EP3826930A1 - Emballage composite avec élément verseur et trou de type elliptique recouvert d'un revêtement - Google Patents
Emballage composite avec élément verseur et trou de type elliptique recouvert d'un revêtementInfo
- Publication number
- EP3826930A1 EP3826930A1 EP19739614.6A EP19739614A EP3826930A1 EP 3826930 A1 EP3826930 A1 EP 3826930A1 EP 19739614 A EP19739614 A EP 19739614A EP 3826930 A1 EP3826930 A1 EP 3826930A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- composite package
- cutting element
- composite
- hole
- package according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011087 paperboard Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000219 Ethylene vinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004831 Hot glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002318 adhesion promoter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036346 tooth eruption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
- B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
- B65D5/72—Contents-dispensing means
- B65D5/74—Spouts
- B65D5/746—Spouts formed separately from the container
- B65D5/747—Spouts formed separately from the container with means for piercing or cutting the container wall or a membrane connected to said wall
- B65D5/748—Spouts formed separately from the container with means for piercing or cutting the container wall or a membrane connected to said wall a major part of the container wall or membrane being left inside the container after the opening
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
- B65D5/02—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper by folding or erecting a single blank to form a tubular body with or without subsequent folding operations, or the addition of separate elements, to close the ends of the body
- B65D5/06—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper by folding or erecting a single blank to form a tubular body with or without subsequent folding operations, or the addition of separate elements, to close the ends of the body with end-closing or contents-supporting elements formed by folding inwardly a wall extending from, and continuously around, an end of the tubular body
- B65D5/064—Rectangular containers having a body with gusset-flaps folded outwardly or adhered to the side or the top of the container
Definitions
- the invention relates to a composite package, in particular parallelepipede
- Cardboard / plastic composite pack for flowable products with an elliptical overcoated hole provided in the gable of the composite pack with an ellipse main axis and an ellipse minor axis, as well as a pouring element which comprises a base body, a movably guided in the base body,
- the invention relates to a cardboard / plastic composite material and a blank thereof, and a pouring element for
- Composite material can vary depending on requirements, but at least consists of a carrier layer made of cardboard and cover layers made of plastic.
- a barrier layer e.g. aluminum, polyamide or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer
- Such a pack is usually in one of two types of
- Packaging machines manufactured.
- an endless web of sterilized composite material is formed and sealed into a tube, after which it is filled with the likewise sterilized filling material and is sealed and cut transversely to it at regular intervals.
- the resulting “pack cushions” are then formed along the pre-folded edges into parallelepiped packs.
- the sealing seam created during cross-sealing in the gable area is usually referred to as a gable seam.
- the other variant takes blanks from composite material, which are first formed into packing sleeves by sealing the longitudinal seam and then formed on thorns to form semi-finished packs that are open on one side, then sterilized, filled, and finally sealed and finally shaped.
- Resealing elements are also poured onto the gable of the
- Composite packaging applied.
- the most common of these pouring elements are in three parts and consist of a base body that adheres to the outside of the composite material, a screw cap and a hollow cylindrical cutting element that opens the previously gastight pack for the first time and thus forms a pouring opening.
- These pouring elements are usually applied by separate machines, either with the help of hot melt adhesives or by welding the base body to the outer plastic cover layer.
- the composite package is usually adjusted accordingly.
- the pouring element with its cutting element could be made stable enough that it cuts easily through the entire composite material.
- This is mostly uninteresting for cost reasons.
- so-called weakening lines are introduced into the outer layers of the composite material, which are matched to the geometry and size of the material to be used Cutting elements, enable easier separation.
- the weakened area can be designed as a so-called "over-coated hole".
- the first two options have the disadvantage that open cardboard edges are used
- an overcoated hole is still formed during the production of the composite material.
- a hole is punched out in the cardboard carrier so that, after it has been coated with the plastic cover layers, there is a local weakening in the composite material. It therefore consists of all the usual layers of the composite material without a punched-out cardboard backing layer: the plastic cover layers, possibly a barrier layer and, if necessary, further laminating and adhesion promoter layers.
- the size of the over-coated hole should be defined as that of the punched-out hole from the cardboard carrier layer, not the point at which the other layers meet.
- the hole in the running direction - where it is not limited by edges that are too close and has higher tolerances - is made longer than transversely to.
- Such an elliptical hole shape can also be designed as an elongated hole.
- the later gable seam lies transversely to the running direction, which prevents the above-mentioned design and leads to a round hole shape with a radius that is just as limited by the width of the gable as the minor axis of the ellipse in the first example.
- EP 1 088 765 A1 describes a pouring element and, with it, a generic composite pack.
- the base body, screw cap and cutting element together form a pouring element which, when actuated for the first time, opens up the over-coated hole in a large area and pushes the non-severed part of it to the side in order to create a pouring opening.
- the cutting element is in motion via a thread on it
- the present invention is based on the object of designing and developing the above-mentioned composite pack in such a way that the largest possible outflow diameter can be created while maintaining an already existing variant of an over-coated hole, or that the system of over-coated hole and
- Cutting element is optimized beyond its normal limits.
- Preamble of claim 1 characterized in that the cylinder outer diameter is at least as large as the length of the ellipse minor axis.
- the over-coated hole is expanded at least in sections. This creates an outflow diameter that is optimized in size relative to the overcoated hole.
- overcoated hole is thus circular.
- the cutting element is designed to be movable on a screw thread-shaped path or a path with different pitches for the first opening of the composite package.
- the cutting element can thus be guided as simply as possible on a thread or, in modified variants, also on several successive sections. Individuals can
- a further embodiment of the invention provides that the first guide means are designed in a lower area in a lower area facing the overcoated hole than in the remaining area.
- very high forces act on the guide means when the cutting element is immersed in the package.
- the cutting element is always at least in a certain area with the
- Guide means still interlock. In the end position, these are only the upper area of the cutting element and correspondingly the lower area of the base body or its guide means.
- the first guide means should therefore remain as strong as possible in that upper area, while as little friction as possible when immersed in the lower area
- the lower area of the first guide means should therefore be designed with the lowest possible height.
- the lower region should be below the overcoated hole when the composite pack is open and thus within the composite pack. This describes the position of the cutting element in comparison to the pack in its end position at the end of the opening process of the composite pack.
- the first and second guide means are designed as a combination of individual guide walls and / or individual cams. This enables any combination of sections that specify different slopes of the path of the cutting element. As soon as the cutting element is set in motion by the screw cap, the cams can be guided along the guide walls and thus the cutting element along the steer the specified path.
- Various embodiments are conceivable here, for example guide walls on the cutting element and base body or cams on one of the two components combined with guide walls on the other.
- first guide means are designed as a first thread and the second guide means are designed as a second thread.
- a pair of threads also offers the advantage that the two interacting parts are in contact with one another over an extensive area and thus in turn offer increased hold against the forces occurring during the opening process.
- the first thread is interrupted in the lower region.
- Interruptions in the thread can reduce the resistance forces that occur when immersing through the over-coated hole.
- these can be designed such that at a given immersion depth at least some of the thread turns are interrupted.
- the average outer diameter in the lower region of the cutting element could be reduced without causing the same to be too great a variance. This enables easier and even immersion through the over-coated hole.
- the heights of the threaded sections in the lower area of the cutting element are designed with a bevel at the front in the direction of rotation.
- the part of each thread section lying in the front in the direction of rotation is the first part which comes into contact with the surface of the pack. It is therefore easier to immerse if this section is chamfered at an angle that is as flat as possible in order to enable these threaded sections to be screwed in continuously.
- the second thread is designed as a threaded section and / or cam. On the one hand, it should, if possible, aim to save its material in such consumables and it is only for this reason that such a design of the second thread is suitable. On the other hand, with more than one thread it is often necessary to interrupt the thread so that
- the pouring element and the over-coated hole are arranged eccentrically, so that even if the
- Cylinder outer diameter corresponds exactly to the length of the ellipse minor axis, the cutting element is at least partially outside of the overcoated hole when it is opened for the first time.
- This eccentric arrangement often occurs when the pouring elements are applied to the packs by an appropriate application device. Such devices will always have a certain tolerance, which in many cases makes it impossible for the
- the cutting element is made of
- FIG. 2A to 2E a top view of the over-coated hole of a composite package according to FIG. 1B with the cut line drawn in different designs
- FIG. 3 shows an applied pouring element from FIG. 1A in FIG.
- Fig. 4 shows a cutting element according to the invention of a pouring element in a perspective view
- Fig. 5 shows a composite package according to the invention with applied
- a composite package 1 is shown, as it as a parallelepipede
- Cardboard / plastic composite packaging for flowable products has long been known.
- a pouring element 2 is shown, which opens the composite package 1 when actuated for the first time.
- 1B additionally shows an over-coated hole 3, which enables the simplified opening of the composite package 1.
- FIG. 2A The enlargement of the opening area in FIG. 2A clearly shows how the cutting line 4 of a cutting means comes to lie in comparison to the edge 5 of the over-coated hole 3.
- Cylinder outer diameter D corresponds.
- the edge region of the over-coated hole 3 is thus widened during the opening process.
- 2B shows an opening area as is known from the prior art.
- a further variant according to the invention is illustrated in FIG. 2C, in which case the over-coated hole 3 is circular.
- FIG. 2D shows an embodiment according to the invention, in which the section line 4 comes to lie exactly on the edge 5.
- FIG. 2E shows again in FIG. 2E, but with an eccentrically applied pouring element 2.
- the over-coated hole 3 is widened more on one side during the opening process.
- a screw cap 9 which is used for the first opening and later reclosing of the composite package 1, is additionally provided with a tamper-evident locking ring 10 which breaks when the screw cap 9 is actuated for the first time and remains in the lower region of the base body 7.
- the cutting element 11 is over its first
- Guide means 12 connected to the second guide means 13 of the base body and guided therein, these being preferred and so far preferred
- Embodiment are designed as a pair of threads with interruptions. Guided in its path of motion, the cutting element 11 is driven by a drive element 14 of the screw cap 9 when it is opened for the first time and is moved downward in a helical manner. During this movement, the composite package 1 is opened in the area of the over-coated hole 3 and the edge area is widened. The lower height H2 of the first thread in the lower area of the cutting element, as well as the normal height H1 in the remaining area, are also clearly visible in the sectional view.
- the cardboard / plastic composite material consists of a cardboard carrier layer 15, an aluminum layer 16 and inner and outer plastic cover layers 17. The punched-out edge 5 of FIG.
- Cardboard support layer 15 which defines the outer boundary of the over-coated hole 3. The overlap of the cutting element 11 with this area is also evident.
- the cutting element 11 is shown individually.
- the first guide means 12 can be seen here, which also have an external thread
- Interruptions 18 are executed. These interruptions 18 in the thread enable simplified assembly of the three-part pouring element and also certain material savings. Furthermore, as can be seen more clearly in FIG. 3A, the thread is additionally formed in the lower region with a lower height, which, together with the interruptions 18, facilitates immersion in the composite material.
- the cutting element 11 also has two cutting teeth 19 which are approximately opposite in the preferred exemplary embodiment, in order to do this
- the opened composite package can be seen from the inside in the cut-away view of FIG. 5, a tab 20 being particularly noticeable. This occurs because the over-coated hole 3 loses its tension during the cutting process before the cutting element 11 could cut a complete circle.
- Cutting elements 11 pushed to the side and thus releases the pouring opening. This segment is sufficient to keep the tab 20 in its “opened” state when the composite package 1 is open, in order to reliably prevent the tab 20 from being torn off unintentionally. In contrast to conventional designs, since the cutting element 11 fills the entire over-coated hole 3 remaining
- Edge area of the overcoated hole 3 can be seen around the cutting element 11.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cartons (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP18020342.4A EP3599183A1 (fr) | 2018-07-23 | 2018-07-23 | Emballage composite doté d'un orifice en ellipse revêtu, matériau composite carton / plastique et coupe correspondant et élément verseur destiné à être utilisé avec un tel emballage composite |
DE102018117707.0A DE102018117707A1 (de) | 2018-07-23 | 2018-07-23 | Verbundpackung mit einem ellipsenartigen überbeschichteten Loch und Karton/Kunststoff-Verbundmaterial und einen Zuschnitt daraus und ein Ausgießelement zur Verwendung mit einer solchen Verbundpackung |
PCT/EP2019/069122 WO2020020706A1 (fr) | 2018-07-23 | 2019-07-16 | Emballage composite avec élément verseur et trou de type elliptique recouvert d'un revêtement |
Publications (4)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3826930A1 true EP3826930A1 (fr) | 2021-06-02 |
EP3826930C0 EP3826930C0 (fr) | 2023-10-11 |
EP3826930B1 EP3826930B1 (fr) | 2023-10-11 |
EP3826930B8 EP3826930B8 (fr) | 2023-11-15 |
Family
ID=67262337
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19739614.6A Active EP3826930B8 (fr) | 2018-07-23 | 2019-07-16 | Emballage composite doté d'un orifice en ellipse revêtu |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20210331828A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3826930B8 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN112437743B (fr) |
BR (1) | BR112021000194A2 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2967986T3 (fr) |
PL (1) | PL3826930T3 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2020020706A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BR112022010291A2 (pt) * | 2019-11-29 | 2022-08-16 | Sig Technology Ag | Elemento de vertimento resselável para embalagens de papelão/compósitos plásticos com um anel de ancoragem para fixar de forma segura uma tampa de rosca |
DE102023105447A1 (de) * | 2023-03-06 | 2024-09-12 | Sig Services Ag | Ausgießelement für eine Verbundpackung mit einem Schneidelement zum erstmaligen Öffnen der Verbundpackung sowie damit versehene Packung |
Family Cites Families (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3982427A (en) * | 1975-06-06 | 1976-09-28 | Decker John M | Apparatus for working and testing solid elastomers |
GB8503140D0 (en) * | 1985-02-07 | 1985-03-13 | Wyeth John & Brother Ltd | Teat unit |
US5960992A (en) * | 1995-10-03 | 1999-10-05 | International Paper Company | Aseptic brick package spout |
DE19805030C2 (de) * | 1998-02-09 | 2003-03-27 | Sig Combibloc Gmbh | Wiederverschließbares Ausgießelement und damit versehene Flachgiebelverbundpackung |
EP1088765A1 (fr) * | 1999-10-01 | 2001-04-04 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance SA | Moyen d'ouverture refermable pour emballages de produits alimentaires liquides |
AU2002211086A1 (en) * | 2000-10-03 | 2002-04-29 | Weasy Pack International Ltd | Flexible closure for a container |
GB0103404D0 (en) * | 2001-02-12 | 2001-03-28 | Steadman William D | Can opening arrangement |
JP3952381B2 (ja) * | 2002-05-14 | 2007-08-01 | 日本ビクター株式会社 | ディスク成形装置 |
BR0311973B1 (pt) * | 2002-06-20 | 2012-11-27 | fecho de abridor automático para embalagens compostas ou para bocais de recipientes ou de garrafas a serem fechados com material de folha. | |
ES2260406T3 (es) * | 2002-09-09 | 2006-11-01 | TETRA LAVAL HOLDINGS & FINANCE SA | Dispositivo de apertura cerrable para envases de productos alimenticios vertibles. |
US7000522B2 (en) * | 2003-12-08 | 2006-02-21 | Eagle Rotary Systems, Inc. | Rotary cutting tool with die plate position adjustment |
ES2279294T3 (es) * | 2004-09-28 | 2007-08-16 | Ball Packaging Europe Gmbh | Tapa de chapa con una gran abertura para una lata para bebidas. |
ES2381267T3 (es) * | 2005-12-27 | 2012-05-24 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. | Tubo de descarga para dispositivos de apertura de envases sellados de productos alimenticios vertibles |
DE102006015524B3 (de) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-08-02 | Sig Technology Ag | Wiederverschließbares Ausgießelement für in Karton/Kunststoff-Verbundpackungen abgefüllte flüssige Lebensmittel |
DE102006015525B3 (de) | 2006-03-31 | 2007-08-02 | Sig Technology Ag | Wiederverschließbares Ausgießelement für in Karton/Kunststoff-Verbundpackungen abgefüllte flüssige Lebensmittel und Verfahren zu seiner Montage |
DE102006016113B3 (de) * | 2006-04-04 | 2007-08-23 | Sig Technology Ag | Wiederverschließbares Ausgießelement für Karton/Kunststoff-Verbundpackungen |
IL181657A0 (en) * | 2007-03-01 | 2007-07-04 | Avner Katai | Dispensing spout |
DK2055640T3 (da) * | 2007-11-05 | 2011-04-04 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance | Genlukkelig åbningsindretning til emballager til hældbare levnedsmiddelprodukter |
PT2287082E (pt) * | 2009-08-17 | 2012-06-18 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance | Material de embalagem em folha de múltiplas camadas para produzir embalagens seladas de produtos alimentares que se podem vazar |
DE102010006036A1 (de) | 2010-01-27 | 2011-07-28 | Sig Technology Ag | Behälter für Nahrungsmittel aus einem aluminiumfreien flächenförmigen Verbund mit einem überzogenen Loch als Teil eines Verschlusssystems |
DE102012012937B3 (de) * | 2012-06-29 | 2013-03-21 | Sig Technology Ag | Verbundpackung mit einem Ausgießelement und Zuschnitt zur Herstellung einer solchen Packung |
CN106414258B (zh) * | 2014-03-28 | 2019-03-01 | 达能农场股份有限公司 | 具有方便容器打开和随后其内容物的直接消费的装置的顶盖 |
DE102016209237A1 (de) * | 2016-05-27 | 2017-11-30 | Sig Technology Ag | Behältervorläufer mit Aufformkoeffizienten, insbesondere für einen einzelnen formstabilen Nahrungsmittelbehälter |
PL3464090T3 (pl) * | 2016-05-31 | 2020-11-02 | Sig Technology Ag | Element do wylewania dla opakowania laminatowego oraz opakowanie laminatowe z elementem do wylewania |
DE102016110047B3 (de) * | 2016-05-31 | 2017-05-04 | Sig Technology Ag | Ausgießelement für eine Verbundpackung sowie Verbundpackung mit einem Ausgießelement |
US10676261B2 (en) * | 2017-09-07 | 2020-06-09 | Silgan White Cap LLC | Closure assembly |
-
2019
- 2019-07-16 EP EP19739614.6A patent/EP3826930B8/fr active Active
- 2019-07-16 BR BR112021000194-8A patent/BR112021000194A2/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2019-07-16 CN CN201980047897.4A patent/CN112437743B/zh active Active
- 2019-07-16 ES ES19739614T patent/ES2967986T3/es active Active
- 2019-07-16 US US17/262,324 patent/US20210331828A1/en active Pending
- 2019-07-16 WO PCT/EP2019/069122 patent/WO2020020706A1/fr unknown
- 2019-07-16 PL PL19739614.6T patent/PL3826930T3/pl unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN112437743B (zh) | 2023-08-22 |
WO2020020706A1 (fr) | 2020-01-30 |
EP3826930C0 (fr) | 2023-10-11 |
ES2967986T3 (es) | 2024-05-06 |
CN112437743A (zh) | 2021-03-02 |
EP3826930B1 (fr) | 2023-10-11 |
EP3826930B8 (fr) | 2023-11-15 |
PL3826930T3 (pl) | 2024-03-11 |
BR112021000194A2 (pt) | 2021-06-01 |
US20210331828A1 (en) | 2021-10-28 |
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