EP3791408A1 - Verfahren zum herstellen einer atomfalle sowie atomfalle - Google Patents
Verfahren zum herstellen einer atomfalle sowie atomfalleInfo
- Publication number
- EP3791408A1 EP3791408A1 EP19710350.0A EP19710350A EP3791408A1 EP 3791408 A1 EP3791408 A1 EP 3791408A1 EP 19710350 A EP19710350 A EP 19710350A EP 3791408 A1 EP3791408 A1 EP 3791408A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrical conductor
- conductor element
- contacting
- insulating layer
- layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 17
- 238000010584 magnetic trap Methods 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 124
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 32
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002156 adsorbate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004812 paul trap Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 3
- UMIVXZPTRXBADB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzocyclobutene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCC2=C1 UMIVXZPTRXBADB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001312 dry etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium pentoxide Chemical compound O=[Nb](=O)O[Nb](=O)=O ZKATWMILCYLAPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004150 penning trap Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001039 wet etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001020 Au alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001793 charged compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003353 gold alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010365 information processing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005040 ion trap Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000960 laser cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007779 soft material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/26—Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/34—Dynamic spectrometers
- H01J49/42—Stability-of-path spectrometers, e.g. monopole, quadrupole, multipole, farvitrons
- H01J49/4205—Device types
- H01J49/422—Two-dimensional RF ion traps
- H01J49/4225—Multipole linear ion traps, e.g. quadrupoles, hexapoles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/0013—Miniaturised spectrometers, e.g. having smaller than usual scale, integrated conventional components
- H01J49/0018—Microminiaturised spectrometers, e.g. chip-integrated devices, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems [MEMS]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J3/00—Details of electron-optical or ion-optical arrangements or of ion traps common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing an atomic trap and an atom trap produced therefrom.
- Atomic traps are devices for storing neutral atoms and / or ions. These are usually trapped in the case of ions by means of an electric field and in the case of neutral atoms by means of a magnetic field and cooling of the ions to be trapped or neutral atoms in the atomic trap. For cooling, for example, the method of laser cooling can be used.
- an atomic trap is understood to mean a device for generating such an electric and / or magnetic field by means of which atoms or ions can be stored.
- any necessary cooling devices are not part of the claimed invention.
- inhomogeneous magnetic fields or inhomogeneous electric fields are preferably used. It is possible, for example by means of photoionization, first to transfer neutral atoms into ions and then to store these in electric fields.
- the ions may in particular be monatomic but also multatomic ions, ie, molecular ions.
- Atomic traps are used, among other things, in quantum information processing, for example as quantum sensors or for quantum sensors. They can be formed from microtechnical structures. This is possible, for example and especially advantageous to form multi-layered nuclear traps. These have several superimposed layers, which in turn each have electrical conductor structures. In this case, it is necessary that the individual layers can be produced reproducibly and with slight deviations, since irregularities propagate and accumulate as a result of the layers being applied one on top of the other. This often leads to manufacturing difficulties in the prior art.
- the different conductor structures in the individual layers are to be conductively connected to one another, which is difficult to realize in the prior art, in particular in a process with the necessary reproducibility and freedom from irregularities and the required layer thicknesses and material combinations.
- Atomic traps require an especially well-defined, in particular time-definite, especially constant electric and / or magnetic field for storing atoms and / or ions.
- interference fields can be minimized by realizing large aspect ratios such that charges accumulated on exposed dielectrics below the conductor layer generate as small as possible electric fields at the location above the structure where the atoms are stored.
- the aspect ratio is the height of the electrical conductor structures in comparison to the gaps between the same conductor elements.
- the object of the present invention is to improve the production of atomic traps.
- the invention achieves the object by a method comprising the steps of: (a) applying an electrically conductive starter layer to a substrate, (b) applying at least one electrical conductor element to the starter layer by means of electrochemical deposition. Divorce and / or in the lift-off process, (c) applying at least one contacting element by means of electrochemical deposition and / or in the lift-off process, so that the at least one contacting element is electrically conductively connected to the at least one electrical conductor element (d) removing the starting layer in areas in which no electrical conductor element has been applied, (e) applying an insulating layer which at least partially covers the at least one electrical conductor element and the at least one contacting element, (f) planarizing the insulating layer and exposing the at least one contacting element and (g) applying at least one further electrical conductor element by means of electrochemical deposition and / or in the lift-off method, so that the at least one further electrical conductor element is electrically conductively connected to the at least one contacting element is.
- the invention moreover achieves the object by means of an atomic trap which is produced by the process according to the invention and which comprises at least one electrical conductor element applied by electrochemical deposition and / or lift-off, and at least one by electrochemical deposition and / or or in the lift-off method applied contacting element, wherein the at least one electrical conductor element and the at least one contacting element have a layer thickness of at least 1 miti and an aspect ratio of at least 1 sen.
- the substrate is, for example, a wafer of silicon dioxide or corundum.
- the substrate can also be formed from a body of electrically conductive material, for example silicon, which has an insulating, ie electrically non-conductive, coating, for example of silicon dioxide or silicon nitride.
- An electrically conductive starting layer is applied to this substrate in the first step, preferably of an alloy or of a metal, such as, for example, copper, silver or nickel.
- the starting layer is preferably formed from gold or a gold-containing alloy.
- Gold is poorly used in semiconductor technology because it has several detrimental properties. Thus, for example, it can contaminate laboratories designed as cleanrooms, so that, for example, in laboratories where gold is used, CMOS semiconductors can no longer be produced.
- gold is very soft, poor in particular mechanically polishable and also expensive.
- gold is preferably used since it is, for example, less reactive and has only a slight tendency to adhere adsorbates.
- At least one electrical conductor element is applied to the starting layer by means of electrochemical deposition and / or in a lift-off process.
- the electrically conductive starter layer acts in particular as a counter electrode for the electrochemical deposition, which is also referred to as galvanic deposition.
- a structure is preferably first applied to the starting layer by means of photolithography.
- the photoresist may, for example, be a positive or negative varnish, wherein the at least one electrical conductor element is applied by means of electrochemical deposition in the regions in which the starting layer is not covered by photoresist.
- a further layer of photoresist is applied by means of photolithography, wherein preferably the photoresist applied in the previous step has previously been removed.
- photoresist which may be positive or negative resist
- the position of the subsequent contacting elements is specified. These are formed by means of electrochemical deposition in the areas in which there is no photoresist.
- These regions are located in particular above the conductor elements applied to the starting layer, so that the contacting elements are electrically conductively connected to them. Subsequently, the starting layer is removed in areas where no electrical conductor element has been applied. In particular, the previously applied photoresist is removed and the starting layer is removed, for example, by wet or dry etching.
- the substrate is preferably uncovered in all areas in which there is no electrical conductor element. Alternatively, only narrow regions of the starting layer are removed so that the spaced-apart electrical conductor elements are no longer electrically connected to one another via the starting layer, and areas remain in which the starting layer has not been removed.
- the removal of the starting layer can alternatively also be carried out before the application of the at least one contacting element.
- the insulating layer is preferably made of a dielectric or a mixture of different dielectrics, such as a polyimide, a silicone or a polymer of or with benzocyclobutene (BCB).
- a dielectric or a mixture of different dielectrics such as a polyimide, a silicone or a polymer of or with benzocyclobutene (BCB).
- the insulating layer can be applied, for example, by means of spin coating (English spin coating). This is particularly preferred when the dielectric comprising the insulating layer is a polyimide or a polymer of or BCB.
- the insulating layer is applied in such a way that it at least partially, preferably completely, covers the at least one conductor element and the at least one contacting element.
- the insulating layer preferably encloses the at least one conductor element and the at least one contacting element completely above the substrate and / or the starting layer.
- the invention also achieves the object by a method comprising the steps of: (a) applying an electrically conductive starting layer to a substrate, (b) applying at least one electrical conductor element to the starting layer by means of electrochemical deposition and / or in the lift -Off method, (c) removing the start layer in Areas in which no electrical conductor element is applied, (d) applying an insulating layer which at least partially, in particular completely covers the at least one conductor element, (e) removing the insulating layer in predetermined areas above the at least one electrical conductor element, so at least one conductor element is partially exposed, (f) application of through-connection elements by means of electrochemical deposition and / or in the lift-off process in the regions in which the at least one electrical conductor element is exposed, and (g) Applying at least one further electrical conductor element by means of electrochemical deposition and / or in the lift-off method, so that the at least one further electrical conductor element is electrically conductively connected to the at least one contacting element.
- step (e) before performing step (e), namely removing the insulating layer in a predetermined area above the at least one electrical conductor element, so that at least one conductor element is exposed, planarization of the insulating layer takes place, in particular by chemical-mechanical polishing .
- a starting layer Before applying through-contacting elements in step (f), a starting layer can be applied, which is covered with a photoresist, in particular at the locations where no contacting elements are provided. All statements made on the subject matter of the main claim also apply correspondingly to this embodiment of the method according to the invention.
- the insulating layer does not have a planar surface, but rather an uneven surface structure. This corresponds in particular to the underlying structures, so that the insulating layer in particular has a greater height above the substrate in the areas in which electrical conductor elements and / or contacting elements lie, than in those areas in which the insulating layer only the substrate is covered.
- the insulating layer has a structure that corresponds to the underlying structure of substrate, the remaining starting layer, the electrical conductor elements and the contacting elements.
- the insulating layer is planarized after application and exposed the at least one contacting element.
- Planarizing means in particular that the Surface of the insulating layer is smoothed so that it is in particular as flat as possible and preferably parallel to the surface of the substrate.
- the planarization of the insulating layer is preferably carried out by chemical-mechanical polishing.
- the exposing of the at least one contacting element takes place in particular in one of the two alternative methods presented below.
- the layer thickness of the material of the insulating layer covering the at least one contacting element is as small as possible. This layer thickness is preferably less than 500 nm, more preferably less than 250 nm.
- first of all photoresist is applied to the planarized insulating layer.
- This photoresist can again be positive or negative varnish.
- the photoresist is preferably applied to the insulating layer such that it is not located in the areas below which the at least one contacting element is located. Particularly preferred remain only area free of photoresist below which the at least one contacting element is located.
- the dielectric kum ie the insulating layer, are removed above the at least one contacting element and this exposed so.
- the resulting difference in fleas between the insulating layer and the at least one contacting element with respect to the substrate is preferably at most 500 nm, particularly preferably at most 250 nm.
- the previously applied photoresist is preferably removed.
- a further electrically conductive starting layer is applied, which in particular is located both on the insulating layer and on the previously exposed contacting elements.
- each further electrical conductor element is electrically conductively connected to at least one underlying contacting element.
- each further electrical conductor element is electrically conductively connected to at least one underlying contacting element.
- some or all electrical conductor elements are connected to more than one contacting element.
- This connection preferably takes place via the applied further starting layer, so that the at least one further electrical conductor element and the at least one contacting element are not in direct connection with one another but are connected to one another in an electrically conductive manner via the further starting layer.
- the electrical conductor elements and / or the Kunststofftechniksele- elements of gold or copper or a gold and / or copper-containing alloy are preferably, the electrical conductor elements and / or the Kunststofftechniksele- elements of gold or copper or a gold and / or copper-containing alloy.
- gold has a high electrical conductivity.
- it is poorly reactive and has a low tendency to adhere adsorbates. These can lead to the generation of interference fields, which makes the capture of the atoms and / or ions difficult or even impossible.
- the exposing of the at least one contacting element takes place by the planarization of the insulating layer in step (f).
- the insulating layer is planarized until it no longer covers the at least one contacting element.
- material of the at least one contacting element is also removed by planarizing.
- this method may lead to contact elements made of soft material, such as pure gold, smearing of Kontak- t istselements when it is reached by the polishing pad.
- This method is therefore preferably used with sufficiently hard materials for the contacting element, such as copper or nickel or alloys, in particular gold alloys, with a sufficient hardness.
- the method comprises a step (h), which in particular after step (g) of the main claim, namely the application of at least one further electrical conductor element by means of electrochemical deposition and / or in the lift-off process, so that the at least one further electrical Conductor element is electrically connected to the at least one contacting element, is performed.
- Step (h) involves removing the insulating layer in areas where no further electrical conductor element has been applied so that voids are formed.
- a further electrically conductive starter layer has been applied to the insulating layer and the through-connection elements, it is first removed in the areas in which no further electrical conductor element has been applied. This can also be done in the same work step, in which the insulating layer is removed in these areas. In other words, the underlying layers are exposed. The insulating layer is removed, for example, until reaching an underlying electrical conductor element or until the substrate is reached.
- a gap is to be understood as meaning, in particular, a material-free space which is delimited laterally in at least two spatial directions parallel to the substrate by applied structures. It may, for example, be a material-free space completely, that is to say laterally in all four spatial directions, parallel to the substrate. However, it can also be a channel which is delimited only on two sides and which passes through the atom trap from one side of the substrate to another side of the substrate parallel to the substrate. In addition, it is possible that such a gap forms a channel that does not completely penetrate the atomic trap. In other words, this channel is surrounded on three sides by structures.
- the gaps have an aspect ratio of at least 1.
- aspect ratio is meant the height or depth of an object in relation to its smallest lateral extent.
- the aspect ratio consequently relates to the ratio of the spatial depth of a gap to its smallest width, in particular parallel to the substrate.
- the depth of a gap is to be understood in particular to mean a distance perpendicular to the substrate, which is formed from the lowest edge of a structure element delimiting the gap to the bottom of the gap, in particular parallel to this edge, formed for example by an electrical conductor element or the substrate becomes.
- the greater the aspect ratio the greater the depth of the gap in relation to its smallest width, the more advantageous it is for an atom trap.
- the gaps are as narrow as possible. They therefore preferably have an aspect ratio of at least 3, more preferably at least 4, even more preferably at least 5.
- the method comprises the step of repeating steps (c) through (g) or (c) through (h) to obtain a multi-layered atomic trap.
- the manufacturing method according to this embodiment of the atomic trap is not finished after performing steps (a) to (g) or (a) to (h). Rather, a part of the steps is repeated at least once.
- step (g) further contacting elements are applied by means of electrochemical deposition and / or in the lift-off method, which are connected in an electrically conductive manner to the electrical conductor elements applied in step (g). If a starting layer has been applied and this has not previously been removed, for example for creating gaps, it is then subsequently removed. If no starting layer is present any more in areas in which no electrical conductor element has been applied, in particular step (d) need not be carried out.
- the steps (c) to (g) or (c) to (h) are preferably carried out at least once, more preferably at least five times, more preferably at least ten times, and even more preferably at least twenty times.
- a multilayered structure of conductor elements is created, which are connected to one another via through-connection elements in a direction perpendicular to the substrate.
- the aspect ratio of the gap increases with each additional layer applied as the structural features surrounding it become higher.
- the aspect ratio is preferably at least 1, particularly preferably at least 3, more preferably at least 4 and very particularly preferably at least 5, is in particular the aspect ratio of the resulting gaps, ie in the finished, preferably multi-layered nuclear trap understand.
- the largest possible aspect ratio is advantageous because possibly interfering substances or adsorbates are less likely to get into these gaps can penetrate and settle there. By means of such interfering substances or adsorbates, it is possible, for example, to form electrical interference fields which hinder or even prevent the trapping of neutral atoms or ions in the atomic trap.
- the highest possible aspect ratio is also advantageous because dielectrics can carry surface charges in the lower part of the gap. These surface charges, when hidden so deeply in the gaps, generate only small electric fields at the location of the stored atoms and thus disturb them less.
- the electrical conductor elements are preferably applied with a layer thickness of at least 1 ⁇ m and / or the insulating layer and / or the at least one contacting element are applied with a layer thickness of at least 1 ⁇ m.
- the largest possible thickness of the electrical conductor elements is diametrically opposed to the usual in microtechnology attempts to further miniaturization.
- the thickest possible conductor elements are advantageous since they can lead to larger currents.
- such large currents are advantageous or even necessary.
- the contacting elements preferably also have a layer thickness of at least 1 ⁇ m.
- Such a layer thickness of at least 1 pm can be achieved, for example, with the otherwise disadvantageous method of electrochemical deposition in microtechnology. This usually has the disadvantage that too thick and for many microtechnical applications to irregular elements are generated.
- the insulating layer has a layer thickness of at least 1 pm.
- the thickness of the insulating layer preferably corresponds to the layer thickness of the contacting elements. It is preferably the same size or larger.
- the layer thickness of the electrical conductor elements and / or the contacting elements and / or the insulating layer is more than 3 miti, more preferably more than 5 miti and more preferably more than 10 miti.
- the conductor elements and / or the contacting elements preferably have an aspect ratio of at least 1.
- the spatial extent in the direction perpendicular to the substrate is at least equal to the smallest lateral extent, which runs in particular parallel to the substrate.
- the conductor elements and / or the contacting elements have an aspect ratio of at least 3, more preferably of at least 4, even more preferably of at least 5.
- the substrate has a recess for passing an atom beam or such a recess is introduced into the substrate.
- a recess may, for example, be a channel which completely passes through the substrate from a bottom side to an upper side and is therefore surrounded by the substrate in all four spatial directions parallel to the substrate.
- the recess is surrounded by the substrate in only three spatial directions.
- an atomic beam can be passed, from which atoms or ions are trapped by the atomic trap.
- the atom beam may also be an ion beam according to the invention.
- Such a beam can be generated, for example, by selective heating of a metal wire, such as a beryllium wire.
- a metal wire such as a beryllium wire.
- the substrate has at least one substrate via element or this is introduced into the substrate.
- the substrate has an upper side and a lower side, wherein the method according to the invention is carried out in particular on the upper side of the substrate. From the top to the bottom of the Substrate preferably extends the at least one electrically conductive substrate via element.
- the electrical conductor elements are preferably applied such that they are electrically conductively connected to this at least one Substrat- fürmeld istselement.
- the power source necessary for energizing the electrical conductor elements can be connected to the back of the substrate.
- the electrical current can then be conducted via the substrate via element into the at least one electrical conductor element. It is also possible that only a potential, in particular static voltages, is applied to the electrical conductor elements. In other words, energizing the at least one electrical conductor element is possible, but not necessary.
- An atomic trap according to the invention is characterized in that it has conductor elements and contacting elements whose layer thickness is at least 1 ⁇ m. This is possible in particular only by the electrochemical deposition during production. Other manufacturing methods, such as sputtering, in particular lead to significantly lower layer thicknesses and are therefore not technically useful.
- a high layer thickness is advantageous because in particular traps for neutral atoms must be able to carry high currents in order to provide field configurations with a stable and very large spatial inhomogeneity for the storage of the atoms.
- the conductor elements and the contacting elements have an aspect ratio of at least 1, so that in particular narrow structures are formed.
- Preferably also formed gaps have aspect ratios of at least 1. This ensures in particular that charges accumulated on dielectric layers in the wall region of the gaps below conductor elements cause the smallest possible interference fields at the location of the atoms.
- the atomic trap according to the invention is also characterized in particular by the fact that its structure is particularly easy to scale. In other words, in particular In particular, almost any number of layers, in particular at least 10 layers, are formed without irregularities propagating in such a way that a functional construction is no longer possible.
- FIG. 1 shows the first part of a flow chart of a method of producing an atomic trap according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows the second part of the flow diagram of the production method according to the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an atomic trap according to the invention
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of a further embodiment of an atomic trap according to the invention, with a recess for passing an atomic beam as well as substrate through-connection elements, and
- FIG. 5 is a detail of a schematic sectional view of a multi-layered nuclear trap according to the invention.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 show diagrammatically an inventive manufacturing method.
- the starting layer 2 which is metallic in this case, is already applied to the substrate 1 in FIG. 1, in particular over the entire surface and by means of vapor deposition.
- Photoresist 3 is then applied to the latter, in particular by means of spin coating or spray coating.
- the photoresist is preferably either negative varnish or positive varnish.
- a mask is used which is translucent at the points at which the subsequent electrical conductor elements 4 (4.1, 4.2) are to be arranged. Exposure makes the positive varnish liquid or soluble at the exposed areas so that it can be removed in these areas.
- the photoresist 3 is arranged only in the areas in which no electrical conductor elements 4 are to be applied. It serves insofar as a form or template for applying the at least one electrical conductor element 4.
- the areas of the mask are translucent, in which the later electrical conductor elements 4 are not to be applied. In these areas, the photoresist 3 hardens under exposure. In the unexposed areas, it can be correspondingly removed, and in turn results in a shape or template for applying the at least one electrical conductor element 4.
- the starting layer 2 functions in the galvanic deposition of the electrical conductor elements 4.1 and 4.2 as counterelectrode.
- further photoresist 3 is applied, which serves as a mold or template for the contacting elements 6.
- the previously applied photoresist can be removed first.
- the contacting elements 6, in the present case the three contacting elements 6.1 to 6.3, are applied by means of electrolytic deposition in the areas in which no photoresist 3 is present.
- the photoresist 3 is then completely removed in particular. This can be done by means of a suitable solvent, such as acetone.
- the starting layer 2 is removed in the areas in which no conductor elements 4 are applied to them. It is preferably possible to remove the starting layer 2 and the photoresist 3 in a single operation.
- the starting layer 2 can already be removed before the application of the contacting elements 6.
- an insulating layer 7 is applied.
- this consists of a polyimide and is applied by means of spin coating.
- the insulating layer preferably completely covers the previously applied structures. Due to the different heights of the individual structures relative to the substrate 1, the insulating layer has a structure that corresponds in particular to the underlying structures. Preferably, the height of the insulating layer, ie the distance between the surface and the underlying structure, is almost constant. This is indicated in Fig. 1 as h1. However, the absolute height of the insulating layer over the substrate varies and results in the said corresponding structure.
- the insulating layer 7 is subsequently planarized. It is preferably planarized by means of chemical-mechanical polishing, so that it then preferably has a constant height h 2 above the substrate 1. It is therefore removed material of the insulating layer.
- the insulating layer 7 is planarized only so far, so only removed so much material that the contacting elements 6.1 to 6.3 are still covered by the insulating layer 7.
- the height of these the Kunststofftechniksele- elements 6.1. to 6.3 covering layer is in particular as small as possible. It is preferably less than 250 nm.
- photoresist 3 is applied again, which eliminates the areas below which the contacting elements 6.1. to 6.3. In these omitted areas, the insulating layer is removed, for example by etching or a suitable solvent. Preferably, a method is used for the removal that the contacting elements 6 does not attack.
- the height is still the, in particular constant, height h2.
- a further electrically conductive starting layer 12 is then applied.
- photoresist 3 is applied again, which serves as a mold or template for the further electrical conductor elements 14.1 and 14.2. These are applied to the further starting layer 12 by means of electrochemical deposition.
- the photoresist is removed.
- the further starting layer 12 is also removed in the areas in which no further electrical conductor element 14 is applied. This takes place in two separate steps or preferably in one work step.
- the insulating layer 7 is now exposed. This is subsequently also removed, for example by etching, so that gaps 8 are formed. These gaps are bounded by the electrical conductor elements 4 and / or the substrate down. In the present case, the gap 8.1 is limited by the electrical conductor element 4.1. The gap indicated at the edge 8.2. however, is limited by the substrate 1.
- FIG. 3 shows an atomic trap 20 according to the invention.
- a plurality of multi-layered and spatially separated conductor structures 21 to 23 are shown schematically in FIG. These were applied to the substrate 1 in accordance with the method sketched in FIGS. 1 and 2.
- the conductor structures 21 to 23 are preferably not conductively connected to one another and each have their own electrical connection 29 for energizing.
- the conductor structures 21 to 23 serve to cause an, in particular inhomogeneous, electric field above the atomic trap.
- ions 24.1 to 24.3 are captured and stored. These ions were previously Ionization generated from neutral atoms.
- a laser beam 25 is used for photoionization.
- the conductor structures 22.1 and 22.2 are connected to AC voltage and the conductor structures 23.1 and 23.2 to ground.
- the conductor structures 23 are connected to a DC voltage different from 0.
- FIG. 4 schematically shows a further embodiment of an atomic trap 20 according to the invention.
- This atomic trap in turn has multilayer conductor structures 21 to 23, wherein in addition a recess 26 has been introduced in the form of a channel in the substrate 1. An atom beam 27 is passed through this recess.
- the atomic beam 27 can be produced by heating a metal wire, for example, by selective heating of a beryllium wire to more than 1000 K.
- atoms of the atom beam are transferred by means of photoionization into ions 24.1 to 24.3, which are stored in the electric field caused by the multilayer conductor structures 21 to 23.
- the substrate also has substrate via elements 28, via which the multilayer conductor structures 21 to 23 are energized.
- each multilayer conductor structure 21 to 23 is assigned at least one substrate via element 28.
- FIG. 5 shows an exemplary sectional view of a multi-layered nuclear trap.
- the sectional view corresponds to the atomic trap of the manufacturing method shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
- conductor elements 14.1 and 14.2 further contacting elements 16.1 and 16.2 were applied by means of electrochemical deposition. These are preferably identically dimensioned as the contacting elements 6.1 to 6.3.
- a further insulating layer 17 was applied by means of spin coating.
- the contacting elements are exposed and a further starting layer (not shown) adjoins, which is mounted on the further contacting elements 16. 1 and 16. 2 and the further insulating layer 17.
- FIG. 5 shows that the aspect ratio, ie the ratio of the width to the height of the gaps 8. 1 and 8. 2, increases as a result of the application of further layers.
- the gaps 8.1 and 8.2 in Figure 5 have a greater height than in Figure 2, which leads to a larger aspect ratio with the same width.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Internal Circuitry In Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102018111220.3A DE102018111220B3 (de) | 2018-05-09 | 2018-05-09 | Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Atomfalle sowie Atomfalle |
PCT/EP2019/055314 WO2019214863A1 (de) | 2018-05-09 | 2019-03-04 | Verfahren zum herstellen einer atomfalle sowie atomfalle |
Publications (2)
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EP3791408A1 true EP3791408A1 (de) | 2021-03-17 |
EP3791408B1 EP3791408B1 (de) | 2022-05-11 |
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EP19710350.0A Active EP3791408B1 (de) | 2018-05-09 | 2019-03-04 | Verfahren zum herstellen einer atomfalle sowie atomfalle |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US11264220B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP3791408B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102018111220B3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2019214863A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (2)
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EP3979298A1 (de) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-04-06 | Infineon Technologies Austria AG | Vorrichtung zur kontrolle von eingefangenen ionen und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
DE102022129825B3 (de) | 2022-11-11 | 2023-12-21 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Batterie und Verfahren zu deren Überwachung |
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WO2007052273A2 (en) * | 2005-11-02 | 2007-05-10 | Ben Gurion University Of The Negev Research And Development Authority | Novel material and process for integrated ion chip |
US7928375B1 (en) * | 2007-10-24 | 2011-04-19 | Sandia Corporation | Microfabricated linear Paul-Straubel ion trap |
KR101725788B1 (ko) | 2014-10-31 | 2017-04-12 | 에스케이 텔레콤주식회사 | 절연층 노출을 방지한 이온 트랩 장치 및 그 제작 방법 |
US10141177B2 (en) * | 2017-02-16 | 2018-11-27 | Bruker Daltonics, Inc. | Mass spectrometer using gastight radio frequency ion guide |
-
2018
- 2018-05-09 DE DE102018111220.3A patent/DE102018111220B3/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2019
- 2019-03-04 EP EP19710350.0A patent/EP3791408B1/de active Active
- 2019-03-04 WO PCT/EP2019/055314 patent/WO2019214863A1/de unknown
- 2019-03-04 US US17/053,504 patent/US11264220B2/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP3791408B1 (de) | 2022-05-11 |
US20210233756A1 (en) | 2021-07-29 |
US11264220B2 (en) | 2022-03-01 |
WO2019214863A1 (de) | 2019-11-14 |
DE102018111220B3 (de) | 2019-05-23 |
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