according to the principle of the invention.
- SC single cathode cell
- SABC single cathode air cell
- DABC double air cathode
- FIG. 2 Figure 2 is an exploded perspective and front view of the structure of a fuel cell according to the invention.
- Figure 3 is a representation of the device of Figure 2 in top view.
- Figure 4 is a representation of the device of Figure 2 in top view.
- Figure 5 is a polarization diagram showing the peak power for the dual air cathode (DABC) device of Figure 2.
- DABC dual air cathode
- FIG. 6 is a polarization diagram showing the peak power for a single air cathode device (SABC).
- SABC single air cathode device
- FIG. 7 represents the power curves as a function of the current of the DABC and SABC biofuel cells as well as of a battery comprising two SABCs in series (2 x 2.5 mg enzymes).
- FIG. 1 The traditional configuration of a cell (SC) is also shown in Figure 1.
- the cathode 2 is positioned in a conventional manner between an anode 4 and a support 6.
- a cell (SABC) with a cathode. air where the support 8 is permeable to air and allows the penetration of oxygen is also shown in Figure 1.
- the partial schematic configuration of a battery according to the invention for its part, comprises two cathodes 2 positioned on each side of the anode 4.
- a support, or protective layers, 8, permeable to the 'air is positioned on the outer face of each cathode 2.
- the surface imprint remains the same while the power density is increased.
- FIG. 2 An example of the device for producing electrical energy has been produced and its structure is shown in Figure 2.
- the device is a fuel cell 10 which comprises a series of layers of constituent materials stacked on top of each other. Obviously, such a device can be positioned during its construction, or of its use, in any desired position and the terms “lower” and “upper” are only used to clarify the relative position of the elements of the device according to l invention in context and in association with the figures.
- the cell 10 comprises as electrodes, an anode 14 and an upper cathode 12 and a lower cathode 12 '.
- a solution of 5 mg / L FAD GDH is used and a volume of 40 ⁇ L / 0.785 cm 2 is deposited on each of the faces of the anode.
- a solution of 5 mg / L Bilirubin oxidase is used and a volume of 40 ⁇ L / 0.785 cm 2 .
- Each sheet / electrode 12, 12 'and 14 was then allowed to dry overnight at room temperature.
- Electrically insulating and liquid diffusion layers (12 x 18 mm) are positioned between the anode 14 on the one hand and the cathodes 12 and 12 'on the other hand.
- the upper diffusion layer 16 is positioned between the anode and the upper cathode 12.
- the lower diffusion layer 16 ' is. positioned between the anode 14 and the lower cathode 12 '.
- the diffusion layers are made of Whatman filter paper type blotting paper. They are cut to meet the configuration of the desired biofuel cell and have a thickness of 190 ⁇ m and a basis weight of 97 gm 2 .
- the upper diffusion layer 16 is of a different shape from the lower layer 16 '.
- This comprises a portion cut (6 x 6 mm) in one of its corners, that is to say a recess 17, which allows access from the outside of the device 10 to an electrical conductor 18 in contact with the 'anode 14 and which is positioned between the anode 14 and the diffusion layer 16'.
- the electrical conductor 18 consists of a sheet of flexible graphite of the PANASONIC brand sold by the company TOYO TANSO FRANCE SA - ZA du Buisson de la couldre - 9-10 rue Euither Hénaff - 78190 Trappes - France and described in the patent JP 3691836.
- the use of graphite is advantageous because it combines stability, lightness and electrical and thermal conductivity.
- the electrical conductor sheet 18 of dimension (10 x 18 mm) is positioned between the liquid diffusion layer 16 ’and the anode 14 so as to be in direct contact with the latter and partly opposite:
- a conductive and gas diffusion layer 20, also made of carbon, and allowing the diffusion of the gas (here air) is placed in contact with the upper cathode 12. More particularly it is placed opposite the face. of the cathode 12 which is not in contact with the upper diffusion layer 16.
- This layer comprises a layer of fiber. carbon covered with a layer of carbon black (carbon black) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) of the SIGRACET® type (sold by the company SGL CARBON GmbH, Werner-von Siemens Strasse 18, 86405 Meitingen, Germany).
- the gas is diffused through an opening 23 allowing in particular the passage of the gas towards the cathode 12.
- a lower conductive and gas diffusion layer 20 'identical to the upper layer 20 is positioned symmetrically and is in contact with the cathode. 12 'and opposite the opening 23'.
- the stack 12 comprises a backing sheet, or backing, upper 22, in fiberglass coated with adhesive PTFE (ref. 208AP sold by TECHNIFLON EUROPE, 3, rue du bicentenaire de la revolution, 91220 LE PLESSIS PATE, FR).
- the upper support 22 is of dimension 18 x 28 mm and comprises a central opening 23 of dimension 8 x 8 mm and two circular openings 24 and 26 of 4 mm in diameter.
- the backing sheet 22 covers the upper conductive and gas diffusing layer 20.
- the circular opening 24 allows access of a liquid to the elements of the cell.
- a lower backing sheet 22 'forms the bottom of the stack and may be of the same composition and size as the upper backing sheet 22.
- the sheet 22 is a non-woven adhesive tape sheet comprising a layer of adhesive tape.
- the bracket 22 includes a central opening 23’ and a first and a second circular opening 24 ’and 26’.
- This support 22 ’ is positioned so as to cover the lower conductive and gas diffusion layer
- the edges of the sheets 22 and 22' can come into contact and join in an integral manner.
- the cathodes 12 and 12 ’as well as their respective electrical contacts are located on both sides of the anode 14 and can be physically or electronically connected to each other.
- the air containing the oxidizer (oxygen) accesses the cathodes through the central openings 23 and 23 '.
- a single SABC air cathode device was produced. This device differed from that of the invention only in that it does not include a lower cathode 12 'or a conductive and lower diffusion layer 20'.
- the SABC device was the same size as the previously described inventive device, contained the same total mass of enzyme, mediator, glucose, buffered saline, and insulation / transport layers. In the case of the SABC device, the mass of enzyme was distributed over a single cathode (instead of two) and over a single face of the anode (instead of two). The thickness of the liquid diffusion layer was exactly double that used in the device according to the invention.
- the polarization diagram of the SABC device has been produced and is shown in FIG. 6.
- the peak power of the DABC device according to the invention is 63% higher than that of the SABC device.
- the peak operational power appears to occur over a slightly wider current range, suggesting that DABC devices may perform better over a wide range of discharge currents.
- the optimum quantity of enzyme at the cathode (BOD) for the devices tested is 2.5 mg / cm 2 .
- SABC curve A single cathode (2.5 mg enzymes / cm 2 )
- DABC curve B - a double cathode according to the invention (2 x 1.25 mg enzymes / cm 2 )); [0085] have been shown on the diagram of FIG. 7 as well as point C) which corresponds to the power of a 550 mA biocell comprising two SABCs mounted in series (2.5 mg / cm 2 enzymes).
- a DABC battery allows a power 30% higher than that of the invention but requires twice as many enzymes at the cathode. With the same amount of enzymes, an increase in potency of about 70% was obtained. With the device according to the invention. Such an increase was not foreseeable.
- the invention is not limited to the embodiments presented and other embodiments will become clear to those skilled in the art.
- 16 upper electrically insulating liquid diffusion layer of cell 10.
- 16 ' lower electrically insulating liquid diffusion layer of cell 10.
- 26 second circular opening of holder 22 for electrical contact (towards cathode 12)
- 26 ’ second circular opening of holder 22’ for electrical contact (towards cathode 12).
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2001980A FR3107786B1 (fr) | 2020-02-27 | 2020-02-27 | Biopile bi-cathodique à combustible |
| PCT/EP2021/054882 WO2021170826A1 (fr) | 2020-02-27 | 2021-02-26 | Biopile bi-cathodique à combustible |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4111518A1 true EP4111518A1 (fr) | 2023-01-04 |
Family
ID=71784146
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21709358.2A Withdrawn EP4111518A1 (fr) | 2020-02-27 | 2021-02-26 | Biopile bi-cathodique à combustible |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230361329A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4111518A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2023515826A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20230007315A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3168364A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3107786B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021170826A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4203119A1 (fr) | 2021-12-23 | 2023-06-28 | BeFC | Dispositif électronique d'une pile à biocombustible et carte de circuit imprimé |
| EP4275593A1 (fr) | 2022-05-09 | 2023-11-15 | Wellspect AB | Ensemble dispositif médical jetable avec capteur |
| EP4633698A1 (fr) | 2022-12-13 | 2025-10-22 | SHL Medical AG | Dispositif d'administration de médicament |
| EP4434460B1 (fr) | 2023-03-23 | 2026-03-04 | Wellspect AB | Récipient jetable à usage unique avec capteur analytique |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3691836B1 (ja) | 2004-08-27 | 2005-09-07 | 東洋炭素株式会社 | 膨張黒鉛シート |
| WO2006132595A1 (fr) * | 2005-06-04 | 2006-12-14 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Pile stratifiée |
| JP5044932B2 (ja) * | 2006-01-16 | 2012-10-10 | ソニー株式会社 | 燃料電池および電子機器 |
| WO2008058165A2 (fr) * | 2006-11-06 | 2008-05-15 | Akermin, Inc. | Ensembles empilages de bioanodes et de biocathodes |
| JP5181526B2 (ja) * | 2007-05-08 | 2013-04-10 | ソニー株式会社 | 燃料電池、燃料電池の製造方法および電子機器 |
| US20090047567A1 (en) * | 2007-08-16 | 2009-02-19 | Sony Corporation | Biofuel cell, method for producing the same, electronic apparatus, enzyme-immobilized electrode, and method for producing the same |
| JP5593642B2 (ja) * | 2009-02-20 | 2014-09-24 | ソニー株式会社 | 燃料電池、電子機器及びバイオセンサー |
| US9257709B2 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2016-02-09 | Stc.Unm | Paper-based fuel cell |
| CN108642091B (zh) * | 2018-05-02 | 2021-03-30 | 江南大学 | 一种同步回收金属与单质硫的方法 |
| JP7045928B2 (ja) * | 2018-05-23 | 2022-04-01 | シャープ株式会社 | 空気電池及び空気電池の製造方法 |
| FR3082359B1 (fr) | 2018-06-08 | 2020-09-11 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Biopile a reservoir de biocombustible |
-
2020
- 2020-02-27 FR FR2001980A patent/FR3107786B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2021
- 2021-02-26 US US17/802,658 patent/US20230361329A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2021-02-26 JP JP2022551262A patent/JP2023515826A/ja active Pending
- 2021-02-26 EP EP21709358.2A patent/EP4111518A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2021-02-26 CA CA3168364A patent/CA3168364A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-02-26 WO PCT/EP2021/054882 patent/WO2021170826A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-02-26 KR KR1020227032638A patent/KR20230007315A/ko active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3107786B1 (fr) | 2022-02-18 |
| WO2021170826A1 (fr) | 2021-09-02 |
| JP2023515826A (ja) | 2023-04-14 |
| KR20230007315A (ko) | 2023-01-12 |
| US20230361329A1 (en) | 2023-11-09 |
| FR3107786A1 (fr) | 2021-09-03 |
| CA3168364A1 (fr) | 2021-09-02 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP3804013B1 (fr) | Biopile a reservoir de combustible | |
| WO2021170826A1 (fr) | Biopile bi-cathodique à combustible | |
| EP2965335B1 (fr) | Supercondensateur electrochimique biocompatible | |
| US20110039165A1 (en) | Fuel cell and method for manufacturing the same, enzyme-immobilized electrode and method for manufacturing the same, and electronic apparatus | |
| US20110200889A1 (en) | Fuel cell, electronic device, and buffer solution for fuel cell | |
| EP2337134A1 (fr) | Pile a combustible, dispositif électronique et solution tampon pour pile à combustible | |
| FR3103325A1 (fr) | Dispositif de production d’énergie comprenant un réservoir | |
| US9257709B2 (en) | Paper-based fuel cell | |
| EP1497885B1 (fr) | Pile a combustible, utilisant dans le compartiment cathodique et eventuellement dans le compartiment anodique des enzymes de type oxydoreductase | |
| WO2018185417A1 (fr) | Pile à biocombustible | |
| JP5481822B2 (ja) | 酵素電極及び該酵素電極を用いた燃料電池 | |
| EP4416776A2 (fr) | Électrode enzymatique à réservoir intégré | |
| HK40043347B (zh) | 具有燃料贮存器的生物电池 | |
| HK40043347A (en) | Biocell with fuel reservoir | |
| JP2013016404A (ja) | バイオ燃料電池 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20220912 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
| DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20250902 |