Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
  • B32B1/08—Tubular products
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
  • B29B15/00—Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00
  • B29B15/08—Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00 of reinforcements or fillers
  • B29B15/10—Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step
  • B29B15/12—Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step of reinforcements of indefinite length
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
  • B29C48/07—Flat, e.g. panels
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
  • B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C48/15—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. extrusion moulding around inserts
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
  • B29C48/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C53/00—Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening or flattening; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C53/56—Winding and joining, e.g. winding spirally
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
  • B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
  • B29C65/1429—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface
  • B29C65/1435—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. transmission welding
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
  • B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
  • B29C65/16—Laser beams
  • B29C65/1677—Laser beams making use of an absorber or impact modifier
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
  • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
  • B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
  • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
  • B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
  • B29C66/712—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined the composition of one of the parts to be joined being different from the composition of the other part
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
  • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
  • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
  • B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
  • B29C66/7212—Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the composition of the fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
  • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
  • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
  • B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
  • B29C66/7214—Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the length of the fibres
  • B29C66/72141—Fibres of continuous length
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
  • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
  • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
  • B29C66/731—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined
  • B29C66/7311—Thermal properties
  • B29C66/73115—Melting point
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
  • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
  • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
  • B29C66/731—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined
  • B29C66/7311—Thermal properties
  • B29C66/73117—Tg, i.e. glass transition temperature
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
  • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
  • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
  • B29C66/733—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, e.g. fluorescence, phosphorescence
  • B29C66/7332—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, e.g. fluorescence, phosphorescence at least one of the parts to be joined being coloured
  • B29C66/73321—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, e.g. fluorescence, phosphorescence at least one of the parts to be joined being coloured both parts to be joined being coloured
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
  • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
  • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
  • B29C66/737—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
  • B29C66/7377—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined amorphous, semi-crystalline or crystalline
  • B29C66/73773—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined amorphous, semi-crystalline or crystalline the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being semi-crystalline
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
  • B29C70/58—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising fillers only, e.g. particles, powder, beads, flakes, spheres
  • B29C70/64—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising fillers only, e.g. particles, powder, beads, flakes, spheres the filler influencing the surface characteristics of the material, e.g. by concentrating near the surface or by incorporating in the surface by force
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
  • B29C70/88—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts characterised primarily by possessing specific properties, e.g. electrically conductive or locally reinforced
  • B29C70/887—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts characterised primarily by possessing specific properties, e.g. electrically conductive or locally reinforced locally reinforced, e.g. by fillers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
  • B29D23/00—Producing tubular articles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/02—Layer formed of wires, e.g. mesh
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
  • B32B15/088—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin comprising polyamides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/12—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
  • B32B27/20—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/28—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42
  • B32B27/285—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42 comprising polyethers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/28—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42
  • B32B27/288—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42 comprising polyketones
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/34—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyamides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/02—Physical, chemical or physicochemical properties
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• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
  • F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
  • F17C2203/0614—Single wall
  • F17C2203/0619—Single wall with two layers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
  • F17C2203/066—Plastics
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
  • F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
  • F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
  • F17C2203/0673—Polymers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
  • F17C2203/0675—Synthetics with details of composition
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
  • F17C2209/21—Shaping processes
  • F17C2209/2109—Moulding
  • F17C2209/2118—Moulding by injection
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
  • F17C2209/21—Shaping processes
  • F17C2209/2109—Moulding
  • F17C2209/2127—Moulding by blowing
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
  • F17C2209/21—Shaping processes
  • F17C2209/2154—Winding
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
  • F17C2209/22—Assembling processes
  • F17C2209/221—Welding
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
  • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
  • F17C2221/012—Hydrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2270/00—Applications
  • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
  • F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
  • F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2270/00—Applications
  • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
  • F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
  • F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
  • F17C2270/0171—Trucks
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2270/00—Applications
  • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
  • F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
  • F17C2270/0184—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
  • Y02P90/45—Hydrogen technologies in production processes

Definitions

• TITLE MULTI-LAYER STRUCTURE FOR THE TRANSPORT OR STORAGE OF
• the electric vehicle still suffers today from several problems, namely the autonomy of the battery, the use in these rare earth batteries whose resources are not inexhaustible as well as a problem of electricity production in different countries to be able to recharge the batteries.
• Hydrogen therefore represents an alternative to the electric battery since hydrogen can be transformed into electricity by means of a fuel cell and thus power electric vehicles.
• Hydrogen tanks generally consist of a metallic liner which must prevent the permeation of hydrogen. This first envelope must itself be protected by a second envelope (in composite materials in general) intended to withstand the internal pressure of the tank (for example, 700 bars) and resistant to possible shocks or heat sources. The valve system must also be safe.
• a resin bladder thermosetting or thermoplastic
• a liner also called a liner (or sealing sheath)
• a reinforcing structure made up of fibers (glass, aramid, carbon) also called sheath or reinforcing layer which allow to work at much higher pressures while reducing the mass and avoiding the risk of explosive rupture in the event of severe external attacks. This is how 70 MPa (700bars) practically became the current standard.
• the liner and the backing layer are made of different materials, which has the disadvantage of exhibiting a lack of adhesion between the liner and the backing layer, which poses problems of liner collapse.
• an accumulation of gas at the interface between the liner and the composite and, on the other hand, a drop in the internal pressure of the reservoir when simultaneously, there is on the one hand an accumulation of gas at the interface between the liner and the composite and, on the other hand, a drop in the internal pressure of the reservoir.
• the hydrogen in a low volume and therefore under high pressure, to ensure a sufficient flow rate.
• composite pipes composed of a sealing sheath (ensuring tightness and chemical resistance), reinforced by an outer layer made of a composite material, which is produced by filament winding, from unidirectional tapes (UD) deposited in successive layers on the liner.
• UD unidirectional tapes
• you want to make this hose flexible it is It is interesting to wind the UD tapes with one or more angles of orientation with respect to the axis of the pipe so that the composite reinforcement can withstand the deformations of the composite pipe during its use.
• the composite reinforcement allows the pipe to resist the internal pressure of the pipe generated by the transported fluid.
• the sealing sheath must resist collapse, especially during production shutdowns resulting in a sudden drop in pressure. This risk of collapse exists when the sheath is not adherent to the composite reinforcement and then gas may be present between the sealing sheath and the composite reinforcement.
• a carcass this reinforcement, often metallic, is perforated to be flexible and is therefore not waterproof to the fluid transported. It adds weight, a degree of complexity and an extra cost to the hose. Also, to reduce the weight, or even eliminate the internal carcass of composite pipes, it is necessary for the composite reinforcement to adhere to the sealing sheath, as in the case of type V storage tanks.
• sealing sheath must be able to be extruded continuously, possibly on the support of an internal carcass, as indicated above.
• This sealing sheath must be sufficiently chemically stable so that its mechanical characteristics and its tightness do not deteriorate in a crippling manner during the life of the tank or hose.
• the sealing sheath In the case of a flexible pipe comprising an internal metal casing, the sealing sheath must also withstand the effect of the flow of the material constituting it, following the stresses generated on the sealing sheath by the internal pressure of the pipe. Creep occurs in the joints (space or clearance) between the metal armors (for example of self-stapled zeta geometry or T) on which the sheath rests when the pipe is pressurized by the effluent transported, creating growths of material which generate stress concentrations and are therefore privileged rupture zones of the sealing sheath: the material constituting the sealing sheath must therefore also withstand these stress concentrations.
• Airborne has developed various flexible hoses, without internal carcass and comprising a sealing sheath adhering to the composite reinforcement, comprising:
• the matrix of the composite reinforcement has a glass transition temperature, Tg, lower than the temperature of use of the pipe, Tu, ie, in the case of pipes based on PA1 1 or PA12 , a Tg of 50 ° C in the dry state for a pipe use temperature, Tu, of 60 to 80 ° C and in the case of PVDF, a Tg of -40 ° C, for a continuous use temperature above 100 ° C and often close to 130 ° C.
• the rigidity (modulus) of the matrix remains high beyond its Tg until another transition is reached, the alpha transition towards 100 ° C, beyond its behavior becomes purely rubbery.
• the matrix of the composite reinforcement is in a completely rubbery state, at the temperature Tu of use of the composite pipe.
• Ticona in partnership with Airborne, offers a composite pipe comprising a PPS FC reinforcement and a PPS sealing sheath.
• this structure poses the same problem for the matrix of the composite as the solution based on PVDF (that is to say Tg ⁇ Tu), but which also presents the problem of the temperature of transformation (typically 350 ° C versus 250 ° C, for PPS and PVDF, respectively).
• PPS is suitable for the matrix of the composite but the problem of the extrusion temperature of the sealing sheath (liner) remains, as well as that of its great rigidity, which limits the flexibility of the liner. composite pipe.
• the matrix of the composite so as to optimize its mechanical resistance at high temperature and on the other hand the material composing the sheath. sealing, so as to optimize its processing temperature, without degrading the adhesion of the composite reinforcement to the sealing sheath.
• the possible modification of the composition of the material making up the sealing sheath which will be made to ensure miscibility or less partial with the matrix of the composite, must not result in a significant increase in the manufacturing temperature (extrusion). blowing, injection, rotational molding ...) of this liner, compared to what is practiced today with polyamides and PVDFs.
• a multilayer structure of the present invention which is a fully bonded, "bi-material” composite pipe or tank, and composed of a high strength composite reinforcement, that is. that is to say comprising a high Tg matrix, deposited in particular by filament winding on a liner previously extruded at relatively low temperature.
• a high strength composite reinforcement that is. that is to say comprising a high Tg matrix, deposited in particular by filament winding on a liner previously extruded at relatively low temperature.
• the adhesion between the composite and the liner is very good.
• the present invention therefore relates to a multilayer structure chosen from a tank, a pipe or tube, intended for transporting or storing hydrogen, comprising, from the inside to the outside, at least one sealing layer and at least one. composite reinforcement layer,
• said innermost composite reinforcing layer being welded to said outermost adjacent waterproofing layer
• the inventors have therefore unexpectedly found that the use of a different polymer for the matrix of the composite and the liner and in particular: a matrix of the composite reinforcement composed of a polymer having a Tg
• Tu significantly higher than the maximum temperature of use of the tank or the pipe, Tu, (Tg> Tu + 20 ° C, in particular Tg> Tu + 30 ° C, typically) so as to remain in its vitreous domain and have great rigidity , thus allowing the composite to have high mechanical resistance,
• the semi-crystalline polymer composing the liner exhibiting a low melting point, Tm, allowing transformation by extrusion, extrusion blow molding, rotomoulding, injection or by winding a film of pure resin, as the case may be, at a moderate temperature customary for the liner
• Tm melting point
• the low Tm semi-crystalline polymers known to date also exhibit a low Tg, which will, in most cases, be below the maximum temperature of use. Consequently, the polymer composing the liner will work in its rubbery domain and will therefore be very flexible and therefore very resistant to fatigue. Its semi-crystalline character will give it good resistance to chemical attack and abrasion and creep,
• the two aforementioned polymers that making up the matrix of the composite and that making up the liner
• the two aforementioned polymers are sufficiently miscible with one another to ensure the weldability of the composite on the liner and therefore excellent adhesion between the liner and the composite.
• the durability of the adhesion will be guaranteed by the durability of the material constituting the mixture at the interface of the two materials, in other words in the welded joint.
• the miscibility of the two polymers is reflected, preferably by a single Tg, or failing this, by a signature characteristic of a partially homogeneous mixture, for example by the presence of two Tg values intermediate to the Tg of the two pure polymers.
• multilayer structure is meant for example a tank, a pipe or tube, comprising or consisting of several layers, in particular two layers.
• the waterproofing layer or layers are the innermost layers compared to the composite reinforcing layers which are the outermost layers.
• the sealing layer is in contact with the hydrogen even if an inner and therefore the innermost, non-sealed metallic layer, formed by a profiled metal strip wound in a helix such as a strip stapled to form said carcass, is present and on which the sealing layer or layers are coated by extrusion.
• sealing layers When several sealing layers are present, only the innermost layer of the sealing layers is in direct contact with the hydrogen. When only a waterproofing layer and a composite reinforcing layer are present, thus leading to a multilayer structure with two layers, then these two layers are welded and therefore adhere to each other, in direct contact with each other. the other. When several waterproofing layers are present and / or several composite reinforcing layers, then the outermost layer of said waterproofing layers, and therefore opposite the layer in contact with hydrogen, is welded to the layer the innermost of said composite reinforcement, and therefore adhere to one another, in direct contact with one another.
• the other composite reinforcement layers are also welded together.
• the other waterproofing layers are also welded together.
• sealing layer (s) and the thermoplastic polymer P1 i One or more sealing layers may or may be present.
• the term “predominantly” means that said at least one polymer is present in more than 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
• said at least one majority polymer is present at more than 60% by weight, in particular at more than 70% by weight, particularly at more than 80% by weight, more particularly greater than or equal to 90% by weight 90% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition.
• Said composition can also comprise impact modifiers and / or additives.
• the additives can be selected from an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, a UV absorber, a light stabilizer, a lubricant, an inorganic filler, a flame retardant, a nucleating agent, a plasticizer, a colorant, black carbon and carbon nanofillers.
• said composition consists of said thermoplastic polymer P1 i predominantly, from 0 to 5% by weight of impact modifier, from 0 to 5% by weight of additives, the sum of the constituents of the composition being equal to 100% (based on a max of P2i of 90%.
• Said at least one majority polymer of each layer may be identical or different.
• a single majority polymer is present at least in the sealing layer welded to the composite reinforcing layer.
• thermoplastic or thermoplastic polymer
• Tg glass transition temperature
• Tf melting temperature
• Tg, Te and Tf are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to 11357-2: 2013 and 11357-3: 2013 respectively.
• the number-average molecular mass Mn of said thermoplastic polymer is preferably in a range of 10,000 to 40,000, preferably 12,000 to 30,000. These Mn values may correspond to inherent viscosities greater than or equal to 0.8 as determined in the m-cresol according to ISO 307: 2007 but by changing the solvent (use of m-cresol instead of sulfuric acid and the temperature being 20 ° C).
• thermoplastic polymers suitable in the present invention, there may be mentioned:
• polyamides including copolymers, for example polyamide-polyethers, polyesters, and PVDF copolymers and a PVDF / PEI mixture in which PVDF is predominant.
• semi-crystalline polymers More particularly preferred among the semi-crystalline polymers are the polyamides and their semi-crystalline copolymers.
• the polyamide can be a homopolyamide or a copolyamide or a mixture thereof.
• said thermoplastic polymer is a long-chain aliphatic polyamide, that is to say a polyamide having an average number of carbon atoms per nitrogen atom greater than 8.5, preferably greater than 9.
• the long-chain aliphatic polyamide is chosen from:
• PA11 polyamide 11
• PA12 polyamide 12
• PA1010 polyamide 1010
• PA1012 polyamide 1012
• PA1012 polyamide 1212
• PA1012 polyamide 1212
• thermoplastic polymer is a long-chain semi-aromatic polyamide, that is to say a polyamide having an average number of carbon atoms per nitrogen atom greater than 8.5, preferably greater than 9 and a
• the long-chain semi-aromatic polyamide is chosen from polyamide 1 1 / 5T or 11 / 6T or 1 1 / 10T.
• the rate of 1 1 must be chosen so that the Tm of said polymers is less than 280 ° C, preferably less than 265 ° C.
• each waterproofing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer, in particular a polyamide.
• said composition comprising said polymer P1 i is black in color and capable of absorbing radiation suitable for welding.
• thermoplastic thermoplastic
• heated blades with or without contact, ultrasound, infrared, application of vibrations, a rotation of one element to be welded against the other or even laser welding.
• thermoplastic polymer elements in particular by laser welding requires that the two elements to be welded have different properties with respect to radiation, in particular laser: one of the elements must be transparent to the
• radiation including laser
• the other must absorb radiation including laser.
• the radiation, particularly laser thus passes through the transparent element and then reaches the absorbent element, where it is converted into heat. This makes it possible to melt the contact zone between the two elements and therefore to perform the weld.
• the two parts to be welded are black in color, therefore including the part transparent to laser radiation.
• the welding is carried out by a system chosen from among the laser, infrared heating (IR), heating by led, heating by induction or by weight or high frequency (HF) heating.
• IR infrared heating
• HF high frequency
• the composition P1 i comprises non-agglomerated or non-aggregated carbonaceous fillers.
• the composition P1 i comprises metal particles.
• the welding is carried out by a laser system.
• One or more composite reinforcing layers may or may be present.
• Each of said layers consists of a composition mainly comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer P2j, j corresponding to the number of layers present.
• the term “predominantly” means that said at least one polymer is present in more than 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
• said at least one major polymer is present at more than 60% by weight, in particular at more than 70% by weight, particularly at more than 80% by weight, more particularly greater than or equal to 90% by weight, relative to the weight total composition,
• Said composition can also comprise impact modifiers and / or additives.
• the additives can be selected from an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, a UV absorber, a light stabilizer, a lubricant, an inorganic filler, a flame retardant, a nucleating agent, a plasticizer and a colorant.
• said composition consists of said thermoplastic polymer P2j predominantly, from 0 to 5% by weight of impact modifier, from 0 to 5% by weight of additives, the sum of the constituents of the composition being equal to 100% (based on a max of P2j of 90%.
• Said at least one majority polymer of each layer may be identical or different.
• a single majority polymer is present at least in the composite reinforcing layer welded to the waterproofing layer.
• each reinforcing layer comprises the same type of polymer, in particular a polyamide.
• thermoplastic or thermoplastic polymer
• Tg temperature of glass transition
• Tf melting temperature
• Tg, Te and Tf are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to standard 11357-2: 2013 and 11357-3: 2013 respectively.
• the polymer P2j of the composition of at least one of said composite reinforcing layers is such that its Tg is greater than the maximum temperature of use (Tu) of said structure and in particular, the Tg> Tu + 20 ° C, in particular Tg> Tu + 30 ° C.
• the polymer P2j has a Tg> Tu + 20 ° C, in particular Tg> Tu + 30 ° C, whatever the position of said reinforcing layer.
• said reinforcing layer consisting of a composition comprising the polymer P2j having a Tg> Tu + 20 ° C, in particular Tg> Tu + 30 ° C is the layer welded to said sealing layer.
• the polymer P2j of the composition of at least one of said composite reinforcing layers is such that its Tg is greater than the maximum temperature of use (Tu) of said structure Tg> Tu + 20 ° C and said reinforcing layer consisting of a composition comprising the polymer P2j is the layer welded to said sealing layer.
• the polymer P2j of the composition of at least one of said composite reinforcing layers is such that its Tg is greater than the maximum temperature of use (Tu) of said structure Tg> Tu + 30 ° C and said reinforcing layer consisting of a composition comprising the polymer P2j is the layer welded to said sealing layer.
• said reinforcing layer consisting of a composition comprising the polymer P2j has a Tg> Tu + 20 ° C, in particular Tg> Tu + 30 ° C, is the outermost reinforcing layer of the structure .
• the number-average molecular mass Mn of said thermoplastic polymer is preferably in a range of 10,000 to 40,000, preferably 12,000 to 30,000. These Mn values may correspond to inherent viscosities greater than or equal to 0.8 as determined in the m-cresol according to the ISO 307: 2007 standard but by changing the solvent (use of m-cresol in place of sulfuric acid and the temperature being 20 ° C).
• thermoplastic polymers suitable in the present invention, there may be mentioned:
• polyamides in particular comprising an aromatic structure and / or
• cycloaliphatic including copolymers, for example polyamide-polyethers, polyesters,
• PAEK polyaryletherketones
• polyimides in particular polyetherimides (PEI) or polyamide-imides
• PEI polyetherimides
• PSU polyarylsulfones
• polyphenylsulfones in particular polyphenylsulfones
• PES polyethersulfones
• semi-crystalline polymers are more particularly preferred, and in particular polyamides and their semi-crystalline copolymers.
• the nomenclature used to define polyamides is described in standard ISO 1874-1: 201 1 "Plastics - Polyamide materials (PA) for molding and extrusion - Part 1: Description", in particular on page 3 (tables 1 and 2) and is well known to those skilled in the art.
• the polyamide can be a homopolyamide or a copolyamide or a mixture thereof.
• the semi-crystalline polyamides are semi-aromatic polyamide, in particular a semi-aromatic polyamide of formula X / YAr, as described in EP1505099, in particular a semi-aromatic polyamide of formula A / XT in which A is chosen from a unit obtained from an amino acid, a unit obtained from a lactam and a unit corresponding to the formula (diamine in Ca). (Cb diacid), with a representing the number of carbon atoms of the diamine and b representing the number of carbon atoms of the diacid, a and b each being between 4 and 36,
• the unit (diamine in Ca) being chosen from aliphatic diamines, linear or branched, cycloaliphatic diamines and alkylaromatic diamines and the unit (Cb diacid) being chosen from aliphatic, linear or branched diacids, cycloaliphatic diacids and aromatic diacids;
• XT denotes a unit obtained from the polycondensation of a Cx diamine and terephthalic acid, with x representing the number of carbon atoms of the Cx diamine, x being between 5 and 36, advantageously between 9 and 18, in particular a polyamide of formula A / 5T, A / 6T, A / 9T, A / 10T or A / 1 1 T, A being as defined above, in particular a polyamide chosen from a PA MPMDT / 6T , one PA11 / 10T, one PA 5T / 10T, one PA 11 / BACT, one PA 1 1 / 6T / 10T, one PA MXDT / 10T, one PA MPMDT / 10T, one PA MPMDT / 10T, one PA
• T corresponds to terephthalic acid
• MXD corresponds to m-xylylenediamine
• MPMD corresponds to methylpentamethylene diamine
• BAC corresponds to
• Said semi-aromatic polyamides defined above have in particular a Tg greater than or equal to 80 ° C.
• each composite reinforcing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer, in particular a polyamide.
• said composition comprising said polymer P2j is transparent to radiation suitable for welding.
• Thermoplastic polymers are generally transparent for the purposes of welding, in particular laser.
• the carbonaceous nanofillers make it possible to impart a black color to a layer of a composition comprising a thermoplastic polymer, while maintaining the transparency to laser radiation of said layer.
• the carbonaceous nanofillers are not agglomerated or not aggregated.
• the carbonaceous nanofillers are incorporated into the composition in an amount of 100 ppm to 500 ppm, and preferably of 100 ppm to 250 ppm.
• the carbon nanofillers are chosen from carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers, graphene, nanometric carbon black, and mixtures thereof.
• the carbonaceous nanofillers are devoid of nanometric carbon black.
• the welding is carried out by a system chosen from among the laser, IR heating or induction heating.
• the welding is carried out by a laser system.
• the laser radiation is infrared laser radiation, and preferably has a wavelength of between 700 nm and 1200 nm and preferably between 800 nm and 1100 nm.
• Said multilayer structure therefore comprises at least one sealing layer and at least one composite reinforcing layer which are welded.
• each polymer P1 i of each sealing layer is partially or totally miscible with each polymer P1 i of the adjacent layer (s)
• each polymer P2j of each reinforcing layer is partially or totally miscible with each polymer P2j of the adjacent layer (s)
• each polymer P2j is partially or totally miscible with each PU polymer when they are adjacent
• the polymer P21 is partially or totally miscible with the polymer P11 which is adjacent to it
• the total or partial miscibility of said polymers being defined by the difference in glass transition temperature of the two resins, in the mixture, related to the difference in glass transition temperature of the two resins, before mixing, and the miscibility being total when said difference is equal to 0, and miscibility being partial, when said difference is different from 0, an immiscibility of the polymer P2j with the polymer PU being excluded.
• miscibility of said polymers When the miscibility of said polymers is partial said difference is said miscibility is greater than said difference is small.
• said difference is less than 30%, preferably less than 20%, in absolute value.
• the glass transition temperature (s) of the mixture depending on whether the miscibility is total or partial, which must be between the glass transition temperatures of said polymers before mixing and different from them, by at least 5 ° C, preferably at least 10 ° C.
• completely miscible means that when, for example, two polymers P11 and PI2 having respectively a Tg1 i and a Tgl2 , are respectively present in two sealing layers or two adjacent reinforcing layers, then the mixture of the two polymers does not has only one Tg1112 whose value is between Tg11 and a Tg1 2.
• This Tg11I2 value is then greater than Tg1 i by at least 5 ° C, in particular by at least 10 ° C and lower than Tgl2 by at least 5 ° C, in particular by at least 10 ° C.
• partially miscible means that when, for example, two polymers P1 i and PI2 having respectively a Tg1 i and a Tgl2, are present
• the mixture of the two polymers has two Tg: Tg'1 i and Tg'1 2 , with Tg1 i ⁇ Tg'1 i ⁇ Tg'1 2 ⁇ Tg1 2 .
• Tg'1 i and Tg ' ⁇ values are then greater than Tg1 i by at least 5 ° C, in particular by at least 10 ° C and below Tgl2 by at least 5 ° C, in particular by minus 10 ° C.
• Tg, Tg1 i and Tgl2 An immiscibility of two polymers results in the presence of two Tg, Tg1 i and Tgl2 , in the mixture of the two polymers which correspond to the respective Tg Tg1 i and Tgl2 of the pure polymers taken separately.
• said welded sealing and reinforcing layers consist of compositions which respectively comprise different polymers.
• said different polymers can be of the same type.
• one of the two welded composite waterproofing and reinforcing layers consists of a composition comprising an aliphatic polyamide
• the other layer consists of a composition comprising a polyamide which is not aliphatic and which is for example a semi-aromatic polyamide so as to have a high tg polymer as the matrix of the composite reinforcement.
• Said multilayer structure can include up to 10 waterproofing layers and up to
• said multilayer structure is not necessarily symmetrical and that it can therefore include more sealing layers than composite layers or vice versa.
• said multilayer structure comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten sealing layers and one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten layers composite reinforcement.
• said multilayer structure comprises one, two, three, four or five sealing layers and one, two, three, four or five composite reinforcement layers.
• said multilayer structure comprises one, two or three sealing layers and one two or three composite reinforcement layers.
• they consist of compositions which comprise
• polyamides corresponding to polyamides P1 i and P2j respectively.
• said multilayer structure comprises a single waterproofing layer and several reinforcing layers, said waterproofing layer being welded to said adjacent reinforcing layer.
• said multilayer structure comprises a single reinforcing layer and a plurality of sealing layers, said reinforcing layer being welded to said adjacent sealing layer.
• said multilayer structure comprises a single sealing layer and a single composite reinforcing layer which are welded. All combinations of these two layers are therefore within the scope of the invention, provided that at least said innermost composite reinforcing layer is welded to said outermost adjacent waterproofing layer, the other layers being welded. between them or not.
• each sealing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer P1 i, in particular a polyamide.
• polystyrene resin By the same type of polymer is meant for example a polyamide which can be an identical or different polyamide depending on the layers.
• said polymer P1 i is a polyamide and said polymer P2j is a polyamide.
• the polyamide P1 i is identical for all the waterproofing layers.
• said polymer P1 i is a long-chain aliphatic polyamide, in particular PA1010, PA 1012, PA 1212, PA11, PA12, in particular PA 11 or PA12.
• the polyamide P1 i is a long-chain semi-aromatic polyamide, in particular PA 11 / 5T, PA 1 1 / 6T or PA 11 / 10T.
• the level of 11 must be chosen judiciously so that the Tm of said polymers is less than 280 ° C, preferably 265 ° C.
• each reinforcing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer P2j, in particular a polyamide.
• the P2j polyamide is identical for all the reinforcing layers.
• said polymer P2j is a semi-aromatic polyamide, in particular chosen from a PA MPMDT / 6T, a PA 1 1/1 OT, a PA 1 1 / BACT, a PA 5T / 10T, a PA 11 / 6T / 10T , one PA MXDT / 10T, one PA MPMDT / 10T, one PA BACT / 10T, one PA BACT / 6T,
• PA BACT / 10T / 6T one PA 11 / BACT / 6T, PA 11 / MPMDT / 6T, PA 11 / MPMDT / 10T, PA 1 1 / BACT / 10T, one PA 1 1 / MXDT / 10T and one PA 5T / 10T.
• each sealing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer P1 i, in particular a polyamide
• each reinforcing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer P2j, in particular a polyamide, provided that the polyamides P1 i and P2j are different, that is to say that if the sealing layer (s) is or consist (s) of compositions comprising a long-chain aliphatic polyamide then the or the waterproofing layers are or consist of compositions comprising a semi-aromatic polyamide.
• said polymer P1 i is a long-chain aliphatic polyamide, in particular PA1010, PA 1012, PA 1212, PA11, PA12, in particular PA 11 or PA12 and said polymer P2j is a semi-aromatic polyamide, in particular chosen from a PA MPMDT / 6T, one PA PA11 / 10T, one PA 11 / BACT, one PA 5T / 10T, one PA 11 / 6T / 10T, one PA MXDT / 10T, one PA MPMDT / 10T, one PA BACT / 10T, one PA BACT / 6T, PA BACT / 10T / 6T, one PA 11 / BACT / 6T, PA 1 1 / MPMDT / 6T, PA 11 / MPMDT / 10T, PA 11 / BACT / 10T, one PA 1 1 / MXDT / 10T and a 5T / 10T PA.
• said multilayer structure consists of a single reinforcing layer and a single sealing layer in which said polymer P1 i is a long-chain aliphatic polyamide, in particular PA1010, PA 1012, PA 1212, PA1 1, PA12, in particular PA 11 or PA12 and said polymer P2j is a semi-aromatic polyamide, in particular chosen from a PA MPMDT / 6T, a PA PA1 1 / 10T, a PA 11 / BACT, a PA 1 1 / 6T / 10T, one PA MXDT / 10T, one PA MPMDT / 10T, one PA BACT / 10T, one PA BACT / 6T, PA BACT / 10T / 6T, one PA 11 / BACT / 6T, PA 1 1 / MPMDT / 6T, PA
• said multilayer structure is a reservoir.
• said multilayer structure is a flexible pipe.
• the maximum temperature of use Tu of said multilayer structure is greater than 50 ° C, in particular greater than 100 ° C.
• said multilayer structure defined above exhibits resistance to decompression and suitability for drying.
• the hydrogen in the case of the storage or transport of hydrogen, the hydrogen can diffuse through the sealing layer (s), from the inside of the tube or the tank towards the interface between the last layer of 'waterproofing and the first layer of composite reinforcement, due to the permeability of the sealing layer or layers to transported or stored hydrogen.
• the accumulation of hydrogen at this location can generate a pressure which will lead to buckling (collapse) of the sealing layer (s), when the pressure inside the tube or the tank will be lower than the pressure at the interface with the composite reinforcement, which may occur in particular when the pumping or transport of hydrogen is stopped during a production shutdown which leads to a pressure drop of several hundred bars at atmospheric pressure or when the tank of storage will be empty.
• said multilayer structure defined above further comprises a metal carcass located inside the sealing layer.
• This metallic carcass is not waterproof and corresponds to the innermost layer.
• said multilayer structure further comprises at least one outer layer, in particular metallic, said layer being the outermost layer of said multilayer structure.
• Said outer layer is a second reinforcing layer but metallic and not composite.
• a polymeric protective layer (outermost layer) which notably has an anti-abrasion role or which makes it possible to put an inscription on the structure.
• constituent fibers of said fibrous material they are in particular fibers of mineral, organic or plant origin.
• said fibrous material can be sized or not sized.
• Said fibrous material can therefore comprise up to 0.1% by weight of an organic material (thermosetting or thermoplastic resin type) called sizing.
• fibers of mineral origin mention may be made of carbon fibers, glass fibers, basalt or basalt-based fibers, silica fibers, or silicon carbide fibers, for example.
• fibers of organic origin mention may be made of fibers based on a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer, such as semi-aromatic polyamide fibers, aramid fibers or polyolefin fibers, for example.
• they are based on an amorphous thermoplastic polymer and have a glass transition temperature Tg greater than the Tg of the polymer or mixture of thermoplastic polymer of constitution of the prepregnation matrix when the latter is amorphous, or greater than the Tm of the polymer or mixture of thermoplastic polymer of constitution of the prepregnation matrix when the latter is semi-crystalline.
• they are based on a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer and have a melting point Tm greater than the Tg of the polymer or mixture of thermoplastic polymer constituting the pre-impregnation matrix when the latter is amorphous, or greater than the Tm of the polymer or mixture of thermoplastic polymer constituting the prepreg matrix when the latter is semi-crystalline.
• the organic fibers constituting the fibrous material during impregnation with the thermoplastic matrix of the final composite.
• the fibers of plant origin mention may be made of natural fibers based on flax, hemp, lignin, bamboo, silk, especially spider silk, sisal, and other cellulose fibers, in particular viscose. These fibers of plant origin can be used pure, treated or else coated with a coating layer, with a view to facilitating the adhesion and impregnation of the thermoplastic polymer matrix.
• the fibrous material can also be a fabric, braided or woven with fibers.
• organic fibers can be mixed with mineral fibers in order to be pre-impregnated with thermoplastic polymer powder and to form the pre-impregnated fibrous material.
• the rovings of organic fibers can have several grammages. They can also have several geometries.
• the fibers constituting the fibrous material may also be in the form of a mixture of these reinforcing fibers of different geometries. Fibers are continuous fibers.
• the fibrous material consists of continuous carbon or glass fibers or their mixture, in particular carbon fibers. It is used as a wick or several wicks.
• the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a multilayer structure as defined above, characterized in that it comprises a step of welding the reinforcing layer as defined above to the layer of sealing as defined above.
• the soldering step is carried out by a system chosen from among the laser, infrared heating (IR), heating by LED, heating by induction or by layers or high frequency heating (HF).
• IR infrared heating
• HF high frequency heating
• said method comprises a step of extruding said sealing layer on a metal carcass and a step of welding the reinforcing layer on the sealing layer.
• the present invention relates to the use of a multilayer structure chosen from a tank or pipe or tube comprising, from the inside to the outside, at least one sealing layer as defined above and at least one composite reinforcing layer as defined above,
• said innermost composite reinforcing layer being welded to said outermost adjacent waterproofing layer
• the reservoirs are obtained by rotational molding of the liner at a temperature suited to the nature of the thermoplastic resin used, but in all cases below 280 ° C.
• a wet filament winding process is then used which consists in winding fibers around the liner, which fibers are pre-impregnated in a bath of liquid epoxy.
• the reservoir is then polymerized in an oven for 2 hours.
• thermoplastic resin (tape).
• This tape is deposited by filament winding using a robot comprising a 1500W power laser heater at a speed of 12m / min and there is no polymerization step.
• Type IV hydrogen storage tank composed of an epoxy composite reinforcement (Tg 80 ° C) carbon fibers T700SC31 E (produced by Toray) and a layer sealing in PA6. : no miscibility between the 2 resins (see table 1) which prevents any welding between the fiber reinforcement and the waterproofing layer.
• Type IV hydrogen storage tank composed of an epoxy composite reinforcement (Tg 80 ° C) T700SC31 E carbon fibers (produced by Toray) and a layer
• Example 3 Hydrogen storage tank of type between IV and V, composed of a reinforcement in BACT / 10T carbon fiber T700SC31 E composite (produced by Toray) and a sealing layer in PA6: good partial miscibility between the 2 resins (see table I) which allows a good weld between the fibrous reinforcement and the waterproofing layer.
• the BACT / 10T type composition chosen has a melting point, Tm, of 283 ° C, a crystallization temperature, Te, of 250 ° C and a glass transition temperature of 164 ° C.
• Tg, Te and Tf are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to 11357-2: 2013 and 11357-3: 2013 respectively.
• Example 4 Hydrogen storage tank of type between IV and V, composed of a reinforcement in BACT / 10T carbon fiber composite T700SC31 E (produced by Toray) and a sealing layer in PA66: good partial miscibility between the 2 resins (see table I) which allows a good weld between the fibrous reinforcement and the waterproofing layer.
• the BACT / 10T type composition chosen has a melting point, Tm, of 283 ° C, a crystallization temperature, Te, of 250 ° C and a glass transition temperature of 164 ° C.
• Tg, Te and Tf are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to 11357-2: 2013 and 11357-3: 2013 respectively.
• Example 5 Hydrogen storage tank of type between IV and V, composed of a reinforcement in composite 1 1 / BACT / 10T carbon fibers CT24-5.0 / 270-T140 (produced by SGL Carbon) and a layer sealing in PA1 1: good partial miscibility between the 2 resins (see Table 1) which leads to good welding between the fiber reinforcement and the sealing layer.
• the composition of type 11 / BACT / 10T chosen exhibits a melting point, Tm, of 280 ° C, a crystallization temperature, Te, of 220 ° C and a glass transition temperature of 160 ° C.
• the Tg, Te and Tf are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to standard 11357-2: 2013 and 11357-3: 2013 respectively.
• Example 6 Hydrogen storage tank of type between IV and V, composed of a reinforcement in composite 1 1 / BACT / 10T carbon fibers CT24-5.0 / 270-T140 (produced by SGL Carbon) and a waterproofing layer in PA1 1/1 OT: good partial miscibility between the 2 resins (see table 1) which leads to a good weld between the fiber reinforcement and the waterproofing layer.
• the type 1 1 / BACT / 10T composition chosen has a melting point, Tm, of 280 ° C, a crystallization temperature, Te, of 220 ° C and a glass transition temperature of 160 ° C.
• Tm melting point
• Te crystallization temperature
• Tg melting point
• Te crystallization temperature
• Tf glass transition temperature
• composition of 1 1/1 OT used for the liner leads to a Tm of 255 ° C.
• Example 7 Hydrogen storage tank of type between IV and V, composed of a reinforcement in composite 1 1 / BACT carbon fibers CT24-5.0 / 270-T140 (produced by SGL Carbon) and a layer of waterproofing in PA1 1: good partial miscibility between the 2 resins (see Table 1) which leads to good welding between the fibrous reinforcement and the waterproofing layer.
• the type 1 1 / BACT composition chosen has a melting point, Tm, of 278 ° C, a crystallization temperature, Te, of 210 ° C and a glass transition temperature of 157 ° C.
• the Tg, Te and Tf are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to standard 11357-2: 2013 and 11357-3: 2013 respectively.
• Example 8 Hydrogen storage tank of type between IV and V, composed of a reinforcement in composite 1 1 / BACT carbon fibers CT24-5.0 / 270-T140 (produced by SGL Carbon) and a layer of waterproofing in PA1 1 / 10T: good partial miscibility between the 2 resins (see table 1) which leads to good welding between the fiber reinforcement and the waterproofing layer.
• the type 1 1 / BACT composition chosen has a melting point, Tm, of 278 ° C, a crystallization temperature, Te, of 210 ° C and a glass transition temperature of 157 ° C.
• Tm melting point
• Te crystallization temperature
• Tg, Te and Tf are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to standard 11357-2: 2013 and 11357-3: 2013 respectively.
• composition of 1 1 / 10T used for the liner leads to a Tm of 255 ° C.
• the mixture is injected into a mold to make a test specimen which will be characterized as DMA.

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