EP3740311A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung eines scr-katalysators mittels vortrocknung - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung eines scr-katalysators mittels vortrocknungInfo
- Publication number
- EP3740311A1 EP3740311A1 EP19701315.4A EP19701315A EP3740311A1 EP 3740311 A1 EP3740311 A1 EP 3740311A1 EP 19701315 A EP19701315 A EP 19701315A EP 3740311 A1 EP3740311 A1 EP 3740311A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- carrier
- catalyst
- zeolite
- gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
- B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/064—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/072—Iron group metals or copper
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
- B01J29/7015—CHA-type, e.g. Chabazite, LZ-218
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
- B01J29/72—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/76—Iron group metals or copper
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- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
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- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
- B01J29/72—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/76—Iron group metals or copper
- B01J29/763—CHA-type, e.g. Chabazite, LZ-218
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- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0215—Coating
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- B01J37/0236—Drying, e.g. preparing a suspension, adding a soluble salt and drying
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
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- B01J37/024—Multiple impregnation or coating
- B01J37/0246—Coatings comprising a zeolite
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/30—Ion-exchange
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/34—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation
- B01J37/341—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation
- B01J37/343—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation of ultrasonic wave energy
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2803—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D2251/20—Reductants
- B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
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- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/915—Catalyst supported on particulate filters
- B01D2255/9155—Wall flow filters
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
- B01J2229/10—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained
- B01J2229/18—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself
- B01J2229/186—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself not in framework positions
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional [3D] monoliths
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
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- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2370/00—Selection of materials for exhaust purification
- F01N2370/02—Selection of materials for exhaust purification used in catalytic reactors
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- F01N2510/00—Surface coverings
- F01N2510/06—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to a process for the production of autocatalysts, the catalysts themselves and their use.
- a working step is used which, independently of the actual drying process, requires predrying of the catalytically active material used.
- the invention preferably finds application in the coating of Wandhnefil- tern.
- the exhaust gas from internal combustion engines in motor vehicles typically contains the noxious gases carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and optionally sulfur oxides (SO x ), as well as particles consisting predominantly of soot residues and optionally adhering organic agglomerates. These are called primary emissions.
- CO, HC and particles are products of incomplete combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber of the engine.
- Nitrogen oxides are produced in the cylinder from nitrogen and oxygen in the intake air when the combustion temperatures locally exceed 1400 ° C. Sulfur oxides result from the combustion of organic sulfur compounds, which are always present in small amounts in non-synthetic fuels.
- catalytic exhaust gas purification technologies In order to remove these environmental and health-related emissions from the exhaust gases of motor vehicles, a variety of catalytic exhaust gas purification technologies have been developed, the basic principle of which is usually based on the exhaust gas to be purified via a flow-through or wall-flow honeycomb body, or monolith (wall-flow) with a catalytically active coating applied to it.
- the catalyst promotes the chemical reaction of various exhaust gas components to form innocuous products such as carbon dioxide and water.
- the flow or wall flow monoliths just described are accordingly also referred to as catalyst supports, supports or substrate monoliths, since they carry the catalytically active coating on their surface or in the walls forming this surface.
- the catalytically active coating is often applied in a so-called coating process in the form of a suspension on the catalyst support.
- Many such processes have been published in the past by automotive catalytic converters for this purpose (EP1064094B1, EP2521618B1, W010015573A2, EP1136462B1, US6478874, US4609563, WO9947260A1, JP5378659B2,
- US6478874 it is stated that a vacuum is used to draw a washcoat suspension from bottom to top through the channels of a substrate monolith.
- US4609563 describes a process in which a metered charge system is used for the catalytic coating of a substrate.
- This system comprises a method of coating a ceramic monolithic carrier with a precisely controlled, predetermined amount of washcoat suspension using a vacuum (hereinafter "metered charge").
- the monolithic carrier is immersed in a quantified amount of washcoat suspension. Then the washcoat suspension is pulled through the vacuum into the substrate monolith.
- it is difficult to coat the monolithic support so that the coating profiles of the channels in the monolithic support are uniform.
- washcoatsuspension (metered batch) is applied to the top of a vertical substrate monolith, this amount being so large that it is retained almost completely within the intended monolith (US6599570).
- a vacuum / pressure device acting on one of the ends of the monolith, the washcoat suspension is completely sucked / pressed into the monolith without excess suspension coming out at the lower end of the monolith (WO9947260A1). See also JP5378659B2, EP2415522A1 and J P2014205108A2 from Cataler in this connection.
- the raw exhaust gas of, in particular, diesel engines or lean-burnt gasoline engines contains a relatively high oxygen content of up to 15% by volume.
- particulate emissions are contained, which consist predominantly of soot residues and, where appropriate, organic agglomerates and result from a partially incomplete fuel combustion in the cylinder.
- Adhering to future exhaust emission limits for lean internal combustion engines in Europe, North America and Japan will require the simultaneous removal of particulates and nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gas in addition to removal of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.
- the noxious gases carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons can easily be made harmless from the lean exhaust gas by oxidation on a suitable Oxidationskata-.
- diesel particulate filters with and without additional catalytically active coating are suitable aggregates.
- the reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen (“denitrification" of the exhaust gas) is more difficult because of the high oxygen content.
- One known process uses nitrogen oxide storage catalysts, and another is the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of the nitrogen oxides on a suitable catalyst, SCR catalyst for short.
- the reduction of the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas takes place in the SCR process with the aid of a metered from an external source in the exhaust system reducing agent.
- the reducing agent used is ammonia, which converts the nitrogen oxides present in the exhaust gas to nitrogen and water at the SCR catalytic converter.
- the ammonia used as the reducing agent can be made available by metering in an ammonia precursor compound, such as, for example, urea, ammonium carbamate or ammonium formate, into the exhaust gas line and subsequent hydrolysis.
- the SCR catalytic converter can be arranged between a diesel oxidation catalytic converter close to the engine and a diesel particulate filter in the underbody of the vehicle (DOC-SCR-DPF) according to US20040098979A1 or before a unit of diesel oxidation catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter (SCR-DOC-DPF) according to WO2009156134A1.
- DOC-SCR-DPF diesel particulate filter in the underbody of the vehicle
- SCR-DOC-DPF diesel particulate filter
- certain metal-exchanged zeolites or zeotypes can be used as SCR catalysts.
- Zeolites / zeotypes are often subdivided into large, medium and small pore zeolites / zeotypes according to the ring size of their largest pore openings.
- Large pore zeolites / zeotypes have a maximum ring size of 12 and medium-pore zeolites / zeotype one of 10 tetrahedra atoms.
- Small pore zeolite / zeotype (abbreviation: SPZ of small pore zeolite / zeotype) have a maximum Ring size of 8 T etrahedraatomen on (see also: http://europe.iza-structure.org/IZA- SC / ftc table.oho: W02017080722A1).
- SCR catalysts based on iron-exchanged ⁇ -zeolites ie a large-pore zeolite
- SCR catalysts based on small-pore zeolites are becoming increasingly important, see, for example, W02008 / 106519A1, W02008 / 118434A1 and WO2008 / 132452A2.
- WO2008 / 132452A2 describes a small-pore zeolite exchanged with copper, for example, which can be coated on a suitable monolithic substrate as washcoat or extruded into a substrate.
- the washcoat may contain a binder selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, (non-zeolitic) silica-alumina, natural toners, PO2, ZrC> 2 and SnC> 2.
- WO2013 / 060341 A1 describes SCR-active catalyst compositions from a physical mixture of an acidic zeolite or zeotypes in protonic form or in iron-promoted form with, for example, CU / Al 2 O 3 .
- W012075400A1 describes a catalyst composition consisting of a copper or iron containing CHA zeolite for SCR applications in which the average crystal size preferably has a majority of crystal sizes greater than about 0.5 pm.
- the zeolites are applied to the supports as an aqueous washcoat suspension. Information on setting the grain size, for example by grinding in a ball mill or by means of other grinding methods, can not be found in the application.
- zeolites or zeotypes are not only used in SCR catalysts. In diesel oxidation catalysts in particular, these often play a major role as hydrocarbon scavengers at low temperatures (HC trap). Even as a nitrogen oxide storage these have already been described.
- the procedure is essentially such that, in an initial step, an ion exchange takes place in the zeolite or zeotype in accordance with the skilled person.
- the ions present in the zeolite or zeotype are replaced by those which have been found to be catalytically active for the reaction in question.
- this mixture is then optionally after washing with water with or without admixture of a binder on the carrier, usually a flow carrier or Wall flow filter applied by the coating techniques described above.
- the coating can then be present on the walls of the carriers and / or in the pores of the walls of the channels of the carriers.
- Exemplary production variants of such catalysts can be found in W02008 / 106519A1 or W02005 / 016497A1.
- the catalyst support After coating the catalyst support with a washcoat suspension, these are dried in a conventional manner by evaporation of the solvent, usually water, before another coating operation and / or calcining takes place.
- the evaporation process can be carried out by passing heated air through the Catalyst supports are accelerated.
- the passage of the heated air can either be forced from below via a blower exclusively through the interior of the vertical catalyst support or alternatively in a batch process in a convection oven or continuously in a continuous furnace with convection.
- WO9955458A1 An improvement of this heated air drying process is described in WO9955458A1 which mentions a process for drying coated flow-through catalyst carriers.
- a gas stream is sucked by applying a vacuum to the opposite end of the coating to the coating direction and simultaneously fed from the other end of a heated gas stream. In this case, there should be no further influence on the coating profile.
- the gas stream serves to remove a moisture film in the channels, which would otherwise clog the channels.
- the air used for drying is then heated to temperatures of 82 ° C to 371 ° C and passed through the catalyst support with a volume flow of about 40 m 3 / min for about 40 seconds.
- the speed of the gas flow is on the order of about 4 m / s.
- the water content of the applied washcoat layer is reduced by 43-67% in this drying process with vacuum support depending on the temperature of the gas stream from 121 ° C to 177 ° C and by 25-37% without vacuum only with heated air.
- WO2016153923A1 describes a similar plant and a comparable process for calcining coated substrates with an upstream drying step.
- the liquid of the coating suspension is evaporated by applying a vacuum and passing a heated gas stream.
- the flow of the gas stream is about 5 to about 11 m 3 / min at a gas temperature of 100 ° C to 115 ° C for a period of 5 to 30 seconds set.
- the washcoat layer is subsequently dried at a temperature of the gas stream of 170 ° C. to 235 ° C. for a further 5 to 30 seconds before the calcining takes place.
- no metal ion-exchanged zeolites are mentioned.
- the patent EP941763A1 describes a method for coating catalyst supports with a washcoat suspension which, after coating the support, provides a predrying step before the actual calcination.
- predrying in which the carrier from below with preheated air at temperatures between 20 ° C and 150 ° C and speeds of more than 4, preferably 7 - 10 m / s, for a period of 5 to 20 s flows through , the inflow of the flow channels or a narrowing of the channels at the lower end of the catalyst body can be avoided.
- no information is given about the pre-drying degree of the washcoat layer achieved.
- Automotive catalytic converters have to meet ever increasing demands due to the decreasing legal limits for harmful auto emissions. It is therefore a permanent task for research to provide more effective and better car exhaust catalysts.
- the activity of the final catalysts can be surprisingly increased, which is previously was not expected (Fig. 2).
- the actual drying time can be drastically reduced, with the result that the use of the additional pre-drying step at the bottom of the line leads to a net shortening of the total process duration.
- zeolites or zeotypes it is possible in principle to use all types or mixtures thereof which are suitable for the relevant field of application. These include naturally occurring, but preferably synthetically produced zeolites. These may include scaffolding types e.g. from the group consisting of beta, ferrierite, Y, USY, ZSM-5, ITQ.
- Examples of synthetically produced small-pore zeolites and zeotypes which are suitable here are those which correspond to the structure types ABW, ACO, AEI, AEN, AFN, AFT, AFX, ANA, APC, APD, ATN, ATT, ATV, AWO, AWW, BIK, BRE, CAS, CDO, CHA, DDR, DFT, EAB, EDI, EPI, ERI, ESV, GIS, GOO, IHW, ITE, ITW, JBW, KFI, LEV, LTA, LTJ, MER, MON, MTF, NSI, OWE, PAU, PHI, RHO, RTE, RTH, SAS, SAT, SAV, SIV, THO, TSC, UEI, UFI, VNI, YUG and ZON.
- those of the small-pore type are used, which are derived from a type of structure from the group consisting of CHA, LEV, AFT, AEI, AFI, AFX, KFI, ERI, DDR. Particularly preferred are those which are derived from the CHA, LEV, AEI, AFX, AFI or KFI scaffold. Very particular preference is given to zeolite of the AEI or CHA type in this connection. Mixtures of the specified species are also possible.
- the SAR value of the zeolite or the corresponding value for the zeotypes should be in the range of 5 to 50, preferably 10 to 45, and more preferably 20 to 40.
- the zeolites or zeotypes for example in the SCR reaction, it is necessary for the zeolites or zeotypes, and in particular those of the small-pore type, to be exchanged with metal ions, in particular transition metal ions.
- metal ions in particular transition metal ions.
- the skilled person can use the metal ions preferably used for the corresponding reaction.
- metal ions from the group of platinum metals, in particular platinum, palladium and rhodium have crystallized out as the oxidation of hydrocarbons, while, for example, the SCR reaction has proven to be most effective with zeolites or zeolites which have been reacted with iron and / or Copper ions are exchanged.
- the exchange rate (number of ions at exchange places / total number of exchange places) should be between 0.3 and 0.5.
- exchange places here are meant those at which the positive ions compensate negative charges of the grid.
- Preferred may also other non-exchanged metal ions, in particular Fe and / or Cu ions present in the final SCR catalyst.
- the ratio of exchanged to non-exchanged ions is> 50:50, preferably 60:40 - 95: 5 and most preferably 70:30 - 90:10.
- the ions sitting on exchange sites are visible in electron spin resonance analysis and can be quantified (Quantitative EPR, Gareth R. Eaton, Sandra S.
- All non-ion exchanged cations are located elsewhere in or outside the zeolite / zeotype. The latter do not compensate for negative charge of the zeolite / zeolite framework. They are invisible in the EPR and can thus be calculated from the difference between the total metal loading (eg determined by ICP) and the value determined in the EPR.
- the addition of the corresponding ions to the coating mixture is controlled so that the total amount of metal ions, in particular Fe and / or Cu ions in the final total catalyst at 0.5 to 10 wt .-%, preferably 1-5 wt .-% the coating amount is.
- the coating suspension may also contain other ingredients. These components can further promote the catalytic function of the catalytically active material, but do not actively engage in the reaction itself.
- Materials used here are e.g. so-called binder. Among other things, the latter ensure that the materials and components involved in the reaction can adhere sufficiently firmly to the corresponding substrate. Binders selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon dioxide or their oxide hydroxides (for example boehmite) or mixtures thereof have proven to be advantageous components in this connection. In the present case, highly surface-area aluminas are advantageously used. The binder is used in a certain amount in the coating.
- the further constituent e.g. the binder in a quantity of max. 25% by weight, preferably max. 20 wt .-% and most preferably in an amount of 5 wt .-% - 15 wt .-% used.
- the thus configured coating suspension has usual solids contents of 25 to 45%, especially 30 to 45% and especially 35 to 42%.
- the viscosity (viscosity: DIN 53019-1: 2008-09 - latest version valid on filing date) is at a shear rate of 1 / s advantageously at 0.01 - 10 Pa * s, preferably 0.02 - 2 Pa * s and especially preferably 0.05-1.5 Pa * s.
- the shear rate dependent viscosity can be measured with a plate Cone rheometer (Malvern, type Kinexus or Brookfield, type RST) are measured.
- the coating suspension is applied to the carrier according to the instructions of the person skilled in the art (see introductory references in this regard).
- the term "coating” refers to the application of the frequently aqueous suspension of catalytically active materials and optionally further constituents (also called washcoat) to a largely inert impact body, which is a wall-flow filter or wall flow filter Flow-Through Monolith.
- the coating layer thus assumes the actual catalytic function.
- the support is dried as described above and optionally calcined at elevated temperature.
- the coating can consist of one layer or be made up of several identical or different layers, which are applied one above the other (multi-layered) and / or offset from one another (zoned) onto a support body.
- a substrate of the wall-flow type (wall-flow filter) or of the flow-through type can serve as the carrier.
- Flow monoliths are conventional catalyst carriers in the art which may consist of metal (corrugated carrier, e.g., WO17153239A1, WO16057285A1, WO15121910A1, and references cited therein) or ceramic materials. Preference is given to using refractory ceramics such as, for example, cordierite, silicon carbide or aluminum titanate, etc.
- the number of channels per area is characterized by the cell density, which is usually between 300 and 900 cells per square inch (cpsi).
- the wall thickness of the channel walls is between 0.5 and 0.05 mm for ceramics.
- the catalyst material may be in the form of washcoat suspensions in and / or on the porous walls between and outflow channels are present. It is also possible to use wall-flow monoliths which have been extruded directly or with the aid of binders from the corresponding catalyst materials, that is to say that the porous walls consist directly of the catalyst material, as in the case of SCR catalysts, for example Zeolite or vanadium base may be the case. Such extruded SCR monoliths may additionally be provided, as described above, with a washcoat suspension in and / or on the porous walls.
- Preferred substrates to be used can be taken from EP1309775A1, EP2042225A1 or EP1663458A1.
- the porosity of the wall-flow filters is generally more than 40%, generally from 40% to 75%, in particular from 45% to 70% [measured according to DIN 66133 - latest version on the application date].
- the average pore size is at least 7 pm, for example from 7 pm to 34 pm, preferably more than 10 pm, in particular from 10 pm to 20 pm or from 21 pm to 33 pm [measured according to DIN 66134 latest version on the filing date].
- the finished and coated filters with a pore size of generally 10 ⁇ m to 33 ⁇ m and a porosity of 50% to 65% are particularly preferred. In the present case, very particular preference is given to using a corresponding carrier of the wall-flow type (wall-flow filter).
- a gas stream is passed for a sufficient period of time in order to adjust the solids content as claimed.
- this should be as short as possible.
- the period of time should be chosen so that the appropriate solids content can be reliably obtained for all carriers.
- the time will be between 10 seconds and 2 minutes, preferably between 15 seconds and 1 minute, and most preferably the gas flow will last for a period of 15 to 40 seconds, most preferably> 20- ⁇ 40 seconds.
- the temperature of the gas stream should be adjusted accordingly. It has proved favorable if the gas flow does not exceed a temperature of 60 ° C. In general, the temperature of the gas stream in the predrying between 15 ° C - 50 ° C and most preferably between 20 ° C - 45 ° C.
- the relative humidity of the gas flowing through the carrier during the process step according to the invention is particularly adapted.
- gas all gases which are suitable for the person skilled in the art may be selected from the group consisting of air, CO 2 , N 2 , noble gases or mixtures of these are used. Possibly. Reactive gases can be admixed, such as H 2 or O 2 .
- air is used. It has proven to be beneficial, especially with respect to the use of air, when relatively dry gas is used for the predrying.
- the relative humidity of the gas should be reduced to values of less than 5 g of water per kilogram of gas / air. Preference is given to using less than 4 g of water per kilogram of gas / air, more preferably less than 3 g of water per kilogram of gas / air.
- the gas stream is generated by a pressure difference of greater than 20 mbar between the inlet and outlet side of the carrier.
- the predrying is more preferably carried out with a pressure difference for passing the gas stream from 20 to 600 mbar, particularly preferably from 100 to 500 mbar, between the inlet and outlet sides.
- larger pressure differences of 50-600 mbar, preferably 100-500 mbar and particularly preferably 150-400 mbar are useful for the application of Wandtikfiltern.
- pressure differences of 20-400 mbar, preferably 50-350 mbar and particularly preferably 80-300 mbar are suitable.
- the pressure difference can be created by applying an overpressure to one end of the carrier.
- the pressure difference can also be established by applying a negative pressure to one end of the carrier.
- a suppression is used in the process according to the invention.
- the gas stream is sucked in the coating direction through the carrier.
- air is used for this purpose.
- the present invention likewise relates to a catalyst prepared according to the invention for the after-treatment of exhaust gases of an optionally lean combustion engine, in particular a corresponding SCR catalyst.
- the carrier is a wall-flow filter.
- This has a load with the dry coating suspension of 30-200 g / l, preferably 50-160 g / l and most preferably 80-145 g / l.
- the majority of the coating (> 50%, more preferably> 75% and particularly preferably> 85%) is present in the pores of the filter. This is particularly advantageous for the coating of the wall flow filter with an SCR catalyst based on metal ion-exchanged zeolites or zeotype.
- the carriers produced by the process according to the invention have an extremely low gradient with regard to the washcoat concentration in the axial direction or in relation to the copper content in the axial direction.
- the gradient of the carriers is preferably less than 10%, preferably less than 5% and particularly preferably less than 3% in terms of the washcoat concentration and / or the copper content measured in the axial direction.
- a catalyst according to the invention for the after-treatment of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine.
- all exhaust gas aftertreatments that are suitable for this purpose can serve the expert.
- Corresponding zeolites and zeotypes as mentioned in the introduction come u.a. in TWCs (three-way catalysts, in particular as GPF in stoichiometric exhaust gas), DOCs (Diesel Oxidation Catalysts), PNAs (Passive NOx Absorbers), LNTs (Nitrogen Oxide Storage Catalysts) and especially in SCR catalysts.
- the catalysts prepared by the novel process are suitable.
- the catalysts produced in accordance with the invention are used in the selective reduction of nitrogen oxides by means of ammonia (SCR treatment), in particular in the form of a wall-flow filter.
- ammonia or an ammonia precursor compound is injected into this and passed through an SCR catalyst according to the invention.
- the temperature above the SCR catalyst should be between 150 ° C and 500 ° C, preferably between 200 ° C and 400 ° C or between 180 ° C and 380 ° C, so that the reduction can go as completely as possible. Particularly preferred is a temperature range of 225 ° C to 350 ° C for the reduction.
- Optimal sales starting at 75% conversion already at 150 ° C at at the same time optimal selectivity to nitrogen become according to the stoichiometry of the reaction equation
- the injection devices used can be chosen as desired by the person skilled in the art. Suitable systems can be found in the literature (T. Mayer, solid SCR system based on ammonium carbamate, thesis, TU Kaiserslautern, 2005). The ammonia can via the injection device as such or in the form of a
- aqueous solutions of urea or ammonium formate are suitable, as well as solid ammonium carbamate.
- urea or ammonium formate are suitable, as well as solid ammonium carbamate.
- injection nozzles for example EP031 1758A1.
- the predrying according to the invention is combined with a process step in which the coating suspension is treated with ultrasound before the carrier is coated.
- the coating suspension is subjected to ultrasound treatment before being coated onto the support.
- the zeolite or zeotype being a metal ion-exchanged SPZ
- the size of the solid particles is determined by means of the laser diffraction method in an aqueous suspension of the zeolites according to ISO 13320-1 (latest version valid on the filing date). A lower limit for the particle size can be determined by the skilled person, is advantageous to settle at> 0.1 pm, better> 0.5 pm.
- the ultrasound treatment of the coating suspension before application to the carrier can be carried out according to the expert.
- the zeolite / zeotyp restroom suspension can be pumped, for example in the circuit through a chamber with an ultrasonic sonotrode.
- the deagglomeration, comminution and / or dispersion of the particles by ultrasound is based on the active principle of cavitation.
- ultrasonic oscillators for example made of piezo zirconate titanate (PZT)
- PZT piezo zirconate titanate
- the comminution effect depends on the amplitude of the ultrasound (energy), the frequency and the duration of the sound.
- the size of the solid particles after the ultrasound treatment of the coating suspension is below 7 ⁇ m (dso), more preferably below 7 ⁇ m (deo) and most preferably below 7 ⁇ m (dgsi).
- an ultrasonic source acts on the coating suspension in such a way that the ultrasound preferably has an amplitude of 5-100 ⁇ m, more preferably 10-35 ⁇ m and very preferably 15-25 ⁇ m.
- the frequency of the ultrasound used is advantageously 5 to 30 kHz, more preferably 10 to 25 kHz, and most preferably 15 to 20 kHz.
- the power radiated thereby should preferably be from 500 to 50,000 watts, more preferably from 1,000 to 30,000 watts, and most preferably from 2,000 to 20,000 watts.
- the subject matter of the present invention is therefore also preferably the combined processes (ultrasound treatment and predrying) and the catalysts resulting from the combined processes and their use in exhaust gas aftertreatment, in particular in the SCR treatment of car exhaust gases of lean-burn engines, preferably by means of a wall flow filter as a carrier.
- the preferred embodiments of the method, the catalyst and its use mentioned above for pre-drying also apply mutatis mutandis to the objects considered here which are directed to the additional ultrasound treatment.
- the present document often refers to lean combustion.
- the combustion air ratio (A / F ratio, air / fuel ratio) is related to the actual air mass rri L.tats actually available for combustion, at least necessary stoichiometric air mass mi_ , st , which is needed for complete combustion:
- l ⁇ 1 (eg 0.9) means “lack of air”: rich or rich exhaust gas mixture l> 1 (eg 1, 1) means “excess air”: lean or poor exhaust gas mixture
- lean-burn car engines or lean internal combustion engines are mentioned in the present text, reference is hereby primarily made to diesel engines and predominantly lean-burn gasoline engines. The latter are mainly on average with lean A / F ratio (air / fuel ratio) powered gasoline engines.
- lean A / F ratio air / fuel ratio
- the term "predominantly on average” takes account of the fact that, for example, modern stoichiometric gasoline engines are not operated statically at a fixed air / fuel ratio (A / F ratio; 1 value).
- three-way catalytic converters in the exhaust gas system that contain oxygen storage material are used for gasoline engines that burn "predominantly in the middle stoichiometrically.” These are acted upon by the gasoline engines with exhaust gas with a discontinuous course of the air ratio l. They undergo a periodic change in the air ratio l and thus a periodic change of oxidizing and reducing exhaust conditions. This change in the air ratio l is essential in both cases for the exhaust gas purification result.
- the l-value of the exhaust gas with a very short cycle time (about 0.5 to 5 hertz) and an amplitude Dl of 0.005 ⁇ dl ⁇ 0.07 around the value l 1 (reducing and oxidizing exhaust components are in stoichiometric Relative to each other).
- the exhaust gas can be described as "on average" stoichiometric. So that these deviations do not have a detrimental effect on the exhaust gas purification result when the exhaust gas passes over the three-way catalyst, the oxygen storage materials contained in the catalyst balance these deviations to a certain extent by absorbing oxygen from the exhaust gas as required or releasing it into the exhaust gas (Catalytic Air Pollution Control, Commercial Technology, R.
- Zeolites and zeotypes are defined in WO2015049110A1. The definition there is also based on this invention.
- ISO 13320-1 (latest version valid on the filing date) describes the method widely used in the art for determining the particle size distribution of particles in the nanometer and micrometer range by laser diffraction.
- particle size distributions are determined by measuring the angular dependence of the intensity of scattered light from a laser beam passing through a dispersed particulate sample.
- the essential parameters for characterizing the particle size distribution of the particles are the d10, d50, d90 and d99 values based on the number of particles in the sample.
- the d50 or central or median value indicates the mean value of the particle size and means that 50% of all particles are smaller than the specified value. For the d10 value, 10% of all particles are smaller than this value and 90% bigger.
- air as gas (1) with a maximum temperature of 60 ° C (3) and (4) and a moisture content of less than 5 g water / kg air (2) with a pressure difference (7) greater than 50 mbar Inlet and outlet of the carrier (5) results in a fixation of the washcoat on or in the cell walls of the channels of the substrate (5) and thus prevents uncontrolled flow and migration of the wet washcoat and its components.
- After passing through the moist gas stream is passed through a separator (6). Compared with the drying methods commonly used, this has the consequence that the washcoat has a much lower concentration gradient and the channels no longer run and clog.
- wall-flow filters which have been coated and dried by zeolite or zeoty-phase washcoats according to this process have a markedly increased catalytic activity (FIG. 2) and at the same time a lower exhaust backpressure. It is believed that the lower viscosity reduction through the use of cool and dry air in combination with a certain gas velocity leads to a stabilization of the wet coating.
- the air used for pre-drying is preconditioned to a moisture content of less than 5 g of water per kilogram of air. This can be done by dehumidification methods known to the person skilled in the art.
- the process for producing a metal ion-exchanged zeolite or zeotype-containing catalyst for the after-treatment of exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine advantageously consists of the following process steps: a) determination of the dry weight of the carrier, in particular a wall-flow filter;
- step b) Inserting the carrier in a holding device with gas-tight connections on the inlet and outlet side of the filter (if different from step b)); e) applying a pressure difference between inlet and outlet side of the carrier via a suction or pressure fan;
- the process according to the invention of low-temperature pressure differential predrying comprises process steps d) to h).
- the air can be passed through in the coating direction of the washcoat or by turning the carrier against the coating direction.
- Pre-drying preferably takes place by air suction in the coating direction.
- the control of the weight loss during predrying can be carried out automatically (inline) by a weighing unit integrated into the holding device for the carrier or in a separate weighing step after predrying.
- the duration of the predrying step is controlled until a solids content in the wet washcoat layer of 45% to 60% has been established.
- the solids content of the washcoat Layer is defined as the proportion of all solids in the total weight of the applied washcoat and is calculated after determination of the moisture loss by weighing according to the following formula:
- FSG2 MWC * FSG1 / (MWC - MH 2 0)
- FSG1 Solids content of the washcoat suspension
- FSG2 Solids content in the predried layer
- the coated supports are finally finally dried in a convection oven at temperatures between 100 and 150 ° C. and calcined in a subsequent annealing step at temperatures between 400 ° C. and 700 ° C.
- the washcoat gradient i.
- the axial distribution of the mass of catalytic substance and in some cases also the radial concentration differences generally have a negative effect on the catalysis, the pressure loss and the. due to the uncontrolled flow of the applied washcoat suspension in the conventional convection drying method with hot air filtration efficiency. Due to the long drying times with perpendicular supports, considerable differences in concentration in the axial direction result due to gravity and, in addition, due to the fact that the carrier is preferably heated from the outside by hot air, it is also a gradient in the radial direction. In both cases, the inventive low-temperature pressure differential predrying causes a significant improvement.
- the washcoat gradient is measured on the calcined support in an X-ray spectrometer (Panalytical, Axios type, 4 kW Rh tube).
- the calcification ned filters are divided into three segments in the axial direction and the concentration of copper oxide and aluminum oxide is determined semiquantitatively in relation to a reference.
- the gradient given in Table 3 is calculated from the arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum weight fractions of alumina and copper oxide and is a measure of the uniformity of the distribution of the washcoat layer.
- the exhaust backpressure is the back pressure which is set by the friction of the flowing gas flow when passing through the porous filter walls.
- the determination of the exhaust back pressure is carried out in cold flow (20 ° C.) on a dried or calcined filter carrier by measuring the pressure difference when flowing through with an air flow of, for example, 300 m 3 / h or 600 m 3 / h.
- the exhaust back pressure is specified as the pressure difference in mbar between the inlet and outlet side of the filter.
- the percentage increase in ram pressure indicated in Table 3 is calculated in relation to the uncoated substrate.
- a ceramic filter consisting of a carrier body made of silicon carbide (NGK) with a porosity of 63% and an average pore size of 20 ⁇ m in the dimensions was used for the present experiments:
- This is coated in a coating plant according to the method described in WO020060131338.
- the following steps are carried out: a) vertical alignment of the flow channels of the wall flow filter, so that one end face comes down and the second end face comes to rest, b) introducing the coating composition into the filter body through the open in the lower end face flow channels of the wall flow filter up to a desired height above the lower end face c) removal of excess coating composition downwards.
- the washcoat has a coating temperature of room temperature, which is usually 20 ° C to 40 ° C, and consists of a suspension of a copper-exchanged zeolite (chabazite) having a solids content of 37%.
- the suspension is in the Examples 1 - 3 via a stirred ball mill (eg Fa. Netzsch or Fa. Hosokawa Alpine) under Using zirconia grinding balls with a diameter of 1 mm ground.
- the loading of the carrier with washcoat is determined by weighing the carrier.
- Example 1 Zeolite-containing washcoat, ground with a ball mill, standing after coating, dried in the convection oven at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes, peated at 350 ° C. for 30 minutes, then calcined at 550 ° C. for 2 hours (standard process, not according to the invention).
- Example 2 Zeolite-containing washcoat ground with ball mill, carrier after coating stored at room temperature for a period of 24 hours, then dried at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes, annealed at 350 ° C. for 30 minutes and 2 hours at 550 ° C calcined (not according to the invention).
- Example 3 Zeolite-containing washcoat, ground by ball mill, predried according to the process of the invention under the following conditions
- Moisture content 4 g water / kg air
- a significant improvement in the use of the predrying according to the invention is also observed in particular in the axial distribution of the washcoat.
- the difference in the axial distribution of the mass of catalytic substance after pre-drying is only 2.7%.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102018100833.3A DE102018100833A1 (de) | 2018-01-16 | 2018-01-16 | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines SCR-Katalysators |
| PCT/EP2019/051027 WO2019141718A1 (de) | 2018-01-16 | 2019-01-16 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines scr-katalysators mittels vortrocknung |
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| EP3740311A1 true EP3740311A1 (de) | 2020-11-25 |
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| EP19701315.4A Withdrawn EP3740311A1 (de) | 2018-01-16 | 2019-01-16 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines scr-katalysators mittels vortrocknung |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US11230955B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3740311A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN111601658B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102018100833A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2019141718A1 (de) |
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| CN114072230B (zh) * | 2019-08-29 | 2024-08-30 | 巴斯夫公司 | 铁促进型沸石和由其制备的催化剂 |
| DE102021112955A1 (de) * | 2021-05-19 | 2022-11-24 | Umicore Ag & Co. Kg | Beschichtungsprozess für einen Wandflussfilter |
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| US5051244A (en) * | 1990-07-20 | 1991-09-24 | Uop | Use of a molecular sieve bed to minimize emissions during cold start of internal combustion engines |
| US5953832A (en) | 1998-04-28 | 1999-09-21 | Engelhard Corporation | Method for drying a coated substrate |
| GB9802504D0 (en) | 1998-02-06 | 1998-04-01 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Improvements in emission control |
| DE19810260C2 (de) | 1998-03-10 | 2000-02-24 | Degussa | Verfahren zum Beschichten der Strömungskanäle eines wabenförmigen Katalysatorkörpers mit einer Dispersionsbeschichtung |
| GB9805815D0 (en) | 1998-03-19 | 1998-05-13 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Manufacturing process |
| US6478874B1 (en) | 1999-08-06 | 2002-11-12 | Engelhard Corporation | System for catalytic coating of a substrate |
| DE10014547B4 (de) | 2000-03-23 | 2005-09-29 | Umicore Ag & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum teilweisen Beschichten eines Tragkörpers |
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| DE10114328A1 (de) | 2001-03-23 | 2002-10-02 | Emitec Emissionstechnologie | Verfahren zum Auftragen von Washcoat auf einen Wabenkörper |
| US6823663B2 (en) | 2002-11-21 | 2004-11-30 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Exhaust gas aftertreatment systems |
| US7229597B2 (en) | 2003-08-05 | 2007-06-12 | Basfd Catalysts Llc | Catalyzed SCR filter and emission treatment system |
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| EP2138681B1 (de) | 2008-06-27 | 2019-03-27 | Umicore AG & Co. KG | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Reinigung von Dieselabgasen |
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| GB201000019D0 (en) | 2010-01-04 | 2010-02-17 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Coating a monolith substrate with catalyst component |
| DE102010007499A1 (de) * | 2010-02-09 | 2011-08-11 | Umicore AG & Co. KG, 63457 | Volumetrische Beschichtungsanordnung |
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| DE102013003112B4 (de) * | 2013-02-25 | 2017-06-14 | Umicore Ag & Co. Kg | SCR-Katalysator mit verbessertem NOx-Umsatz |
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| EP3539658B1 (de) | 2014-02-12 | 2020-09-09 | NIPPON STEEL Chemical & Material Co., Ltd. | Metallsubstrat für katalysator |
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| CN108136380B (zh) | 2015-10-12 | 2021-07-30 | 优美科股份公司及两合公司 | 含铜小孔沸石的一锅合成 |
| EP3426395B1 (de) | 2016-03-09 | 2022-10-12 | Umicore Ag & Co. Kg | Verfahren zur herstellung eines wabenförmigen katalysators aus ungewebtem fasermaterial |
| CN107442163B (zh) | 2017-06-27 | 2020-05-22 | 中国第一汽车股份有限公司 | 含有非贵金属的整体式载体催化剂制备方法 |
| CN107824217B (zh) * | 2017-10-19 | 2020-11-24 | 中国汽车技术研究中心 | 涂层浆液的制备方法及涂层型Cu分子筛SCR催化剂的制备方法 |
-
2018
- 2018-01-16 DE DE102018100833.3A patent/DE102018100833A1/de active Pending
-
2019
- 2019-01-16 EP EP19701315.4A patent/EP3740311A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2019-01-16 US US16/962,432 patent/US11230955B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2019-01-16 CN CN201980008697.8A patent/CN111601658B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2019-01-16 WO PCT/EP2019/051027 patent/WO2019141718A1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US11230955B2 (en) | 2022-01-25 |
| DE102018100833A1 (de) | 2019-07-18 |
| CN111601658B (zh) | 2023-07-04 |
| US20210071561A1 (en) | 2021-03-11 |
| CN111601658A (zh) | 2020-08-28 |
| WO2019141718A1 (de) | 2019-07-25 |
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