EP4047136A1 - Device and method for driving piles into soil - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and also a device that can be used for this purpose for driving an elongate shaped piling 1 in the ground 20 to create or prepare a deep foundation, the piling 1 having a lower end and an upper end opposite the lower end and a longitudinal axis connecting both ends 6, the piling 1 being positioned with its lower end standing on the ground by means of a holding and guiding device 10 and being held by means of the holding and guiding device 10 during its advance. characterized in that the piling 1 is driven into the ground 20 by means of a pneumatically or hydraulically driven dynamic horizontal ram 13, with the ram 13 repeatedly generating an impact force acting on the piling 1 and directed downwards in the direction of the longitudinal axis 6, and guiding the Ramming material 1 takes place in its axial alignment during its propulsion by means of a guide traverse 2, which has a contact surface 3 for applying and guiding the ramming material 1. (Fig.3)

Description

The invention generally relates to a device by means of which an oblong shaped piling, which is in a substantially vertical plane, can be driven into the natural soil. It relates in particular to driving in a tubular pile. The invention also relates to a method for driving in such a piling and for producing a pile foundation. The method is also applicable to piles of other shapes, the length of a pile being generally much greater than its diameter (elongated), and its cross-section may be round, oval, square or some other shape.

A piece of piling standing in a substantially vertical plane, in particular a tubular piece of piling, is used, for example, for the production of pile foundations, in particular of rammed tube foundations, in that a tubular piece of piling is introduced into the ground using a ram.

Dynamic horizontal pile drivers are used for the trenchless laying of pipes. The horizontal pipe jacking is carried out by means of a ram, in which the cylindrical pile is driven by means of a pile driver, sometimes also referred to as a hammer or rammer, with repeated Impacts is applied to move the piling horizontally. The ram is moved, for example, by means of hydraulic fluid or compressed air.

A pipe is rammed into the ground for the vertical insertion of an in-situ concrete pile, for example for a pile foundation. When the target depth is reached, the desired reinforcement is placed in the pipe. After that, the pipe is filled with liquid concrete and removed from the ground with a special device.

Very deep foundations are required, for example up to 30 m and more, for various pile foundations, for example for overhead line pylons, the foundations of which, due to the height of the pylons, have to absorb high forces, including forces acting on the sides of the pylons. In addition, these and other pile foundations must be inclined by a few degrees, for example at an angle deviating from the vertical by up to 15°, sometimes even up to 20°. Any intermediate sizes in the range from greater than 0° to approx. 20° can be possible depending on the component to be founded.

If a vertical direction is described here, this is understood as a global vertical, ie as the plumb direction at the relevant location, which can be determined, for example, with a plumb line or by measurement. Deviations should be included within the tolerances that are usual or required for the foundation under consideration. In the area of the pile foundations of masts, the deviations can be in the range of ± 1°, alternatively ± 2° or ± 3°.

The pipes for the pile foundations can be driven in by means of hydraulically operated hammers or rams or by repeated explosions in the ram device. Impact energies of up to 400 kNm are currently being generated by means of hydraulically or pneumatically operated rams or by means of explosive rams. The impact energy is transferred to the piling by suitable energy transfer means, which are designed as bodies that attack or engage with the piling without damaging it as a result of the impacts and provide an impact surface for the piston of the ram, also known as the ram.

Methods of this type for the vertical or inclined introduction of piling material, for example tubular piling material, are carried out, for example, by means of an excavator which holds the piling material with its excavator arm and drives the piling ram with its hydraulic system. With such a device, the great depths mentioned can only be produced in sections, in that several shorter piles are installed one after the other and standing one on top of the other, with the individual piles having to be connected to one another, for example welded. In addition, the propulsion decreases with increasing length, so that the method is very ineffective. Using the hydraulics of the excavator also has various disadvantages. In particular, the available impact energy is limited and the hydraulics of the excavator cannot be used by the excavator while the ram is in operation.

There is a need for piling, for example tubular piling, with greater effectiveness and also at an angle deviating from the vertical to put into the ground. Depths of the piling in the ground of up to 30 m and more in one go and higher impact energies are to be achieved.

To solve the problem, it is proposed to generate the impact energy on the piling, which is to be driven into the ground perpendicularly or with the aforementioned angle of inclination, particularly required for the foundation, relative to the vertical orientation, using a dynamic horizontal ram by increasing its repeated impact force the piling acts in a direction which runs downwards in the direction of the longitudinal axis. The piling itself is positioned at the desired location using a holding and guiding device and is held and guided at the desired angle during the drive.

The piling is guided at least during the propulsion, preferably during the entire process of being driven into the ground as a result of the impact of the ram. The piling is guided by means of a guide traverse, which has a contact surface for the piling, which obviously defines the position and the angle of inclination of the piling. The piling slides along the contact surface during advance, so that its position and angle are maintained throughout the advance and very long piling can also be used. The piling material is preferably in contact with the contact surface at least in sections, based on the longitudinal extent. Viewed in cross section, the piling can rest against the contact surface over the entire circumference or on a section of its circumference. In the first case, the piling is stabilized in its position longitudinal expansion. At the same time, however, greater impact energy is required for the same propulsion due to the higher friction. The installation can take place with the interposition of spacers.

As an alternative or in addition to one of the previously described variants of the installation of the piling on the contact surface, the piling can be held on the contact surface during its advance by means of at least one preferably detachable clamping device. The holder can be designed in such a way that the piling can be displaced vertically relative to the clamping device or with it, so that the propulsion is not hindered. Such a clamping device can, for example, enclose the piling in such a way that it bears against the contact surface and can be displaced along the longitudinal extent of the guide cross-member.

According to a further embodiment, the ram is placed on the upper end of the pile and, if necessary, fixed there. The positioning and alignment of the ram is selected to achieve the impact force acting in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the piling such that the ram is moved during operation of the ram along the upper extension of the longitudinal axis of the piling.

In technology, biology and other sciences, the longitudinal axis is the axis of a body that corresponds to the direction of its greatest extent. The longitudinal axis is often also an approximate axis of symmetry of the body.

According to a further embodiment, the guide traverse can pass through during the advance of the piling an excavator can be held in the predefined position and inclination. It is possible, but not necessary, depending on the geometry of the piling and the soil conditions, for the guide crossbeam to be placed on the ground.

The method described above for driving a piling into soil can be used to prepare and in particular to produce a deep foundation, through which forces of a structure, such as a building, a mast or other, are introduced into the soil via vertical foundation elements. For such applications, a pile is used as the vertical foundation element, which is introduced as a prefabricated part or is formed from in-situ concrete in the ground, in a vertical excavation. In the first case, a prefabricated pile is driven into the ground as piles. To produce the deep foundation from in-situ concrete, the formwork for the foundation or the tool for excavating the earth can be used as pile driving material. For the latter two cases, tubes can be used, the cross-section of which can be round, oval or angular. The type of deep foundation and thus the piling depends not only on the structural requirements of the structure, but also on the cross-section of the foundation and the soil. The displaceability of the soil when using a prefabricated part should be higher than is required when installing pipes or formwork.

A device for carrying out the method, in addition to the holding and guiding device described above for the method, includes a dynamic horizontal ram which generates the repeated impact force required for propulsion. The ram is arranged on the piling in such a way that an impact force generated by means of the pile driver is directed in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the piling material downwards in the direction of the soil.

A dynamic horizontal ram generally comprises a housing inside which a piston, also known as a ram, is movably mounted. Pneumatically or hydraulically driven, the piston hits the head of the housing, so that a forward, i. H. impact energy directed towards the piling is generated and transmitted to the piling via suitable energy transmission means, for example slip-on rings or slip-on cones or other bodies adapted to the cross-section of the piling, and this is driven into the ground. The piston, and with it the horizontal ram, is operated by means of a compressor, a suitable controller and the necessary media supply by means of a supply line for compressed air, voltage, measurement and control data, for example.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the ram is arranged on the upper end of the piling such that an impact force generated by means of the ram acts on the upper end of the piling and is directed downwards in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the piling.

The device according to the invention further comprises a holding and guiding device with a guiding crossbar. As described above, this has a contact surface for applying and guiding the piling while it is being advanced.

The design of the guide traverse and its contact surface for the piling relative to its length and its Cross-section is dimensioned in such a way that the position and angle of the piling in relation to the vertical direction is maintained throughout the piling process.

In one embodiment, the holding and guiding device comprises one or more clamping devices, which hold the piling on the contact surface while it is being advanced. For this purpose, the at least one clamping device encloses the piling at least in sections, optionally completely, with the piling remaining vertically displaceable along the contact surface.

The number of clamping devices must be dimensioned according to the length of the piling in order to ensure that the piling is securely held and thus also guided throughout the piling process. According to various embodiments, one or more clamping devices can be designed to be displaceable upwards and downwards in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the guide traverse and/or detachable from the guide traverse. Precise guidance of the piling is possible, in particular, if one of the clamping devices is arranged in the area of the lower end of the guide traverse. The clamping device can have different shapes, in each case adapted to the piling. Optionally, the cross section can be enlarged or reduced for this purpose.

In a further embodiment, the device comprises a hydraulic or pneumatic compressor unit. This serves to operate the ram and can be part of the ram or a separate unit. Optionally, this can also be part of another construction machine, provided that this applies the desired impact energy.

According to a further embodiment, the guide traverse includes an adapter which is designed to be gripped by the gripper of an excavator. For example, the adapter can have struts which can be gripped behind by the grab of the excavator. Alternatively, adapters that correspond to the existing adapters of an excavator can be mounted on the guide traverse. If the adapter is detachably mounted on the guide traverse, other means of mounting can also be used. An optional displaceability of the adapter along the guide traverse also improves the adaptability of the guide traverse to the current conditions of the piling and/or the deep foundation.

In summary, it can be stated that significantly higher impact energies can be achieved by means of the use according to the invention of the dynamic horizontal ram for driving in a pile vertically. With the currently available technology of dynamic horizontal piling, up to 20 MNm per impact can be achieved. Higher values are conceivable in the future. The ram is no longer driven by an excavator or crane, but with separate compressed air, for example, so that the impact rate is increased and soiling of the soil and the environment is significantly reduced. A hydraulically operated ram can also be used as an option.

The device according to the invention and the method that can be carried out with it make it possible to ram even very long piles, for example with lengths of 30 m, if necessary also longer piles into the ground in one go. The use and cross-connection of multi-piece piles can be avoided in many applications. The hydraulics of the excavator is preferably not used for the ram. The excavator only realizes the holding and guidance of the piling.

• Fig. 1A das untere Ende eines Rammguts mit einer Halte- und Führungsvorrichtung, welche zur Aufnahme des Rammguts vorbereitet ist,
• Fig. 1B das obere Ende des Rammguts gemäß Fig. 1A, welches von einem Kran gehalten wird und auf dessen oberem Ende eine dynamische Ramme aufgesetzt ist, als perspektivische Ansicht,
• Fig. 2 das untere Ende des von der Halte- und Führungsvorrichtung gehaltenen Rammguts gemäß Fig. 1A, als perspektivische Ansicht,
• Fig. 3 ein in das Erdreich mit einem Winkel a vorgetriebenes Rammgut, gehalten von einer Halte- und Führungsvorrichtung, als perspektivische Ansicht, und
• Fig. 4 ein von einer Halte- und Führungsvorrichtung gehaltenes Rammguts, in Schnittdarstellung.

For better understanding, the invention is described below using exemplary embodiments, without restricting it to specific configurations of the device or the method. The person skilled in the art would combine the features described above and/or the features described with regard to the drawings in further versions insofar as this seems helpful to him. The drawings show in

• Figure 1A the lower end of a piling with a holding and guiding device which is prepared to receive the piling,
• Figure 1B the upper end of the piling according to Figure 1A , which is held by a crane and on the upper end of which a dynamic ram is placed, as a perspective view,
• 2 the lower end of the piling held by the holding and guiding device according to FIG Figure 1A , as a perspective view,
• 3 a piling driven into the ground at an angle a, held by a holding and guiding device, as a perspective view, and
• 4 a piling held by a holding and guiding device, in a sectional view.

The figures represent the device only schematically and only to the extent necessary for understanding the invention. You make no claim accuracy or completeness.

Figure 1A shows the lower end of a piling 1, which is held by a crane (not shown) above the ground 20 and in front of a guide traverse 2. The guide traverse 2 is part of the holding and guiding device 10 which serves to hold and guide the piling 1 while it is being driven into the ground 20 . The guide traverse 2 stands with one foot 4 on the ground 20.

The holding and guiding device 10 further comprises a plurality of clamping devices 5, two of which are shown. The clamping devices 5 are mounted at a distance from one another on the guide traverse 2 so that they can encompass the piling 1 at several heights. It is shown open, for receiving the piling 1. The side surface of the guide crossbeam 2 facing the piling 1 is the contact surface 3, which is formed in cross section by a pitch circle corresponding to the tubular piling 1 ( 4 ).

By means of the guide traverse 2, on the contact surface 3 of which the piling material 1 rests along the height of the contact surface 3, the piling material 1 is guided as described above.

The bearing surface 3 viewed in the cross section of the pile 1 ( 4 ) encloses the piling 1 preferably not completely, but only on a peripheral section, which in the exemplary embodiment can be the same or alternatively smaller than half the circumference. Alternatively, the contact surface 3 viewed over the length of the guide traverse 2 can consist of a plurality of spaced sections.

The number, the position and the length of the sections for the installation of the piling 1 on the contact surface 3 of the guide traverse 2 are to be dimensioned in particular as a function of the length and the cross section of the piling 1 and of the desired impact energy. A complete system is also possible.

2 shows the mounting of the piling 1 on the guide traverse 2 by means of the clamping devices 5. The latter can be opened to receive and release the piling 1 ( Figure 1A ). They enclose the piling 1 in such a way that it rests against the contact surface 3 along the longitudinal extent of the guide crossbeam 2, whose axis is in 2 is shown, is displaceable (represented by a double arrow). The clamping devices 5 can be opened and closed hydraulically, for example. Other locking mechanisms that can be operated mechanically or electrically are also possible.

The guide traverse 2 and with it the piling 1 mounted thereon can be held, for example, by an excavator (not shown). In Figure 1A and 2 only the free end of the extension arm 7 of the excavator is shown. In order to grip the guide traverse 2, an adapter 9, for example, can be mounted on it, optionally detachably and/or displaceably. This can be releasably connected to the extension arm 7 of the excavator, if necessary using a suitable excavator adapter 11 .

A dynamic horizontal ram 13 is mounted at the upper end of the piling 1 in relation to gravity ( Figure 1B ). Rammgut 1 and ram 13 are arranged to each other such that the position of the longitudinal axis 6 of the piling 1 with the Longitudinal axis of the ram 13 coincides. The arrangement of the dynamic horizontal ram 13 is such that its ram (not shown) in relation to the piling 1, axial direction 6, ie vertically or at the desired angle a, hits the piling 1 or connected to the piling 1 energy transfer means to drive the piling 1 into the ground 20 ( 3 ).

A ramming process using the ram described can be carried out as described below.

The piling 1, for example a steel tube, is provided in the required length, possibly in several parts. Even before the assembly of the piling 1 on a suitable holding and guiding device (not shown), the dynamic horizontal ram 13, hereinafter referred to simply as the dynamic ram 13, is mounted on the upper end of the piling 1 in such a way ( Figure 1B ) that the impact impulse generated by the impact in the dynamic ram 13 is directed in the axial direction 6 to the opposite lower end of the pile 1.

The piling 1 preassembled in this way can then be assembled on the holding and guiding device, which is already attached to the boom 6 of an excavator, for example ( 2 ). Depending on the length of the piling 1, other machines for receiving the holding and guiding device and the pre-assembled piling 1 can also be used. If it is advantageous due to the length of the piling, the assembly of the prefabricated piling can also be carried out using a crane 17, for example a truck-mounted crane.

The ramming material 1 is fixed by means of the guiding traverse 2 and the clamping devices 5, which preferably comprise a lower guiding device for the ramming material. Using the extension arm 7 of the excavator or said alternative machine, the piling 1 is positioned vertically or with the desired driving angle a on the ground 20 ( 3 ) and subsequently put the dynamic ram 13 into operation.

Reference List

1

piling

2

guide traverse

3

contact surface

5

clamping device

6

Longitudinal axis, axial direction

7

Boom arm of an excavator

9

adapter

10

Holding and guiding device

11

excavator adapter

13

Horizontal ram, dynamic ram

14

Housing

15

supply line

17

crane

20

soil

a

angle of the piling

Claims (12)

Method for driving an elongate shaped piling (1) in the ground for the creation or preparation of a deep foundation, wherein the piling (1) has a lower end and an upper end opposite the lower end and a longitudinal axis (6) connecting both ends, the The piling (1) is positioned with its lower end standing on the ground (20) by means of a holding and guiding device (10) and is held during its advance by means of the holding and guiding device (10), characterized in that the advance of the piling (1) into the ground (20) by means of a pneumatically or hydraulically driven dynamic horizontal ram (13), the ram (13) repeatedly generating an impact force acting on the piling (1) in the direction of the longitudinal axis (6), directed downwards, and the leadership of the piling (1) in its axial alignment during its advance by means of a guide traverse (2) which has a contact surface (3) for Creating and guiding the pile (1). Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the piling (1) bears against the contact surface (3) at least in sections during its advance. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the piling (1) is held on the contact surface (3) in a vertically displaceable manner during the advance by means of at least one clamping device (5). Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ram (13) is placed on the upper end of the piling (1) and its ram is moved along the upper extension of the longitudinal axis (6) of the piling (1). Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the guide traverse (2) is held in the predefined position and inclination of the piling (1) by an excavator while the piling (1) is being driven forward. Method for producing a deep foundation, which introduces the forces of a structure into the ground (20) via vertical foundation elements, a pile being introduced into the ground (20) in the form of a prefabricated part or in the form of a pile produced on site, characterized in that Piling material (1), a prefabricated pile or the formwork of a pile to be formed on site in the ground (20) or a tool for excavating the ground for the deep foundation is driven into the ground (20) using a method according to one of the preceding claims. Device designed to carry out a method according to one of Claims 1 to 6, with a holding and guiding device (10) for holding and guiding an elongate shaped pile (1) before and during its advance, the pile (1) having a lower end and an upper end opposite the lower end and a longitudinal axis (6) connecting both ends, and with a ram (13) which is designed to generate a repeatable impact force, characterized in that the ram (13) is a dynamic horizontal ram ( 13) which comprises a hydraulically or pneumatically drivable ram and an energy transmission means for transmitting the impact energy of the ram to the item to be driven (1), that the ram (13) is arranged on the item (1) to be driven in such a way that an impact force generated by means of the ram is directed downwards in the direction of the longitudinal axis (6) of the piling (1), and that the holding and guiding device (10) is a guiding crossbar e (2), which has a contact surface (3) for applying and guiding the piling (1) during its advance. Device according to Claim 7, characterized in that the holding and guiding device (10) comprises a clamping device (5) which encloses the piling (1) at least in sections in such a way that the piling (1) on the contact surface (3) during its advance and is held vertically displaceable along this. Device according to one of claims 7 or 8, characterized in that at least one clamping device (5) in in the direction of the axis (6) of the guide traverse (2) and/or can be displaced upwards and/or downwards and/or can be detached from the guide traverse (2) and/or its cross-section can be enlarged or reduced. Device according to one of Claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the ram (13) is arranged on the upper end of the piling (1) in such a way that an impact force generated by means of the ram acts on the upper end of the piling (1). Device according to one of Claims 7 to 10, characterized in that the device comprises a hydraulic or pneumatic compressor unit for operating the ram (13). Device according to one of Claims 7 to 11, characterized in that the guide traverse (2) has an adapter (9) which is designed for connection to the gripper of an excavator.

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