Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
  • C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
  • C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines

Definitions

• This invention relates to a method for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark- ignition engine.
• WO2004 /II 3476 discloses gasoline compositions meeting certain parameters whose use as a fuel in a spark ignition engine results in improved stability of engine crank case lubricant. However, there is no mention in this document of the use of such a fuel for providing reduced particulate emissions in a direct-injection spark ignition engine.
• a method for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark-ignition engine comprising fuelling the engine with a gasoline
• gasoline composition wherein the gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not greater than 5% v aromatics of at least 9 carbon atoms, based on the base fuel, a T90 of up to 150°C and a final boiling point not greater than 190°C.
• gasoline composition for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark- ignition engine
• gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not greater than 5% v aromatics of at least 9 carbon atoms, based on the base fuel, a T90 of less than 150°C and a final boiling point not greater than 190°C.
• Low C9+ aromatics content together with a T90 of less than 150°C and a final boiling point of not greater than 190°C are believed to be key parameters in achieving reduced particulate emissions from a direct-injection spark ignition internal combustion engines fuelled by gasoline compositions of the present invention.
• the hydrocarbon base fuel contains amounts of aromatics having 9 carbon atoms or more, respectively in the range 0 to 5% v, based on the base fuel.
• the uses and methods of the present invention may be used to achieve any degree of reduction in particulate emissions from a direct-injection spark ignition engine, including reduction to zero (i.e. eliminating particulate emissions) . It may be used for the purpose of achieving a desired target level of particulate emissions.
• the method and use herein preferably achieves a 5% reduction or more in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, more preferably a 10% reduction or more in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, even more preferably a 15% reduction or more in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, and especially a 30% reduction or more in from a direct injection spark ignition engine, compared with the use of a gasoline fuel composition having a final boiling point of greater than 190°C, a T90 of 150°C or more and comprising greater than 5v% of aromatics having 9 carbon atoms or more.
• Any suitable method for measuring particulate emissions from direct injection spark ignition engines can be used herein.
• An example of a suitable method for measuring particulate emissions can be found in the following SAE paper: SAE 2010-01-2115 published 25 th October 2010 which measures the reduction of particulate emissions by a decrease in PM index of the gasoline composition.
• Gasoline compositions suitable for use in the present invention preferably have a PM index as measured according to the test method disclosed in SAE 2010-01-2115 of 1.0 or less, more preferably 0.95 or less, even more preferably 0.9 or less.
• Gasolines contain mixtures of hydrocarbons, the optimal boiling ranges and distillation curves thereof varying according to climate and season of the year.
• the hydrocarbons in a gasoline as defined above may
• Oxygenates may be incorporated in gasolines, and these include alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, tert. butanol and isobutanol) and ethers, preferably ethers containing 5 or more carbon atoms per molecule, e.g. methyl tert. butyl ether (MTBE ) or ethyl tert. butyl ether (ETBE ) .
• the amount of oxygenates present in the fuel composition is dependent upon the prevailing fuel specification for oxygenate species. For example, the EN228 specification sets a maximum oxygen content of 3.73% oxygen by mass and therefore the level of oxygenate content has to be adjusted to comply with this .
• preferred gasoline compositions of the present invention contain 0 to 10% by volume of at least one oxygenate selected from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and isobutanol.
• gasoline compositions of the present invention contain up to 10% by volume of ethanol, preferably 2 to 10% v, more preferably 4 to 10% v, e.g. 5 to 10% v ethanol.
• DEC diethyl carbonate
• esters such as ethyl acetate and ketone such as methyl ethyl ketone. Oxygenates can help to reduce PN emissions through chemical means.
• Gasoline compositions according to the present invention are advantageously lead-free (unleaded) , and this may be required by law. Where permitted, lead-free anti-knock compounds and/or valve-seat recession
• protectant compounds e.g. known potassium salts, sodium salts or phosphorus compounds
• protectant compounds may be present.
• the octane level can be defined by RON, MON or the anti-knock index (Aki) ( (RON+MON) /2 ) . If RON is
• anti-knock index it will generally be above 85.
• Modern gasolines are inherently low-sulphur fuels, e.g. containing less than 200 ppmw sulphur, preferably not greater than 50 ppmw sulphur.
• Hydrocarbon base fuels as defined above may be any suitable Hydrocarbon base fuels as defined above.
• hydrocarbon e.g. refinery
• Olefin content may be boosted by inclusion of olefin-rich refinery streams and/or by addition of synthetic components such as diisobutylene, in any relative proportions.
• Diisobutylene also known as 2 , 4 , 4 -trimethyl-1- pentene (Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals)
• 2 , 4 , 4 -trimethyl-1- pentene Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals
• isomers (2, 4 , 4-trimethyl-l-pentene and 2,4,4- trimethyl-2-pentene) prepared by heating the sulphuric acid extract of isobutylene from a butene isomer
• Gasoline compositions as defined above may variously include one or more additives such as anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, ashless detergents, dehazers, dyes, lubricity improvers and synthetic or mineral oil carrier fluids. Examples of suitable such additives are
• Additive components can be added separately to the gasoline or can be blended with one or more diluents, forming an additive concentrate, and together added to base fuel.
• a preferred gasoline composition for use in the method of the present invention comprises one or more antioxidants in order to improve the oxidative stability of the gasoline composition.
• Any antioxidant additive which is suitable for use in a gasoline composition can be used herein.
• a preferred anti-oxidant for use herein is a hindered phenol, for example BHT (butylated hydroxy toluene) . It is preferred that the gasoline composition comprises from 10 ppmw to 100 ppmw of antioxidant.
• Non-oxygenated high octane components that can be bio-sourced and which suitable for use herein include iso-butylenes or iso-octenes, iso-octane, triptane and iso-pentenes . These non-oxygenated high octane compounds help to reduce PN emissions through ignition and
• Preferred gasoline compositions used in the method of the present invention have one or more of the
• the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 10% v olefins
• the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 12% v olefins
• the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 13% v olefins
• the hydrocarbon base fuel contains up to 20% v olefins
• the hydrocarbon base fuel contains up to 18% v olefins
• the base fuel has initial boiling point (IBP) of at least 28°C
• the base fuel has IBP of at least 30°C
• the base fuel has IBP up to 42°C
• the base fuel has T ] _g of at least 80°C,
• the base fuel has T ] _Q of at least 83°C,
• the base fuel has T90 at least 135°C
• the base fuel has T90 of at least 140°C
• the base fuel has T90 of at least 142°C
• the base fuel has FBP of at least 165°C
• (xxxiv) the base fuel has FBP of at least 168°C.
• Examples of preferred combinations of the above features include (i) and (iv) ; (ii) and (v) ; (iii) and (v) ; (vi), (viii) , (x) , (xii), (xvi) , (xix) , (xxii) ,
• Use of the gasoline composition described herein can give one of a number of benefits in addition to reducing particulate emissions in a direct injection spark- ignition engine. These benefits include reduced
• engine bearing wear e.g. camshaft and piston crank wear
• improved acceleration e.g. camshaft and piston crank wear
• particulate matter emissions tests on gasoline compositions in direct injection spark ignition engines fuelled by test fuels were effected using the following procedure.
• Example 1 contains 0 %v heavy aromatics
• Example 2 contains 4 %v heavy aromatics
• Example 3 contains 8 %v heavy aromatics
• Example 4 contains 12 %v heavy aromatics.
• the fuel compositions in Table 2 are subjected to the particulate matter emissions test described in SAE Paper 2010-01-2115 in order to measure their PN index.
• the gasoline compositions having a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not greater than 5% v aromatics of at least 9 carbon atoms, based on the base fuel, a T90 of less than 150°C and a final boiling point not greater than 190°C provide a greater reduction in particulate emissions (as measured by a decrease in PM index) .

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
• Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

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• 2019
  • 2019-01-08 US US16/960,846 patent/US20200339898A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2019-01-08 JP JP2020537760A patent/JP2021510389A/ja active Pending
  • 2019-01-08 RU RU2020126101A patent/RU2020126101A/ru unknown
  • 2019-01-08 CN CN201980007521.0A patent/CN111556890A/zh active Pending
  • 2019-01-08 MX MX2020007002A patent/MX2020007002A/es unknown
  • 2019-01-08 EP EP19700644.8A patent/EP3737735A1/en active Pending
  • 2019-01-08 WO PCT/EP2019/050308 patent/WO2019137896A1/en unknown
• 2020
  • 2020-06-18 ZA ZA2020/03666A patent/ZA202003666B/en unknown
  • 2020-07-08 PH PH12020500585A patent/PH12020500585A1/en unknown

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