EP3927915A1 - Procédé de fabrication additive pour la fabrication de segments contenant du béton d'un objet tridimensionnel - Google Patents

Procédé de fabrication additive pour la fabrication de segments contenant du béton d'un objet tridimensionnel

Info

Publication number
EP3927915A1
EP3927915A1 EP20703466.1A EP20703466A EP3927915A1 EP 3927915 A1 EP3927915 A1 EP 3927915A1 EP 20703466 A EP20703466 A EP 20703466A EP 3927915 A1 EP3927915 A1 EP 3927915A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
concrete
layer
adhesive
layers
building
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP20703466.1A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Maik SCHACHT
Markus Streicher
Bogdan Moraru
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BASF SE
Original Assignee
BASF SE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BASF SE filed Critical BASF SE
Publication of EP3927915A1 publication Critical patent/EP3927915A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/02—Conveying or working-up concrete or similar masses able to be heaped or cast
    • E04G21/04—Devices for both conveying and distributing
    • E04G21/0418—Devices for both conveying and distributing with distribution hose
    • E04G21/0445—Devices for both conveying and distributing with distribution hose with booms
    • E04G21/0463—Devices for both conveying and distributing with distribution hose with booms with boom control mechanisms, e.g. to automate concrete distribution
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
    • B28B1/001—Rapid manufacturing of 3D objects by additive depositing, agglomerating or laminating of material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B28B3/20—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein the material is extruded
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00034—Physico-chemical characteristics of the mixtures
    • C04B2111/00181—Mixtures specially adapted for three-dimensional printing (3DP), stereo-lithography or prototyping

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a three-dimensional (3D) printing method for the (layer-by-layer) production of at least one at least three-layer concrete-containing segment (partial area) of a three-dimensional (3D) object based on concrete.
  • a first concrete layer is first produced by extruding fresh concrete.
  • a first adhesive layer is then applied to the upwardly directed side of the first concrete layer, whereupon a second concrete layer is in turn applied to the upwardly directed side of the first adhesive layer.
  • further adhesive and concrete layers can be applied successively, the corresponding concrete layers and adhesive layers being arranged one above the other in alternating order and the top layer and the bottom layer of the respective concrete-containing segment being formed by one concrete layer each.
  • Another object of the present invention is an at least three-layer concrete-containing segment of a 3D object as such, which is produced by the method according to the invention. Another object is the use of at least one at least three-layer concrete-containing segment as such for the production of or for incorporation into a 3D object. Another object of the present invention is a three-dimensional (3D) object as such, containing at least one at least three-layer concrete-containing segment that can be produced using the method according to the invention.
  • 3D printing as such is now a widespread process in which, in principle, a suitable starting material is applied layer by layer (for example on a base plate) and thus three-dimensional (3D) objects (also known as workpieces, objects or 3D printed products) in countless variations can be generated in terms of geometry, shape, size and / or shape.
  • 3D printing several different types / techniques of 3D printing processes are now known, such as selective laser melting, electron beam melting, selective laser sintering, stereolithography or Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) processes.
  • FDM Fused Deposition Modeling
  • the aforementioned processes as such are all known to the person skilled in the art; they differ in particular with regard to the use of the specific starting materials and / or the special process conditions with which the starting materials are transformed into the desired 3D product (for example, use of special lasers, electron beams or special melting - / extrusion techniques).
  • the commercially available 3D printers are often tailored to the desired 3D printing process.
  • 3D printing processes can, among other things, also be used to produce very large objects or partial areas (segments) of such large (3D) objects. It is now quite possible to produce even very large objects such as buildings / houses in whole or in part with 3D printing processes. In such cases, materials containing concrete are also used as starting materials in 3D printing processes.
  • a 3D printing process is in principle an automated process in which the corresponding segment or the entire 3D object is largely or even completely produced by machine on the basis of a predefined construction plan using a machine, i.e. the 3D printer , while in classic processes many work steps are carried out manually (in the form of handwork).
  • Classic concrete production processes are therefore more time-consuming and costly and / or require a significantly greater amount of personnel.
  • US-B 7,814,937 discloses a method for the layer-by-layer production of large three-dimensional objects, such as houses, using cementitious materials.
  • the cementitious material is processed in layers using a nozzle, which is part of a complex printing device, to obtain a complex 3D object, in particular a house.
  • US Pat. No. 7,814,937 discloses a three-dimensional printing method, a 3D printer being permanently installed on a vehicle, in particular a truck. Before the concrete application, for example the construction of a house, the 3D printer attached to the vehicle is brought into an operational state, whereby the 3D printer is converted from the "folded state" (for transport on the vehicle) to an operational state got to.
  • US-A 2010/0257792 discloses an automated system for extrusion of construction material which also includes cementitious material.
  • the automated system includes an extrusion nozzle.
  • extrusion nozzle systems are disclosed which have at least two separately operable extrusion nozzles. By such systems with at least two Extrusion nozzles, for example, three-dimensional objects can be produced that have special layers (walls) on the side surfaces of a correspondingly produced three-dimensional object.
  • EP-B 0 950 484 discloses a method and a device for producing composite stones. This process is not a 3D printing process, but a classic process in which concrete is poured into a mold in order to harden there. Specifically, a method for the production of composite stones is described there which comprise an upper natural stone slab in use positions and a lower support layer made of concrete, which are intimately connected to one another. The natural stone slab with its top facing down is placed on a base and sealed with a molding box using an elastic element surrounding the natural stone slab. Then concrete is poured into the molding box and compacted. Finally, the molding box is separated from the composite stone. The composite stone thus comprises a component made from (hardened concrete) and a component made from a natural stone slab.
  • concrete-containing materials Regardless of whether a 3D printing process or a classic process for the production of concrete-containing 3D objects is to be used, the person skilled in the art knows that certain rules must be observed when processing concrete-containing materials or which specific chemical compounds / compositions under the
  • the term “concrete” should be understood by a specialist (see, for example, the online encyclopedia Wikipedia under the term “concrete”: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/beton; version of January 10, 2019).
  • Concrete is available in different compositions, but the basic components are usually cement (acts as a binding agent), aggregates (as aggregates) and water.
  • the so-called cement paste i.e. a mixture of water, cement and other fine-grained components
  • the fresh concrete can still be processed, that is, it can be shaped and in some cases flowable.
  • fresh concrete is usually kept moving in practice, for example in the form of mixers, which can also be installed on trucks. This prevents the corresponding fresh concrete mixture from settling and (at least partially) hardening.
  • chemical additives can also be added to the fresh concrete.
  • the object on which the present invention is based is to provide a new 3D printing method for the production of three-dimensional objects or segments (partial areas) thereof on a concrete basis.
  • This object is achieved by a 3D printing process for the layer-by-layer production of an at least three-layer concrete-containing segment of a three-dimensional (3D) object, comprising the following steps a) to c): a) Extrusion of fresh concrete with the formation of a first concrete layer (B1), the one comprises upwardly directed side, b) applying a first adhesive layer (K1) to the first concrete layer (B1) using at least one adhesive, wherein the first adhesive layer (K1) completely or at least the upwardly directed side of the first concrete layer (B1) partially covered, c) applying a second concrete layer (B2) by extrusion of fresh concrete onto the first adhesive layer (K1), the second concrete layer (B2) completely or at least partially covering the upward-facing side of the first adhesive layer (K1), with formation an at least three-layer concrete-containing segment of a 3
  • three-layer or higher-layer concrete-containing segments of a three-dimensional (3D) object can be produced in an advantageous manner.
  • These concrete-containing segments have an increased stability compared to conventionally produced layer-by-layer segments, since according to the invention the layers are frictionally connected to one another regardless of the degree of hardening of the concrete used. Since the stability of such a concrete-containing segment is higher, the stability of the corresponding three-dimensional object, for example a building, which is composed of one or more such multi-layer concrete-containing segments is thus also higher.
  • the corresponding at least three-layer or multi-layer concrete-containing segments can be produced faster and / or higher / larger.
  • an adhesive layer is used between the individual concrete layers in the 3D printing process according to the invention, it is no longer necessary to wait until the concrete layer underneath is completely or at least largely dried, on the one hand to be able to exclude the concrete layer from running away and at the same time to ensure that the connection is as strong as possible to achieve the subsequent concrete layer.
  • the adhesive layer can already be applied to the underlying concrete layer when the upward-facing side of the respective concrete layer is at least partially, preferably completely, hardened as hardened concrete.
  • complete or at least extensive curing of the entire underlying concrete layer is not necessary.
  • the degree of hardening of the entire concrete layer can usually not be precisely determined during a 3D printing process.
  • the next concrete layer can be applied to an existing concrete layer in order to definitely prevent the lower concrete layer from flowing away, also due to the additional pressure of the newly applied upper concrete layer to be able to avoid. If the lower concrete layer partially dissolves due to the additional weight, it also loses its shape as a result, which in turn has a negative effect on the adhesion of the individual layers to the contact points.
  • the adhesive layer used according to the invention improves this adhesion and thereby also indirectly effects a pressure equalization on the lower, possibly not yet completely hardened, concrete layer. Consequently, it is particularly advantageous that, in the method according to the invention, the adhesive layer can be applied to the underlying concrete layer immediately before the 3D printing of the subsequent / overlying concrete layer.
  • the adhesive layer can be applied, for example, by an additional nozzle or an additional print head, which are attached directly in front of the corresponding nozzle or the corresponding print head for applying the subsequent concrete layer. This means that two work steps can be carried out one after the other with a single 3D printing device.
  • the 3D printing method according to the invention has the advantage that it is a principally automated method, whereby the corresponding segment or the entire 3D printer is usually based on a predefined construction plan using a machine, i.e. a 3D printer. Item is largely or even entirely machine-made. In contrast to this, most of the work steps are carried out manually in classic concrete production processes. This is much more time-consuming and costly; in particular, it requires more personnel. In addition, in the method according to the invention, in contrast to conventional (classic) concrete production methods, no molds have to be used to pour the fresh concrete.
  • the individual concrete-containing layers and / or the multi-layer concrete-containing segment or the entire 3D object is thus more stable. For example, it shows no cracks or fewer cracks, in particular at the points where the respective concrete-containing layers touch. This can be determined, for example, by measuring adhesive tensile values. Adhesive tensile values for two concrete layers that are applied to one another in a 3D printing process without an intervening adhesive layer are generally in the range from 0 to 0.1 N / mm 2 .
  • the corresponding adhesive tensile values according to the method according to the invention with an adhesive layer in between are 0.5 to 3 N / mm 2 , which corresponds to a significantly improved adhesion / stability.
  • Adhesive pull values can be determined, for example, according to the DIN 1048 (1979-06-13) standard.
  • the stability of the multi-layer concrete-containing segments produced with the method according to the invention is thus comparable to the stability of a corresponding concrete fragment produced according to a classic one-step process using appropriate shapes to define the geometry (as described for example in EP-B 0 950 484) has been.
  • the layer-by-layer production method according to the invention has the advantage of a significantly higher variation in terms of geometry, shape, size and shape of the corresponding concrete-containing object.
  • all directional information such as the X direction, Y direction or Z direction and the XY plane, relate to a Cartesian coordinate system in three-dimensional space.
  • the three directional axes (X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis) are each orthogonal to one another, i.e. each form a 90 ° angle to one another.
  • the Z-axis (Z-direction) is also referred to as the "vertical axis”.
  • XY planes can also be referred to as horizontal planes, whereby several XY planes can be arranged parallel to one another in the vertical direction (that is, along the Z axis). Movements along the Z-axis can also be referred to as "up” or "down”.
  • the present invention is defined in more detail below.
  • a first object of the present invention is a 3D printing method for the layer-by-layer production of an at least three-layer concrete-containing segment of a three-dimensional (3D) object, comprising the following steps a) to c): a) Extrusion of fresh concrete with the formation of a first concrete layer (B1), which comprises an upwardly directed side, b) applying a first adhesive layer (K1) to the first concrete layer (B1) using at least one adhesive, wherein the first adhesive layer (K1) completely covers the upwardly directed side of the first concrete layer (B1) or at least partially covered, c) applying a second concrete layer (B2) by extrusion of fresh concrete onto the first adhesive layer (K1), the second concrete layer (B2) completely or at least partially covering the upwardly directed side of the first adhesive layer (K1), with the formation of an at least three-layer concrete-containing segment of a 3D object, the first e concrete layer (B1) form the bottom layer, the first adhesive layer (K1) form the intermediate layer and the second concrete layer (B2) form the
  • concrete is understood to mean the following: Concrete is a mixture that contains cement, aggregate and water as main components. Depending on the desired application, the concrete can also contain other additives.
  • the mandatory component cement is used as a binding agent.
  • the term “aggregate” includes components such as grit, gravel or, if appropriate, also sand.
  • the aggregate is also known as the concrete aggregate.
  • the water contained in the concrete is also known as added water / mixing water and is used to set the concrete.
  • the concrete has a binder content, preferably a cement content, in the range of a maximum of 25% by weight, more preferably of a maximum of 20% by weight and particularly preferably in the range of 10 to 15 Contains wt .-%.
  • the minimum proportion of binder, preferably cement, in concrete is generally at least 1% by weight, preferably at least 5% by weight.
  • any cement known to the person skilled in the art can be used as cement.
  • Cements can be used in their pure form, but cements are often mixed with other additives, which may also function as binders, such as fly ash, slag or pozzolans (see also the DIN EN 196 standard).
  • binders such as fly ash, slag or pozzolans (see also the DIN EN 196 standard).
  • the concrete contains a total binder content of 240 to 320 kg / m 3 .
  • concrete is preferably understood to mean already (at least partially) hardened, in particular fully hardened, concrete, which can also be referred to as “hardened concrete”.
  • hardened concrete the setting process initiated by the water, i.e. the chemical bonding of the water with the cement and / or the aggregate, is already completely or at least largely completed.
  • fresh concrete means that the concrete in question can still be processed.
  • the individual basic components of the concrete, in particular the binding agent and the water, have not yet reacted with one another, or at least only to a small extent, so hardening has not yet taken place.
  • Fresh concrete is therefore still malleable and at least partially flowable.
  • concrete-containing segment is understood to mean the following:
  • a concrete-containing segment is composed of several (a multiplicity of) concrete layers and adhesive layers, the concrete layers and adhesive layers being arranged one above the other in alternating order.
  • the top layer (top) and the bottom layer (bottom) of the respective concrete-containing segment are each formed by a concrete layer.
  • the concrete-containing segment the concrete is generally already fully cured, especially after the manufacturing process has ended.
  • Concrete-containing segments as such can also represent a three-dimensional object per se. As a rule, however, several such concrete-containing segments are assembled to form a three-dimensional object or a three-dimensional object contains at least one such concrete-containing segment.
  • the concrete-containing segments can be constructed from any number of individual concrete layers.
  • the “smallest segment containing concrete” (smallest unit) is a three-layer segment containing concrete.
  • a three-layer concrete-containing segment is obtained when method steps a) to c) are each carried out once.
  • a three-layer concrete-containing segment thus has a first concrete layer (B1) as the bottom layer (bottom), a first adhesive layer (K1) as an intermediate layer and a second concrete layer (B2) as the top layer (top).
  • concrete-containing segments with a (much) higher number of layers can also be produced than the (at least) three-layer concrete-containing segment of a three-dimensional (3D) object described above.
  • steps b) and c) are repeated at least once according to the invention (step d) according to the invention).
  • the respective concrete layers can have different or identical geometries, thicknesses and / or chemical compositions with regard to the fresh concrete used for production. According to the invention, however, it is preferred that in a segment containing concrete the individual concrete layers contained therein are the same or at least largely the same with regard to their chemical composition, their shape, geometry and / or size.
  • the term “three-dimensional (3D) object” or “3D objects containing at least one (according to the invention) at least three-layer concrete-containing segment” means that the corresponding 3D object can also be composed of two or more concrete-containing segments according to the invention can.
  • the 3D object can also contain partial areas / components that differ from a concrete-containing segment of the present invention. If the 3D object according to the invention is, for example, a building, parts (areas / segments) of the corresponding 3D object can have been produced using the method according to the invention. An example of this is the walls of a house.
  • 3D object can in turn have been manufactured using a different method and / or they can have been manufactured from a different material.
  • This can include doors, windows and / or roofs of a house, for example.
  • Methods for connecting / bringing together two or more at least three-layer concrete-containing segments according to the invention with one another and / or with other components while obtaining a 3D object or parts thereof are known to the person skilled in the art. This can be done, for example, by screwing or gluing.
  • a three-dimensional (3D) object such as a building can be produced in layers from a single multi-layered concrete-containing segment according to the invention.
  • the optional process step d) is carried out according to the invention, which is defined as follows: d) at least one repetition of steps b) and c ) with the formation of a multi-layered concrete-containing segment of a 3D object, whereby in the multi-layered concrete-containing segment the respective concrete layers and adhesive layers are arranged one above the other in alternating order and the top layer and the bottom layer of the concrete-containing segment are each formed by a concrete layer.
  • the optional process step d) can be carried out as often as desired. Each time method step d) is carried out, step b) according to the invention and step c) according to the invention are repeated once. According to the invention, it is preferred that the optional process step d) is carried out at least once. In this way, multi-layered concrete-containing segments of a three-dimensional (3D) object can be produced.
  • a first concrete layer (B1) is first produced by extrusion of the corresponding fresh concrete (step a)).
  • a first adhesive layer (K1) is then applied to the first concrete layer (B1) in accordance with step b).
  • a second concrete layer (B2) is then applied to the first adhesive layer (K1) in step c) by extruding fresh concrete.
  • the fresh concrete of the second concrete layer (B2) can have the same chemical composition as the fresh concrete that was used to produce the first concrete layer (B1). If necessary, the two concrete layers (B1) and (B2) can differ with regard to the chemical composition of the corresponding fresh concrete or the geometric shape and / or layer thickness also differ.
  • the respective concrete layers (B1) and (B2) and, if applicable, also all other concrete layers, preferably match with regard to the fresh concrete used, as well as geometry, shape and layer thickness.
  • the optional step d) according to the invention is then carried out twice, that is to say the aforementioned method steps b) and c) are each repeated twice until a concrete-containing segment with a total of four concrete layers has been produced.
  • This multi-layered concrete-containing segment thus contains a total of four concrete layers (B1, B2, B3 and B4), with the first concrete layer (B1) and the fourth concrete layer (B4) being the bottom layer or bottom (B1) and the top layer or top (B4) ) of the corresponding concrete segment.
  • a seven-layer concrete-containing segment has thus been produced which comprises four concrete layers (B1 to B4) and three adhesive layers (K1 to K3) in an alternating sequence.
  • multi-layered concrete-containing segment is therefore always understood to mean the sum of the alternately arranged concrete layers and adhesive layers.
  • Multi-layer concrete-containing segments can thus be, for example, five-layer, seven-layer, nine-layer, fifty-one-layer or even higher-layer concrete-containing segments.
  • an alternative method of counting can be carried out in such a way that only the number of concrete layers in the respective multilayer concrete-containing segment is counted.
  • multi-layered concrete-containing segments with any number of concrete layers can be produced. For example, segments containing concrete with 5, 10, 100 or even more concrete layers can also be produced in this way.
  • a concrete segment with 100 concrete layers thus contains a hundred concrete layers (B1 to B100) with 99 adhesive layers in between (K1 to K99).
  • a segment containing concrete with 100 concrete layers is a segment containing 199 layers according to the first counting method described above.
  • the respective thicknesses (Z-direction) of the individual layers of a concrete-containing segment can assume any dimensions.
  • the respective concrete layers within a three-layer or multi-layer concrete-containing segment preferably have (largely) the same layer thickness. The same applies mutatis mutandis to the existing adhesive layers.
  • at least one Concrete layer, preferably all concrete layers have a greater thickness than at least one adhesive layer, preferably all adhesive layers. It is even more preferred that the ratio of the average thickness of a concrete layer to the average thickness of an adhesive layer applied thereon is> 1: 1, preferably> 3: 1, in particular 6: 1 to 50: 1.
  • an adhesive layer has a thickness of 0.2 to 10 mm and / or a concrete layer has a thickness of 10 to 300 mm. Even more preferably, an adhesive layer has a thickness of 1 to 5 mm and a concrete layer has a thickness of 10 to 100 mm.
  • the respective subsequent layer (both an adhesive layer and a concrete layer) is applied in such a way that it completely or at least partially covers the upward-facing side of the layer below ( in X and / or Y direction).
  • the respective layer to be applied is applied completely or almost completely to the layer below. If a corresponding subsequent layer is only partially applied to the underlying layer, according to the invention preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 75%, in particular at least 90% of the total area of the upward-facing side of the underlying layer is covered with the corresponding subsequent layer .
  • the incomplete covering of an underlying layer with a subsequent layer to be applied thereon can be carried out, among other things, if, for example, recesses such as windows or doors are to be incorporated or taken into account in the corresponding at least three-layer concrete-containing segment.
  • recesses such as windows or doors
  • Y-direction width
  • step b) The application of the first adhesive layer (K1) in step b) according to the invention and, if appropriate, its repetition in the optional step d) need not necessarily be carried out by extrusion of the corresponding adhesive. According to the invention, however, it is preferred that method step b) in the context of an extrusion of the used at least one adhesive is carried out. The same applies mutatis mutandis to any repetition of step b) as part of the optional process step d). If the respective adhesive layers are not applied to the respective underlying concrete layer by extrusion, this can be done according to the invention by all methods known to the person skilled in the art, for example also by brushing on, spraying on or other types of application. According to the invention, the adhesive layer can generally be applied manually or automatically; this is preferably done automatically.
  • any compound known to the person skilled in the art can be used as the adhesive, in particular those which enable a stable bond between hardened concrete and fresh concrete and / or which can be extruded in an at least partially liquid state.
  • Concrete slurry is preferably used as the adhesive.
  • concrete slurry is understood to mean a type of concrete that is more fluid compared to conventional (fast-setting) concrete or fresh concrete.
  • Concrete slurry preferably contains two thirds of cement and one third of sand, to which in turn 15 to 40% by weight of water are added.
  • Concrete slurry can also be referred to as adhesive slurry.
  • concrete slurry can contain other components such as aggregates, in particular grit, gravel or sand.
  • Concrete slurry can also contain water and / or other additives.
  • concrete slurries preferably contain plasticizers (e.g. polycarboxylate ether), celluloses, in particular methyl celluloses, latex dispersions or dispersion powders as other additives.
  • Latex dispersions or dispersion powders are preferably based on styrene acrylate, vinyl acetate ethylene, vinyl acetate or styrene butadiene.
  • further additives such as, for example, wetting agents or thickening additives, can be added to the concrete slurry according to the invention to improve processing.
  • Celluloses are also used as water retention agents.
  • concrete slurry contain at least 30% by weight of binding agent, preferably cement, and even more preferably contain 50 to 70% by weight of binding agent, in particular cement.
  • the water content in the concrete slurry is preferably 15 to 40% by weight, it being possible, if necessary, to replace all or at least some of the water with liquefiers or plasticizers.
  • the 3D printing process is carried out as a 3D extrusion printing process, in particular that all process steps a) to d) are carried out as a 3D extrusion printing process.
  • the 3D printing method is carried out with computer support, in particular using at least one slicer software.
  • the computer-aided implementation of a 3D printing process and / or suitable slicer software as such are known to those skilled in the art.
  • the extrusion of fresh concrete in steps a), c) and / or optionally d) is carried out using a first nozzle (D1); the nozzle (D1) is preferably part of a 3D printer, in particular the nozzle (D1) is contained in a print head of a 3D printer.
  • the extrusion of the adhesive is carried out using a second nozzle (D2)
  • the nozzle (D2) is preferably part of a 3D printer, in particular the nozzle (D2) is contained in a print head of a 3D printer .
  • the nozzles (D1) and (D2) are part of the same 3D printer, wherein preferably i) the two nozzles (D1) and (D2) are arranged in the same print head of the 3D printer and operated coupled to one another or ii) the two nozzles (D1) and (D2) are each arranged in separate print heads of the 3D printer and operated separately from one another.
  • the adhesive in steps b) and / or optionally d) is only applied to the underlying concrete layer when the upward-facing side of the respective concrete layer has at least partially, preferably completely, hardened as hardened concrete.
  • next concrete layer is applied to the upwardly directed side of the respective adhesive layer in steps c) and / or optionally d) in such a way that i) the next concrete layer takes place immediately after the adhesive layer has been fully formed on the underlying concrete layer, or ii) the next concrete layer is applied to the underlying concrete layer at the same time as the adhesive, with the fresh concrete for forming the next concrete layer only on those Places is extruded on which adhesive has already been applied to the underlying concrete layer with the formation of a corresponding partial area of the adhesive layer.
  • the next concrete layer is particularly preferably applied to the underlying concrete layer at the same time as the adhesive, the fresh concrete being extruded to form the next concrete layer only on those points where adhesive has already been applied to the underlying concrete layer with the formation of a corresponding portion of the adhesive layer is.
  • the 3D object is a building or part of a building, preferably the building is a house, a residential building, a hall, a garage and / or a warehouse.
  • Part of a building is preferably understood to mean a wall, a wall, a balcony, a roof, a floor and / or a shell.
  • a building or part of a building can also be provided with or connected with other objects that have not been produced with a 3D printing process, for example with doors, windows, gutters and other comparable fixtures.
  • all at least three-layer concrete-containing segments or at least a large part of the at least three-layer concrete-containing segments, preferably all at least three-layer concrete-containing segments, produced according to a method according to steps a) to c) and optionally d) have been.
  • Another object of the present invention is an at least three-layer concrete-containing segment of a 3D object that can be produced by the method described above.
  • the 3D object is preferably a building or part of a building, preferably the building is a house, a residential building, a hall, a garage and / or a warehouse.
  • Another object of the present invention is therefore also the use of at least one at least three-layer concrete-containing segment according to the present invention for the production of or for incorporation into a 3D object, preferably the 3D object is a building or part of a building, preferably the building a house, a residential building, a hall, a garage and / or a warehouse.
  • Another object of the present invention is a three-dimensional (3D) object containing at least one at least three-layer concrete-containing segment according to the present invention.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de fabrication additive tridimensionnelle (3D) pour la fabrication (par couches) d'au moins un segment (partie) contenant du béton, présentant au moins trois couches, d'un objet tridimensionnel (3D) à base de béton. Selon le procédé, une première couche de béton est tout d'abord produite par extrusion de béton frais. Ensuite, une première couche adhésive est appliquée sur le côté tourné vers le haut de la première couche de béton, première couche adhésive sur le côté tourné vers le haut de laquelle est appliquée de nouveau une deuxième couche de béton. D'autres couches adhésives et de béton peuvent éventuellement être appliquées successivement. Dans le segment respectif, les couches de béton et couches adhésives correspondantes sont disposées les unes au-dessus des autres suivant une séquence alternée et la couche la plus haute et la couche la plus basse du segment contenant du béton respectif sont formées respectivement par une couche de béton. Un autre objet de la présente invention concerne un segment contenant du béton, présentant au moins trois couches, d'un objet tridimensionnel en tant que tel, lequel est fabriqué suivant le procédé selon l'invention. Un autre objet de l'invention est l'utilisation d'au moins un segment contenant du béton, présentant au moins trois couches, en tant que tel pour la fabrication d'un objet tridimensionnel ou pour l'insertion dans celui-ci. Un autre objet de la présente invention est un objet tridimensionnel (3D) en tant que tel, comportant au moins un segment contenant du béton, présentant au moins trois couches, pouvant être fabriqué suivant le procédé selon l'invention.
EP20703466.1A 2019-02-19 2020-02-07 Procédé de fabrication additive pour la fabrication de segments contenant du béton d'un objet tridimensionnel Pending EP3927915A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19158121 2019-02-19
PCT/EP2020/053174 WO2020169369A1 (fr) 2019-02-19 2020-02-07 Procédé de fabrication additive pour la fabrication de segments contenant du béton d'un objet tridimensionnel

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US (1) US20220152867A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP3927915A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2022521906A (fr)
KR (1) KR20210130721A (fr)
CN (1) CN113490781B (fr)
WO (1) WO2020169369A1 (fr)

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DE102021116194A1 (de) 2021-06-23 2022-12-29 AEDITIVE GmbH Verfahren und Fertigungssystem zur Herstellung eines Betonbauteils sowie Betonbauteil
CN116065822A (zh) * 2023-03-24 2023-05-05 冠鲁建设股份有限公司 一种建筑施工作业管理方法、系统、装置和介质

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DE19729058A1 (de) * 1997-07-08 1999-01-14 Sika Ag Verbundelement und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
DE59708023D1 (de) 1997-11-13 2002-09-26 Kombilith Gmbh Entwicklung & Verwertung Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Verbundsteinen
US7814937B2 (en) 2005-10-26 2010-10-19 University Of Southern California Deployable contour crafting
US8801415B2 (en) 2005-01-21 2014-08-12 University Of Southern California Contour crafting extrusion nozzles
US8029710B2 (en) 2006-11-03 2011-10-04 University Of Southern California Gantry robotics system and related material transport for contour crafting
AU2015326927B2 (en) * 2014-10-01 2019-10-24 Jowat Se Aqueous coagulatable polymer dispersion and use thereof as an adhesive
KR101668955B1 (ko) * 2015-06-24 2016-10-26 연세대학교 산학협력단 3d 프린터를 이용한 섬유 보강 복합재료 구조물 제조방법 및 그 방법으로 제조된 구조물
CN205112415U (zh) * 2015-11-06 2016-03-30 珠海天威飞马打印耗材有限公司 三维打印机
JP2017119360A (ja) * 2015-12-28 2017-07-06 清水建設株式会社 積層構造の製造方法および積層構造
CN105625720B (zh) * 2016-01-05 2018-10-23 江苏敦超电子科技有限公司 多材料建筑三维打印成型方法
KR101856642B1 (ko) * 2016-08-05 2018-05-10 한국해양대학교 산학협력단 3차원 콘크리트 프린트 시스템 및 그를 이용한 콘크리트 구조물 제조방법
KR101948547B1 (ko) * 2017-11-06 2019-02-15 한국건설기술연구원 시멘트계 재료의 상하층 결합 강화 및 형상 제어 기능을 가지는 건설구조물 구축용 3d 프린팅 노즐 및 이를 구비한 3d 프린팅 장치

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WO2020169369A1 (fr) 2020-08-27
US20220152867A1 (en) 2022-05-19
KR20210130721A (ko) 2021-11-01
CN113490781B (zh) 2024-01-02
CN113490781A (zh) 2021-10-08

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